Ohio State Journal Co., 

COLUMBUS, o., 

Printers and Publishers, 

1883. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

c^M aA 
®jfap3.„ ©appigj&i !fa 

Shelf 3-<9.§ 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



-Copyrighted by H- 'W- Stewart. 



VETERINARY NOTES 



Printed from a corrected copy of Short-hand Notes, taken by 
R. W. STEWART, of an Entire Course of Lectures 



DELIVERED BY 



PROF. A. "SMITH, V. S., 



CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC JttJIMALS, 



GIVEN BEFORE THE CLASS OF VETERINARY STUDENTS 

AT THE 



ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE, 



O^ TOROITTO, Ct^.2<T^. 



During the Session of 188 




tf 



VETERINARY NOTES 



ORGANS OF RESPIRATION. 

The horse breathes only through the nostrils. These organs are, 
first, nasal openings; second, nasal chambers and sinuses; third, 
pharynx ; fourth, larynx; fifth, trachea; sixth, bronchi; seventh, 
bronchial tubes ; eighth, the lungs. There are two nasal openings, the 
right and left, and are divided by the nasal peak, to which is at- 
tached the nasal cartilage. External is the skin, internal to it are the 
muscles. The internal part of the chambers is covered with a fine 
thin covering. Superior to the inferior commissure is the false 
nostril ; the small opening inside of the nostril is the ductus nasi. 
The nasal chambers are separated by the cartilaginous septum nasi. 
It separates the right from the left chamber. In each nasal cham- 
ber we have two bones called turbinated bones, which divide the nasal 
chambers into three parts; so the chambers are not one continuous 
chamber. Each chamber is lined with mucous membrane (in fact 
all open chambers are lined with mucous membrane ■; this is called 
schneiderian or pituitary membrane; it is continuous with the skin, 
and also with that of the several sinuses. The sinuses of the head 
are the frontal, superior maxillarv, ethmoid and sphenoid. They are 
perhaps, for two purposes — to lighten the head and protect the lungs. 
The larynx is a musculo cartilaginous box, held in its place by 
muscles, bones and trachea. The cartilages of the larynx are cricoid, 
thyroid, epiglottis, two arytenoid and two cuneiform. The cricoid 
surrounds the trachea ; the thyroid is shieldlike ; it is called Adam's 
apple, the epiglottis or pot-lid ; the arytenoid is ewer shaped : 'the 
cuneiform are false vocal cords internal to the Jarnyx. 

The muscles of the larnyx regulate the passage of air into the 
lungs. The glottal opening is in the centre of the larynx. The 
mucous membrane of the larynx is extremely sensitive. The larynx 
is well supplied with nerves, superior and inferior laryngeal. The 
trachea is composed of a number of incomplete rings, which are at- 
tached by ligamentous attachment ; the mucous membrane of the 
trahea is not so sensitive as that of the larnyx. The trachea ter- 
minates in the right and left bronchi. 

Catarrh means a running or discharge from the mucous mem- 
brane of the nose and the sinuses of the same ; it consists of an in- 
flammation of the mucous membrane of the nose, preceded by con- 
gestion. Slight congestion takes place, a peculiar dryness and irri- 
tation, which gives way to a discharge of a watery nature, which 
becomes white and then yellow, varying according to the severity of 
the case. 

Causes. — The most common, perhaps, is exposure, or sudden changes 



4 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

of temperature ; standing in a draft ; having been driven when in 
poor condition, when system is weakened. 

Symptoms. — Slight dullness ; may not take food very well ; coat 
staring to some extent; pulse not mach effected ; throat becomes sore 
after congestion passes off exudation takes place, followed by the 
discharge, and it may be very profuse, but it must not alarm you. 
There is generally impaired secretion of urine ; breathing not much 
affected in many cases. We also have a discharge from the nose in 
other diseases, such as influenza, glanders, etc. 

Treatment is simple. Give plenty of good, pure air ; place in a com- 
fortable box, well ventilated, and if the weather is cold blanket him 
accordingly ; use nitrate of potash, two, four or six drachms, two or 
three times a day. One to two ounces nitrous ether, with one or 
two ounces laudanum, may arrest the attack in the first stages, or 
you may have to give a dose of purgative medicine, but be very 
careful in giving purgative medicine in diseases of the respiratory 
organs. Bathe the nostrils with warm water and allow him to inhale 
steam. Just allow it to pass into the nostrils, or use a nosebag, but 
allow plenty of pure air. If a cough is present, stimulate the throat 
with equal parts of ammonia, turpentine and oil, but if it is a very 
thin-skinned animal you may use less turpentine and ammonia and 
more oil, or mustard may be used. Give laxative food, but do not let 
the animal run down in condition too much. If the discharge from 
the nose runs too long, it may be arrested by the use of sulphate of 
iron, one to two drachms two or three times a day, or chlorate of potash, 
one to two drachms two or three times a day. 

Laryngitis, sore throat. Inflammation of the throat occurs in a 
variety of forms, and sometimes terminates fatally in a very short 
time. 

Causes. — Similar to those of catarrh, exposure ; a number of horses 
kept in the same stable, or being kept in underground stables, or it 
may be an epizootic disease ; that is, it attacks a number of animals 
at the same time, and it is quite difficult to say just what causes it in 
this way. It may occur from injury from balling with a stick, etc. 

Symptoms. — First, dullness and swelling, easily noticed if the ani- 
mal attempts to drink; water may be expelled through the nostrils, 
owing to the conformation of the horse. Pressure upon the throat 
produces pain. The pulse varies much ; if it is very quick, and the 
animal cannot swallow, you have a very severe case. The mouth is 
generally hot, with a peculiar sticky sensation; the tongue dryer than 
natural ; the breathing oppressed more or less, especially if the mucous 
membrane of the glottal opening is severely affected. Increased 
respiration, secretions generally impaired, bowels costive and urine 
scanty. In one or two days there will be a discharge from the mouth, 
and in acute cases it is a favorable symptom ; it generally disappears 
in from four to ten days, but the animal should not be put to hard 
work for some time. It may terminate in roaring or bronchitis. 

Treatment — Plenty of pure air is very necessary ; if the feet and legs 
are cold, have them well hand-rubbed and bandaged. Give nitrate :>f 
potash and chlorate of potash. Be very careful in giving a drench ; 
give chlorate of potash, two to four drachms in tepid water two or 
three times a day. Use judicious counter irritation ; equal parts of 
ammonia, turpentine and oil; or rub mustard well into theskin and 
wash off in two or three hours, or it may be necessary to use stronger 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. O 

remedies, such as biniodide of mercury or cantharides. If the breath- 
ing is very difficult/you may in some cases give inhalation of chlor- 
oform ; give any food that the animal will take well ; but if he will 
eat soft food it is the best. Give plenty of cold water. And it is 
sometimes necessary to perform the operation of tracheotomy ; and 
there are other remedies you may use. You may find benefit from the 
use of camphor one drachm, tincture belladonna one-half drachm, 
opium one-half drachm, or digitalis one-half drachm, nitrate of potash 
two drachms, licorice two drachms, ipecacuanha one-half drachm. If 
a cough is present use counter irritation, and give iodide of potassium 
one drachm, morning and night. 

Nasal Gleet, chronic catarrh, or ozaena. There is a glarey 
discharge from on^or both nostrils. It is a sub-acute inflammation ; 
the frontal or maxillary sinuses are the parts effected. The dis- 
charge varies according to the length of time and to the seat of the 
disease. 

Causes. — Neglected catarrh, especially if exposed to cold and not 
allowed a sufficient amount of food. Exposure by running to a 
strawstack, etc., or an injury to the frontal sinus if sufficient to frac- 
ture the bone or even to injure the blood vessels inside of the bone, 
or from a carious tooth. Nasal gleet is a symptom of bad teeth, 
or of inspissated or dried pus. A tumor may produce it, or the in- 
troduction of a foreign substance into the nasal chambers, by en- 
deavoring to swallow something and expelling it into the nasal cham- 
bers. 

Symptoms. — It is sometimes mistaken for glanders; first a discharge 
from the nostrils ; it may be of a whitish or yellowish color, which may 
be retained for some time in the nostril and then be expelled in con- 
siderable quantities. Look at the nose ; the mucous membrane may 
be reddened or of a yellow hue, but no ulcerated patches, as in 
glanders. There may be swelling of the lymphatic glands, especially 
if it comes from a diseased tooth ; the animal may continue in 
pretty good spirits, and may work pretty well. If the frontal sinu- 
ses are affected, you can detect it by the sound, by concussion, sounds 
being different in empty and in full sinuses. The animal becomes lean 
in flesh; it is called hide-bound, the discharge, if from a case of long 
standing, has a fetid smell ; in glanders it is not so fetid, and the dis- 
charge is of a more greenish color. Always examine as to the state 
of the teeth. 

Treatment is somewhat tedious. Keep the animal well fed, wash 
the nostrils once or twice a day, give plenty of pure air and some 
exercise, use sulphate of iron, one, two or three drachms once or twice 
a day, iodide of potassium, sulphate of copper, or balsam of copaiva. 
The best preparation of iron is iodide of iron. In some cases coun- 
ter irritation is of use. Use biniodide of mercury. I have but lit- 
tle faith in injections into the nostrils. As a general thing no pur- 
gative is required. It may be necessary to trephine and allow the 
matter to pass out. Keep the opening well opened, inject carbolic 
acid, sulphate of copper, etc. If it is from a carious tooth, remove 
it. Sulphate of copper two drachms, cantharides five grains, made 
into a ball and given once or twice a day, or sulphate of iron one 
drachm, arsenic three to five grains, strychnine two grains, or substitute 
nux vomica for the strychnine. 



6 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Thyroid glands are ductless glands. Enlargements of these are 
called broncliocele ; it may vary from the size of a pigeon's egg to the 
size of a man's hand. It is hypertrophy of the thyroid glands. It 
is easily detected, and does not often interfere with the animal in any 
way. 

Treatment. — Iodine and iodide of potassium one part to four or 
six of lard; or you may dissect them out, but be careful, as the caro- 
tid artery is very near; but if you do cut it you can ligature it. It 
may be necessary sometimes to use biniodide of mercury, or if cysts 
are formed you may puncture them. 

Croup, or false membrane in the throat of the horse, producing 
extremly difficult breathing; however such cases are very rare. 

Abcesses of the turbinated bones. # 

Treatment is to trephine, and let the matter escape. 

Tumors, or nasal polypi, are usually of a fibrous character; there 
is generally a small neck, which is attached to the mucous membrane ; 
they may extend almost down into the nasal opening. It is not so 
common ill horses as in man. 

Causes. — They may come from some change in the system. It is a 
tumor, which does not grow again if it is removed. 

Treatment. — If it is small it is better to leave it alone, but if it in- 
terferes with respiration it may be necessary to remove it, just with 
a pair of forceps if it is near the nasal opening. It is sometimes 
formed back in the pharynx, which is more serious than nasal polypi ; 
it may not do much injury, and it may interfere with the larynx. 

Symptoms are rather peculiar. The animal has difficulty in breath- 
ing; is subject to symptoms of suffocation; may fall down, get up 
again and for a time appear all right. There may, after this, be a 
discharge of blood from the nostrils. In such a case put the haud 
well back in the mouth and make a careful examination. 

Treatment. — According to your works you would remove it, but my 
experience is that they are very difficult to remove ; but it may have 
a very well marked neck and you may in such a case remove it. I 
have had some experience, and there is much hemorrhage. 

Tumors of a cheesy consistency, but not polypi. When you make 
an examination you may chink it is of a fibrous character, but it is 
of a fluctuating or flabby character, and you know by this that it con- 
tains matter of some, kind. It is best treated by making an incision, 
and squeezing this matter out, and then treat as an ordinary injury. 

Ulceration of the arytenoid cartilage has been noticed, and may 
result from acute laryngitis. 

Symptoms. — It is difficult to detect, tbere is a discharge from the 
nose, more when the animal is eating. The animal falls off greatly 
in condition, and coughs. 

Treatment. — Nothing can be done for it. 

Thickening of the Mucous Membrane of the nose causes 
impaired breathing, a kind of snuffling up the nose. Give some such 
thing as nitrate or chlorate of potash. 

Chronic Cough. — It is called this when no other disease can be 
seen. There are different kinds of cough: the dry; the humid, which 
is free and moist ; the deep hollow, such as is found in heaves, or 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 7 

broken wind; the suppressed cough, in which the animal tries to 
suppress it, for it appears to cause great -pain ; this is found in 
pleurisy. 

Chronic cough may result from laryngitis. It is an indication of 
broken wind or heaves. There is some deraugement in the pneumo- 
gastric nerve. It is aggravated much by changes in the temperature ; 
it is shown after drinking or eating, or being brought from the stable, 
and although it does not seem to hurt the animal much, you must look 
upon it with a certain amount of suspicion. Pressure upon the 
larynx will cause him to cough. 

Treatment must vary according to cause, or what you think is the 
cause. Iodide of potassium, or mercurial ointment, tartar emetic 
may be given — one or two drachms morning or night ; or camphor, 
opium and digitalis made into a ball and given twice a day. You 
may use belladonna. 

Roaringr generally goes under the name of heaves, or broken wind. 
It may be produced by various causes. You may have whistling or 
blowing, etc. A whistler is not so serious as one that makes a loud 
roaring noise. Roaring may be denned as breathing with a loud 
and unnatural sound upon any violent exertion. There is more air 
passing into the nostrils than can pass into the lungs, and this is due 
to a wasting of the muscles of the larynx. The air acts upon the 
vocal cords, producing this peculiar sound. The muscles are more 
wasted upon the left side than they are on the right. Roaring may 
arise from a disease of the turbinated bone, or from a tumor of an 
osseous character in the nasal chambers, or from a foreign body in the 
nasal chambers, but five out of every six result from wasting of the 
muscles of Ue larynx. 

Causes. — It is caused by laryngitis, strangles and influenza ; but is 
generally hereditary. It may be from some lesion of the pneumo- 
gastric nerve, or from tight reining. It generally comes after 
strangles or laryngitis, by being put to fast work too soon after recov- 
ery. Horses with extremely long necks and a narrow submaxillary 
space are very apt to become roarers. 

Symptoms. — As long as you do not excite the animal he is almost free 
from it, but if you work him hard or drive him, he will show it 
quickly. 

Treatment. — If once well established, it is incurable; but you may 
palliate it by giving certain kinds of food. If it results from thick- 
ening of the mucous membrane, give iodide of potassium ; or you 
may use counter irritation. Whistling, wheezing, etc., are only 
modified symptoms of roaring. The muscles involved in roaring are 
the crico-arytenoidens, posticus and lateralis arytenoidens and thy- 
roarytenoidens. It may come from nervous influences. 

Spasms of the Larynx. — Most likely to occur in old horses. 

Symptoms — The animal is seized Avith a violent fit of coughing; 
may reel, stagger, and sometimes fall. You cannot detect anything 
wrong. In such a case give a mild laxative and bromide of potassium, 
and follow by nux vomica. 

Epistaxis, or bleeding from the nose, is not very common, and 
usually proceeds from some injury, or is the result of violent exertion, 
rupturing some of the blood vessels. It is not very serious. The 
blood, as a general thing, issues from but one nostril, but it may come 



8 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

from both. Horses in high condition, without much exercise, are 
more liable to this. 

Treatment. — It must vary to a certain extent. If there is not much 
blood, just bathe with cold water, or you may inject the nose. But 
be very careful in injecting the nose of a horse, or you may have a 
more severe form. If in but one nostril, use tow with some styptic, 
as acetate of lead. Feed well and get the animal in proper condition. 

Hemorrhage of the Lungs is generally symptomatic of some 
disease, and when it is, it is easily detected. It is produced by var- 
ious causes, and may come from different sources — from the air cells, 
bronchial tubes, or from the substance of the lungs. Horses most 
likely to suffer, if in good health, are plethoric animals. It is not un- 
common among the trotting and racing horses, and is generally the 
result of improper care or use. It may result from violent exertion, 
although the animal is in very good condition. Instead of escaping 
by the nose, the blood sometimes becomes extravasated in the sub- 
stance of the lungs, producing serious results, as pneumonia, etc. 

Symptoms. — There is not generally much difficulty in determining 
it. It generally comes from both nostrils, and the animal also coughs; 
respiration is quick; the animal weak; and there is some irrita- 
tion. Apply the ear to the trachea, and you will hear a peculiar 
gurgling noise. 

Treatment. — Keep the animal standing quiet ; cover well in cold 
weather ; and apply cold to the chest — cold water or ice. Be very 
careful with internal remedies ; but after some time use styptics — use 
turpentine or acetate of lead, or the tincture of the chloride of iron, 
two or three drachms once or twice a day, or gallic acid one drachm, 
with one drachm of opium. If the legs are cold, stimulate to some 
extent, and after some time administer stimulants, such as sweet spirits 
of niter. Inform t e owner of the nature of the case, and the great 
danger of exertion. 

Congestion of the Lungs. — The lungs are supplied with two 
sets of blood vessels, the functional and nutritive. The functional 
are the pulmonary arteries and veins ; the nutritive are the bronchial 
arteries and veins. The functional are the ones involved in conges- 
tion. Congestion consists in an increased amount of blood in the 
parts, and interferes with respiration. It is a forerunner of inflam- 
mation or pneumonia, and is the most common disease of the lungs. 

Causes- — Rapid exertion when the animal is not in fit state, is the 
most common cause. It is a sequel of catarrh, and if worked too 
soon, it follows influenza as well as catarrh. It is sometimes produc- 
ed by impure air, and possibly may be due to a sudden draft of air. 

Symptoms vary some, according to the producing cause. If from 
fast work the symptoms are well marked, the animal will be sluggish, 
tremble in the flank ; will have labored breathing, the nostrils dila- 
ted ; oppressed pulse — which sometimes becomes very weak and in- 
distinct ; the mucous membrane of the eye and nose are reddened. 
By placing the ear to the side there will be heard a peculiar gurg- 
ling noise, showing that there is difficulty in the large bronchial 
tubes ; ears and legs are cold, especially if the animal has been driv- 
en in the cold. But if it is a milder attack the symptoms are different. 
Suppose a horse, after having catarrh, is driven five or six miles, 
brought back and put into the stable. He refuses his food, trem- 
bles, or has rigors; ears and legs cold, mouth hot, pulse quick and 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. \f 

weak ; by placing the ear to the inferior part of the trachea you hear 
those peculiar sounds ; the animal persists in standing, but may lie 
down in exceptional cases ; but will suddenly jump : there is conges- 
tion. Tympanitic condition of the bowels is a cause of congestion,, 
by interfering with the action of the lungs. The pulmonary veins are 
generally the ones affected, if it be suddenly produced and termi- 
nate suddenly. If the horse has lived twenty-four to forty eight 
hours, there may be a great change ; the lung may be in an entirely 
gangrenous condition ; but you may not find so much change. If 
the animal dies more suddenly, the lungs may retain some of their 
characteristics — may swim in water. It is necessary, in case of a 
horse changing hands, to be very careful in giving your opinion in 
such a case, as it may be produced very quickly, indeed. The post 
mortem may reveal congestion, and that congestion not be the cause 
of death, especially if the horse has been lying on the ground for 
some time before death. It may be hypostatic congestion. So, I say. 
be careful. 

Treatment. — It must be energetic. This is not a very fatal disease, 
but is rather a desirable disease to treat. Keep him in good fresh air 
(it is better to keep him out in the open air than in a close stable) ; 
keep him well covered ; give stimulants ; give one ounce of sulphuric 
or nitrous ether, with a little laudanum ; bandage the extremities 
well; rub the body well; keep well warmed. You may bathe the 
limbs with warm water. If the animal is being relieved some, do not 
push stimulants too strongly, but if not relieved, give another dose. 
After some time give nitrate of potash, and give injection of soap 
and warm water, with a little turpentine, and in some cases you may 
try blood letting, but it is not now used to a very great extent. If a 
horse is in good condition and put to fast work and taken suddenly, 
in such a case you may take two or three quarts of blood ; after which, 
give stimulants. But if the animal is suffering with catarrh, blood 
letting would be highly injurious. If you find the symptoms are re- 
lieved, and the pulse runs high, give Fie mining's tincture of aconite ; 
counter irritation; sometimes a hot application to the sides is of 
benefit. But there is no need of very powerful remedies. Wring a 
blanket from hot water and apply over the chest, and cover with a 
dry one; use carefully for some time; give regular exercise, but do 
not allow him to stand in a cold draft. Give gentian for a tonic. 
Allow plenty of cold water- -not too much at a time, but give often. 
He is likely to suffer from another attack unless gotten in good con- 
dition, after which he will not be so likely to be attacked again. 

Pneumonia or Inflammation of the Lungs. — It may 
occur in either the acute or chronic form. It may affect both or 
only one lung, or a part of the lung, or the entire lung. It is inflam- 
mation of the lung substance or parenchyma. It is not at all un- 
common. It is found in connection with other diseases of the lungs, 
especially the pleura, for the pleura covers the lung very closely, and 
if both the pleura and lung are affected, then it is pleuro-pneumonia. 
Inflammation affects the substance of the lungs ; the nutrient vessels 
in it are first affected, especially if it does not come on very sudden- 
ly. There are several stages of the disease, and it may terminate 
fatally at any of these stages. There is arterial congestion, in which 
the arteries become congested (Splenization), for in post mortem it pre- 
sents the appearance of the spleen ; a kind of frothy fluid issues from 



10 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

the lung; the lung first becomes loaded with blood and bloody serum. 
If in this stage of the disease there is still crepitation, the lung has 
not entirely lost its natural characteristics, for it will swim in water. 
In the third stage the lung is much changed ; there is an exuda- 
tion which does not liquify ; the cells are destroyed to a great extent ; 
the lung becomes somewhat solid; the post mortem reveals a hepatized 
condition ; the lung will now sink in water. It is sometimes called 
red hepatization, in contra-distinction to gray hepatization, or diffus- 
ed suppuration. The fourth stage is gray hepatization or diffuse 
suppuration, and presents a gray appearance ; is soft and pulpy, ex- 
cept in the ox. 

Causes are predisposing and exciting ; constitutional ; and plethora; 
improper ventilation ; sudden changes in temperature (the weather 
in the fall of the year is more likely to produce it than the cold of 
winter) ; placing the horse in a warm stable, and then turning him 
out to pasture; clipping, and then exposing to the cold. It is also the 
result of neglected catarrh ; being driven while suffering from catarrh, 
etc. Diseases of the air passages are likely to terminate in pneu- 
monia; allowing the horse to stand in a shed where there is a draft. 
It will occur in well but improperly ventilated stables, such as 
standing the horse between two large doors ; it is produced by inhala- 
tion of smoke, but this is not so likely to produce pneumonia as 
bronchitis; the improper administration of medicine producing bron- 
chitis, and then pneumonia. It is more likely to occur in young 
horses than in old ones. 

Symptoms. — The careful practitioner is but little troubled in detect- 
ing this disease. It is usually brought on by shivering; when the 
shivering ceases heat takes place; ears and legs cold, and then hot 
or natural temperature (the same in pleurisy) ; mouth hot and sticky; 
the breathing slightly affected; the pulse is what is called an op- 
pressed pulse ; it is quick — maybe full. The horse as a general thing 
persists in standing, for the reason that it gives him more ease than 
any other position, but there are exceptions to this rule. The eyes 
have a glassy appearance ; the conjunctiva is injected ; there is a pe- 
culiar flapping of the nostrils ; a heavy, sighing, breathing ; and one 
symptom that occasionally misleads is constipation of the bowels; 
the feces are covered with mucous or slime ; by placing the ear to the 
chest, crepitation can be heard. It is a good symptom to see the ani- 
mal look around him freely. The horse desires pure air, which you 
can determine by letting him loose, and he will go to the open door. 
The respiratory movements vary to a certain extent, but not so much 
as might be supposed ; the horse breathes about ten times per minute, 
but it may vary to some extent. In pneumonia these movements are 
increased more or less, but pneumonia is a disease that often goes on to 
a considerable extent without showing any violent symptoms. Aus- 
cultation can either be detected by placing the ear to the chest or by 
means of a stethoscope. There are certain sounds ; if the animal be 
excited, you will hear a peculiar sound [abnormal sounds are quite 
difficult to describe]. Use percussion ; tapping the chest, there will be 
a cresonant sound, but if hepatization is present there will be a dull 
sound. Place the ear to the chest and you will hear a crepitating 
or rumbling sound. If arterial injection has taken place, then you 
may have crepitation very well marked. The first sound is something 
like rubbing the hair between the thumb and finger near the ear ; by- 
and-by when exudation takes place there will be no sound at all over 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. II 

the diseased part (there will be sound near the diseased part, but not 
directly over it); the pulse becomes quick— one hundred beats a minute 
or more — increasing much upon exciting the animal. The breathing 
and flapping of the nostrils increase ; there is a discharge from the 
nose, of a reddish brown color, which is a very bad sign; appetite 
entirely gone ; breath very fetid ; will not lie down; notices nothing; 
and, as death approaches, the mouth becomes cold ; the pulse very in- 
distinct; perhaps now lies down ; breathing very much increased ; gets 
up, perhaps ; falls and expires. Death may occur in from ten to 
twenty hours. If the animal dies in from twelve to twenty-four hours, 
it is generally irom congestion. If the case is about to terminate 
favorably the animal lifts the head, looks around some, and begins to 
eat. It is rather satisfactorily treated. 

Treatment — Clothe the body according to the season of the year. 
If the attack comes from some well marked cause in an animal in 
good condition, use sedatives: aconite, Flemming's tincture— six to 
eight drops, Flemming's tincture being much stronger than other 
tinctures ; in some cases a moderate amount of blood letting may be 
of benefit, but never if the animal is of a weak habit. Give small 
dose of nitrate of potash, ten to twelve drachms in twenty-four hours. 
Endeavor to overcome distressing s)-mptoms by giving the tincture of 
opium — half ounce or even one ounce. Encourage the animal to take 
a certain amount of food, such as a bran mash, but if such will not 
be taken then give anything the animal will take ; but do not push 
too much food into him. After the sedative, and relief is obtained, 
give stimulants: nitrous ether, milk, whisky, etc. He may take it 
in cold water; if so, it is the best way to give it. There are other 
remedies. There is difference of opinion as to counter irritation, 
whether it should be used or not. I think judicious counter irritation 
is attended with benefit. Apply cloths wrung out of hot water, or 
mustard poultices. There are different ways of applying mustard. 
The best is the same as it is applied to human patients ; leave on just 
as your judgment dictates. It is necessary to know just when to stop 
giving medicine. When the animal is recovering call the bowels to 
action by the judicious use of loosening diet. If it is the result of 
catarrh, it is not necessary to give sedatives. If a cough is present, 
give digitalis and opium. But digitalis is a medicine you must be very 
careful with. 

Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, and frequently exists in 
connection with pneumonia. Acute pleurisy is a pretty serious dis 
ease, and apt to terminate fatally, or injure the animal. Death does- 
not generally take place before the third or fourth day. If of long, 
standing, hydrothorax is the result. 

Inflammation of the Textures Involving the Pleura.— 
If the animal dies in the first stages, red streaks will be seen in the 
pleura. There is a tendency to serous exudation, or exudation of a 
serous character, but we have an exudation of a fibrinous character, 
.and also a false membrane. This is more likely to take place in cattle 
than in horses, and it will form in from twenty-four to forty-eight 
hours. It is astonishing what a change will take place in this time. 
This exudation is soon taken up by the blood vessels, if the animal 
begins to convalesce. With hydrothorax there are shreds of lymph, 
or \ ellow clots of fibers, floating in the water of the chest. You may 



12 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

find that the outer surface of the lung is affected, but the internal 
part may appear pretty sound. 

Causes are similar to those of pneumonia. Exposure to cold, or 
standing in a large stable between two large doors, through which a 
heavy draft passes ; by washing the limbs or body when the horse is 
warm and not drying immediately, which has a tendency to drive the 
blood from the surface ; or from injury to the side, which may or may 
not fracture, but may produce pleurisy. It is usually ushered in with 
rigors, pulse quick and wiry, fuller than in pnuemonia and of this 
wiry character; the animal appears in very great pain, and, although 
breathing violently, will lie down. If you make him cough, he will 
endeavor to suppress it as much as possible. This is different from 
lung fever. Ears and extremities cold, or one leg warm and another 
cold, and vice versa; quick breathing; a hollow line extending along 
the inferior border of the false ribs; there is a rasping sound; the 
animal endeavors to expand the chest as much as possible, hence the 
line. Auscultation reveals a grating sound; after a time this will 
cease — just as soon as the exudation takes place. If you attempt 
concussion, the animal evinces great pain; if you attempt to turn 
him around he will groan from pain. In fifteen or twenty minutes 
the animal shows symptoms of returning health ; the grating sound 
ceases, and you may be deceived in this; the pulse, instead of be- 
coming slower and stronger, is running up; although exudation has 
taken place, it is to such an extent that the absorbents cannot take it 
up and distribute it, and there will be hydrothorax. There may be 
fluid in only one side, or it may pass from one side to the other. 
Pleurisy is apt to supervene influenza where the acute symptoms will 
not be so well marked as those I have given you, but if of some 
standing, there will be other symptoms ; irregular pulse; oedematus 
swelling of the limbs and belly ; a kind of dropsical swelling from 
impaired health and circulation. 

Treatment is not very different from other chest diseases. You 
might try taking blood ; put hot cloths to the side, or mustard, or 
take a piece of sheet iron and warm and place upon the side, and put 
a blanket over this ; if in a very cold stable, do not apply wet cloths ; 
give tincture of aconite ; and you will find great benefit from the use 
of colchicum — one-half drachm to one drachm. An excellent remedy 
is liquor, acetate of ammonia, or nitrous ether ; use diuretics freely, 
and use tonics ; if there is great pain give opium — one or two drachms, 
or hypodermic injections of acetate of morphia; or you may use 
digitalis — one-half drachm to one drachm ; or belladonna; give stim- 
ulants, and endeavor to carry off the products of exudation. 

Results of Pleurisy. — The natural result is water in the chest, 
and if it collects to a large extent, hydrothorax is the result; there 
may be several pails full of fluid in the thoracic cavity. If you have 
a well marked case of hydrothorax (say the cavity one-half full or 
such a matter), you have a very serious case. 

Symptoms. — There is great difficulty in breathing ; flapping of the 
nostrils; the eyes clear — of rather a natural appearance; venous 
regurgitation of the blood in the jugular vein. No sound is heard by 
applying the ear to the chest, except above the fluid. The body is 
much affected ; legs swelled ; also around the udder, sheath, etc. The 
animal keeps the head to the door if permitted, showing his desire 
for oxygen ; ears and legs cold. If you are called to see an animal that 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC AN1MAES. 13 

has had pleurisy and the above symptoms are presented, you can 
make up your mind that it is hydrothorax. i 

Treatment. — Give stimulants, diuretics, and tonics freely. Endeavor 
to get the animal to eat the very best of food, not bran mashes, etc., 
but the very best of food. You may overcome the disease, but there 
is no specific for it; you may iry tapping, which is sometimes attended 
with success, but not so successful as in the human practice; you 
puncture between the eighth and ninth ribs. This operation is called 
paracentisis. Keep the animal quiet, and endeavor to build up his 
condition. 

Pleuro-Pneumonia of the horse, or inflammation of the pleura 
and lungs. It always occurs in a sporadic form. It is not contagious, 
as in cattle. 

Causes are similar to those mentioned, and if influenza prevails, 
pleuro-pneumonia also prevails. The 

Symptoms are generally pretty plain ; the animal persists in standing ; 
pulse quickened and wiry. 

Treatment. — Just the same as in pneumonia. I favor a form in 
giving stimulants instead of sedaiives. 

Recapitulation. — Pressure upon the intercostal spaces causes pain ; at 
first there is dryness of the pleural surfaces ; then more or less exu- 
dation ; there may be adhesion of the pleura costalis and pleura pul- 
monalis. Give opiate to relieve pain. May give one or one and a 
half grains of acetate of morphia hypodermically. If once hydro- 
thorax is well established, and results from pleurisy, you may do 
something for it, but if it results from pleuro pneumonia it is almost 
a hopeless case. 

Bronchitis may accompany some of the chest affections already 
mentioned. The trachea terminates in the bronchi, these in the 
bronchial tubes, and these in the air cells. Bronchitis is inflammation 
of the bronchial tubes — there is acute and chronic. If you suffer from 
a sore throat, and have some difficulty in the throat, the soreness ex- 
tending down, it is acute bronchitis, or there may be mechanical 
bronchitis in the horse from a foreign substance in the throat, or 
from irritating medicines; from balling with a stick, etc. 

Symptoms. — A peculiar dryness ; in health there is always a fluid or 
secretion in the throat ; in inflammation this is dried up. There is 
dryness of the mucous membranes ; increased breathing to a certain 
extent ; there is a peculiar loud breathing or snoring, which can be 
discovered by auscultation. The second result is an exudation which 
changes the loud breathing to some extent. The horse does not ex- 
pectorate as much as man, but no doubt it does come up and is 
swallowed. If you listen now you will hear this sound to a certain 
extent, but not so well defined as at first ; but if you have very vio- 
lent or difficult breathing, a peculiar hissing or whistling sound, 
there is inflammation of the air cells, or the cells are plugged up to a 
certain extent, and this may lead to hepatization of the lung by 
affecting the lung tissue. Mouth hot, and the pulse not hard but soft. 
Capillary bronchitis is speedily followed by great depression ; there is 
coldness of the extremities, which is symptomatic of all such diseases ; 
it may terminate fatally very quickly, or it may recover as quickly; 

Causes. — Driving the horse when hot or in poor condition ; inhala- 
a 



14 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

tion of smoke ; sudden changes in temperature, etc. Causes of the 
mechanical form are choking, regurgitating of food and passing it 
into the trachea ; the accumulation of gas in the intestines and 
throwing it up in the oesophagus, etc. Bronchitis is oftener seen in 
the city from these causes than in the country. 

Treatment. — You may find benefit from a few drops of aconite, but you 
must be very careful in giving sedatives. You may find great benefit 
from giving opium in the first stages — one or two ounces of the tinc- 
ture ; or from hot applications, hot water, mustard, etc. Nitrate 
of potath is an invaluable remedy in chest diseases ; if there is great 
depression you may use stimulants, but be very careful in drenching 
an animal or in forcing food in this disease. You may give whisky, 
ale, beer, etc. After the acute stage has passed there is a discharge 
from the nose (and is not a very bad sign). Give nitrate of potash; 
and you will find benefit from small doses of tartar emetic — two to 
four drachms; or you may use liquor acetate of ammonia; or you 
may give one or two drachms of the carbonate of ammonia, dissolv- 
ed in water, or given in a ball of linseed meal. There is also a par- 
asitic bronchitis, which may be noticed by-and-by. 

Broken Wind, asthma, heaves, etc. This is common among 
Canadian horses. 

Pathology. — There are a great many theories brought forth with 
regard to it. It is generally, I believe, brought on by some lesion of 
the pneumogastric nerve. Pneumonia and other such affections may 
produce it. An animal can generally do moderate work. Hepatiza- 
tion of the lungs, heart disease, etc., is generally the result, and not 
the cause, of heaves. Emphysema of the lungs does sometimes pro- 
duce it, in which cases the air may pass in between the lobules of the 
lungs, or the air cells may be ruptured, and two or more become one, 
by rupture of their walls. Inflammation of the bronchial tubes may 
produce broken wind, but it is generally from some lesion of the 
pneumogastric nerve which sends branches to the lungs, trachea, 
stomach, &c. The small air tubes .are surrounded by involuntary 
muscular tissue, which is used in expelling the air, and is to some 
extent under the control of the pneumogastric nerve. The nerve 
loses its power of contracting the lungs. The 

Causes that produce this condition are often the result of injudi- 
cious feeding, and fast exertion after injudicious feeding, which 
causes an increased determination of blood to the lungs ; often by 
feeding upon dusty food, or keeping the stomach in a greatly dis- 
tended condition ; from chopped food ; however, good chopped food 
is the best food. We find it is comparatively rare in our cavalry 
horses, as they are fed upon the very best of food, and before being 
put to fast exertion are prepared for that exertion. It is easily de- 
tected in a well established case. There is a peculiar way of breath- 
ing, a short inspiration with a sort of jerk. The nostrils are expand- 
ed ; the abdominal muscles are sometimes contracted so as to show a 
line along the belly ; the animal is said to be bellied from being a 
very big eater ; gas passing up through the nose was at one time 
thought to produce it. On a damp, hot, sultry day the symptoms 
are greatly increased and may be very alarming, and might lead to 
suppose the animal was suffering from inflammation of the lungs, 
but the pulse is not quickened, as in pneumonia — heaves being a non- 
inflammatory disease ; or you may see such symptoms in a pregnant 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 15 

mare, and might think the animal would live but a few hours, but the 
pulse is found to be almost natural. There is in heaves a loud, hack- 
ing, painful cough ; it is a deep, internal, sonorous cough, but gets 
easier after being taken out and exercised. If an animal has been 
fed properly, and you give him a feed or two of poor or bad food, he 
will show distressing symptoms. Clover hay is very bad food for such 
an animal. You must be on the lookout for this, especially in heavy 
horses. In examining for soundness, give the horse a gallop. The 
symptoms may be relieved by certain modes of feeding : say do not 
give any food or water for some time. If you suspect such a thing, 
give the animal a pail of water or feed of hay, and then gallop. 
A large dose of sedative medicine will allay the symptoms. It can be- 
mechanically relieved by giving solid lead. 

Treatment.— If a confirmed case, it is incurable, but it may be pal- 
liated by regular feeding, and never allowing the animal to overload 
the stomach. Give the very best of food — chopped feed is the best ; 
or you may give certain remedies. Give sedatives, camphor, opium 
and digitalis (about one drachm each) ; given every day for three or 
four days; iodide of potassium, arsenic or iron. You may give a dose 
of purgative medicine to relieve quickly. It is generally a dietetic 
disease. Nux vomica is an excellent remedy. In the earlier stages 
you may effect a cure, but if it is confirmed there is no cure for it. 

Recapitulation. — A poor feeder very seldom has the heaves. Eace 
horses seldom have the heaves, for they are properly fed. A foreign 
body more frequently passes into the right side than into the left. If 
broken wind comes from catarrh, use stimulants; if acute, use se 
datives. The pathology of broken wind differs to some extent ; there 
may be a corrugated condition of the mucous membrane of the 
bronchial tubes. It is a sequel of bronchitis or severe strangles; 
there is a peculiar movement in the act of expiration. If you are 
called to treat a case, use the remedies given, or if it is a recent case 
you may blister along the lower part of the trachea. 

Pleurodynia. — This is not very common, but is sometimes met 
with. It is a rheumatic condition of the muscles of the thoracic 
walls. It is quite possible that the nerves are affected, but ii is 
generally a rheumatic affection. 

Causes. — Exposure ; especially when recovering from other diseases, 
more especially pleurisy. 

Symptoms. — Great pain and difficult breathing; shows symptoms 
the same as in pleurisy, but pressure upon the intercostal spaces pro- 
duces more pain than in pleurisy ; the circulation but very little 
affected ; there is no grating sound, as in pleurisy. 

Treatment. — It varies according to circumstances. If in a warm 
place, use cloths wrung out of hot water; stimulate the sides with 
liniment (camphor, opium, and arnica, equal parts, well rubbed into 
the sides), and then cover the animal up ; or, you may find benefit 
from an opiate. For the after treatment, use colchicum and iodide 
of potassium, and if the bowels are costive give injections. Use 
tonics. 

Lesions of the Diaphragrm. — The diaphragm is affected in 
many ways, and oftener, perhaps, than we are aware. 

Spasms of the Diaphragm. — All muscles are subject to 



16 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

spasms. This is serious while it lasts, and may produce death very 
quickly, for air cannot be taken in in sufficient amount to supply the 
lungs. 

Causes. — It is the result of severe exertion when the animal is not 
in condition to undergo exertion. I have never seen a case where 
the animal was kept in the stable. It is called thumps. The girth of 
the saddle being too tight may produce it. It may come upon a horse 
in good condition, but is more likely to attack one in poor condition. 
Eating too much before being put to violent exertion. It comes very 
easily, especially if the animal is just recovering from some other 
disease. 

Symptoms. — It gives rise to a thumping, or you might think it was 
palpitation of the heart, but examine closely and you will find that 
the heart is not much affected ; the sound is'further back ; the symp- 
toms are very violent ; the animal sweats freely ; there is a peculiar 
noise and motion, as if some one were within striking with a hammer. 

Treatment. — If it is an ordinary case — not very severe — give an 
anti-spasmodic, nitre andlaudunum — just the same as a colic drench; 
do rot give hypodermic injections, for it may do damage ; blanket 
well; give plenty of pure air ; but if it is a more severe case, and is 
threatened with congestion of the lungs, you may take three, or four, 
five or six quarts of blood if the horse was in good condition ; fol- 
low by anti-spasmodics ; use turpentine; and, as soon as the animal 
can take it, give plenty of cold water ; after treatment, get the animal 
in good condition; feed well and give regular exercise. This disease 
may produce death by congestion of the lungs, so you must be careful 
in giving hypodermic injections ; owing to the impaired condition 
of the heart, it might be interfered with. 

Rupture of the Diaphragm. — If it is of any great extent, 
death soon relieves the animal ; but there may be but a very small 
rupture, and it may recover ; it frequently occurs after death ; there 
may be very severe symptoms of colic, and rupture be the result ; or 
violent exertion may produce it. There are no general 

Symptoms by which you can distinguish this easily. A frothy spume 
may issue from the nose. When you find rupture of the diaphragm 
in post mortem, you may be called upon to tell whether it occurred 
during life or after death, and if there is extravasation of blood, you 
may say it occurred before death ; but if there is no extravasation of 
blood, then it occurred after death. Some think it never occurs before 
death, but I think it does. 

Inflammation of the Trachea. — Use counter irritation, 
sedatives, etc.; or sometimes stimulants. 

Abnormal Growths. — In connection with tracheatomy, the 
cartilages take on an improper growth. 

Recapitulation. — Pleura dynia, pain in the side, supervenes some de- 
bilitating disease, influenza, etc. Use counter irritation, hot water, 
anodyne, liniment, camphor, opium, etc. Spasms of the diaphragm 
generally results from fast, long-continued and violent exertion ; diffi- 
cult breathing ; a loud, thumping sound of the parts, but not in con- 
nection with the heart ; difficult respiration. Tf not relieved, may 
Boon end in death. Give anti-spasmodics, and free access to the air ; 
may have to place almost in the open air ; may let some blood for 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 17 

the purpose of relieving congestion. After-treatment: Give iodide 
of potassium or other such remedies. Rupture of the diaphragm in 
most cases is due to acute indigestion ; throwing himself on the ground 
with great violence when in such a condition may rupture the 
diaphragm. 

DISEASES OF THE ATE PASSAGES. 
The air passages of cattle differ some from those of the horse. 

Catarrh. — Cattle do not suffer from catarrh so readily as horses ; 
it affects the nasal chambers and sinuses of the head ; at first only 
the nasal chambers, but if allowed to continue it will extend and 
involve the nasal sinuses. It is generally brought on by a change in 
the temperature, but cattle are not so easily affected as horses. It 
is caused by running in the barn yard in winter, not getting food 
enough, etc. 

Symptoms — A discharge of matter from the nose; muzzle dry and 
rough ; there is some fever and a cough is present ; but not so easily 
excited as in the horse; pulse somewhat excited. There are two 
lards ; the malignant form appears in Europe, but not in America. 

Treatment. — Give a gentle laxative; four or five ounces of epsom 
salts in about a quart of water, followed by nitrous ether, seems to 
check it. Another is nitrate of potash— half ounce, cream of tar- 
tar — one ounce. Take good care of the animal — the same as of the 
horse. If the discharge continues, use sulphate of iron (one ounce 
daily in two or three doses) for two or three days. It has a greater 
tendency to become chronic in the cow than in the horse. The horns 
may drop off. Catarrh gives rise to an imaginary disease called hol- 
low horn. If an animal becomes debilitated there is more hollow in 
the horn than in health ; but there is no such disease as hollow horn ; 
one side is generally more affected than the other. In an animal 
suffering from a chronic disease, or in a very old animal, the sinu- 
ses of the head will be more fully developed than in a healthy or 
in a young animal. 

Treatment. — Use remedies such as used in nasal gleet ; or counter 
irritation. If there is much pain, the animal carries the head to 
one side. There is enlarged condition at the root of the horn from the 
accumulation of matter. You may make a hole at the lower part of 
the base of the horn with a small gimlet ; or you may have a more 
severe case, and the horn so diseased as to allow it to fall off; take it 
off in such a case, and you can stop the hemorrhage with tow satur- 
ated with carbolic acid, etc. Cattle also suffer from 

Pharyngitis and Laryngitis (generally compound), caused 
by exposure to the cold, etc., the same as in the horse, except from 
working. It may be due to tubercular deposits, to which high-bred 
cattle are more subject than ordinary cattle. 

Symptoms. — Difficult breathing, loud and wheezing, slight swelling, 
pulse quickened, and rumination stops. It may result from choking, 
or from means resorted to to remove obstruction from the throat. 

Treatment. — Give pure air; place in a box by itself ; use nitrate of 
potash in larger doses than in the horse ; get the bowels to work, by 
giving epsom salts. You may give hyoscyamus ; use embrocations, 



18 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

stronger than in the horse ; two parts of turpentine, etc., to one of 
oil; or you may use croton oil. If the animal has apparently re- 
covered from pharyngitis, and there is some difficulty in breathing, 
there is no doubt but there is some tubercular deposit present, and the 
disease will be likely to return or increase. If you treat such a case, 
use iodide of potassium, and counter irritation. 

Tuberculosis. — Cattle suffer from internal abscesses in the larynx. 
There is great difficulty in breathing, although the animal may feed 
pretty well. There will be an enlargement, and there may be some 
external swelling. Examine, by means of the balling iron, and 
if it does not burst soon enough, you may puncture inside, and let 
the matter escape. Such cases are common, and external tumors are 
more common. On pressing upon the larynx and trachea, there is 
visible swelling, difficult breathing, loud wheezing, increased by run- 
ning the animal a short distance; symptoms of suffocation. It is 
astonishing in what good condition an animal may be in, and at the 
same time be suffering from such tumors, so you must not expect to 
find them emaciated always. 

Treatment. — Tumors are generally of a tubercular character. You 
will sometimes find a fibrous tumor, and in some cases, although 
you examine very carefully, if you will be more careful you will find 
in the center some amount of pus. You will perhaps think there is 
a fibrous tumor, and upon cutting into it, it will prove to be an abscess. 
I recommend a careful examination, for, in four cases out of five, you 
will find matter. In all such cases, open up carefully, for they are 
vascular to some extent. You may find benefit from a seaton, or from 
biniodide of mercury. But if it is from tubercular affection, there is 
no certainty of curing it. You may be able to dissect the tumors out, 
but if it is not well defined, and there is matter, let the matter out, 
and the animal will be relieved. Cattle suffer also from 

Bronchitis. — Characterized by irregular wheezy breathing, which 
can generally be heard without much trouble; rumination ceases; 
pulse may be eighty or ninety beats per minute. Causes just similar 
to that of the horse. 

Treatment — Similar to that of the horse, but larger doses. There 
i£ one form in cattle that is not in horses. 

Filaria Bronchitis.— Cattle and sheep more likely to have para- 
sitic attacks than any other animals. This disease is oftener found in 
young: cattle than in old, but it may affect both. In calves, it is called 
strongylus micrurus; in lambs it is strongylus filaria. It is usually 
found in the tissue of the bronchial tubes; and in sheep it is found 
embedded in the lung tissue, but is not generally so found in the calf. 
It is known as hoose. How does this worm get into the tubes? There 
are many theories, but I believe they find their way into the circula- 
tion. I do not think, as some do, that they pass in through the nose, 
for in such case it would excite the animal, and it would expel it; 
but it gets into the animal through the water, etc., and gets into the 
circulation, and finds its way into the mucous membrane of the bron- 
chial tubes. It is more common in low lying ground, and is more 
common in some years than others, and in some times of the year 
than others. 

Symptom.— Difficulty in breathing, a peculiar husky cough, rumin- 
ation may not be suspended. There will be a discharge from the 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 19 

nose; if you take this you may detect the parasites in it. It is rare 
that one animal is affected by itself, but many are affected at the same 
time. 

Treatment of Parasitic Bronchitis. — Use anthelmintics ; use turpentine 
with linseed oil. If it gets too severe, give rest, or you may use tur- 
pentine with milk ; or you may use inhalation of sulphuric acid, by 
burning sulphur ; or use chlorine gas, with caution. You may find 
benefit in after-treatment by giving a generous diet, and change of lo- 
cality. If cattle that have been upon low ground, have them put 
upon high ground ; bear this particularly in mind. If the parasites 
become embedded in the lung tissue, they will have been forming 
there for some time, perhaps before any notice was taken of them. 

Influenza. — So named because it was formerly supposed to be influ- 
enced by the stars. It may appear in a very malignant form. It is very 
common among the horses of this country, and is of a specific character. 
It is afebrile disease, and involves different organs of the body, as the 
liver, lungs, heart, pleura, etc. The great central system is implicated, 
arising from some morbific matter or poison in the blood, the respira- 
tory organs beiug oftener involved than any others. Cerebro-spinal men- 
ingitis may be said to be a different form of influenza. A great amount 
of talk could be brought forth, both as to how this poison gets into 
the system, and as to Avhat kind of a poison it is that produces influ- 
enza. It may get ino the system in various ways. It is 

Caused b'y some atmospheric influence ; some condition that cannot 
be found out precisely. There is some difference of opinion as to 
whether it is contagious or not. It is better to keep the animal away 
from other animals, if convenient; but what operates upon one ain- 
mal may operate upon a number at the same time. Such as the epi- 
zootic, which appeared in 1872. It could not be accounted for as of 
a contagious form. Influenza is more prevalent in the spring and 
autumn months, when the animals are changing their coats; but it 
may appear in an epizootic form — that is, it attacks a great many 
animals similarly at the same time. I will not now speak of these 
very severe epizootic forms, but will speak of it as seen more or less 
every year. In 1874 and 1878 it prevailed to a great extent, and as 
you see it in such cases it is more severe than in ordinary circumstan- 
ces. It is, in all probabilitv, caused by some peculiar atmospheric 
influences which exercise an injurious effect upon the animal. This 
may be said to be the exciting cause, but there are many other influ- 
ences which may produce the disease. Ill-ventilated stables, the ani- 
mal not receiving at the i?ame time a sufficient supply of nutritive 
food, may produce it. It occurs in the most severe form in larger 
cities and in larger stables, and especially in under-ground stables, 
and may attack the great nervous centers. Experience tells us that 
if animals are compelled to breath bad air, and are not given sufficient 
exercise, they are more likely to have influenza; while one that is well 
exercised and well fed is not so susceptible ; but all are subject to it. 

Symptoms vary much, and depend upon the organ or organs most 
affected. The early symptoms are a dull, languid appearance; eats 
poorly, sweats freely upon the slightest exertion ; coat somewhat star- 
ing and dirty-looking; mouth hot and dry; and there maybe a 
cough. After a short time there will be well marked symptoms. The 
cough iseasilv excited by pressure upon the throat; the bowels usual- 
ly costive. The feces passed after a few days are small, dry pellets. 



20 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

The pulse considerably altered ; generally a quick, weak pulse, vary- 
ing from sixty to eighty beats per minute; but it may not be very 
quick. The dullness may be followed by more marked symptoms. 
The horse appears to be suffering from intense headache, and if 
caused to walk off', shows great signs of nervous depression, and ap- 
pears so weak that you could almost throw him over. The pulse in 
such a case will be intermittent, showing that the poison was acting 
upon the nervous center, and not in the ordinary manner. In such a 
case the respiratory organs may not be affected so much as in other 
cases. Cerebro-spmal meningitis may be produced in this way, so 
that you will have various forms of influenza. In othercases, the 
breathing is very much affected, which is, perhaps, more perceptible 
at the nostrils than at the flank; the throat sore ; the bronchial tubes 
soon become involved, and you hear a peculiar noise. The legs and 
ears change in temperature very much. They may be hot, and in an 
hour may be the normal temperature ; then, again, cold, etc. The 
general temperature may be some increased, to 10.5°, perhaps. The 
eyes are sometimes affected, and so it is sometimes called pink eye, 
owing to the reddened condition of the eyes. A discharge from the 
nostrils is a favorable sign, if it is of a yellowish white color ; but if 
it has a brownish red or rusty appearance, it is symptomatic of great 
depression. In some instances the breathing is increased, and blood 
is discharged from the nostrils. Pulse is changeable — a kind of false, 
irregular pulse, and such are very bad signs. In a great many cases 
the liver is functionally deranged, but there is not much organic 
change; in such a case there is yellowness of the mucous membrane 
of the mouth, eye, etc. Influenza may terminate in enteritis and death. 
If the liver is affected the bowels will be quite irregulars, costiveness 
and diarrhea alternating. Any of the secreting glands may be more 
or less affected, and it may assume another form, that of a dropsical 
form, in which the legs, sheath, udder and eyelids may present oede- 
matous symptoms ; and if in the latter stages it is a bad sign, but if 
in the first stages, and the swelling is confined to the legs, and but 
slight, it is rather favorable. Unless there is great fever present, and 
great depression, it is rather a good symptom, but if in the latter 
stages, it is from debility, and is apt to soon terminate in well marked 
disease of the lungs and pleura. If the lungs are affected, the pulse 
becomes weaker and is oppressed, and in the last stages the animal 
stands until death. It is more apt to produce subacute disease of the 
lungs and pleura. Owing to impaired functional power of the organ, 
effusion and suppuration takes place readily. If it is of a subacute 
character, effusion is much more than in a common case of pleurisy. 
The animal usually maintains a standing position in influenza; he 
may lie down, and when down the breathing is increased much, but if 
he is in an easy position, allow him to lie. It gives great relief, un- 
less there is danger of suffocation. This disease may produce water 
in the pericardial sack. It also has a tendency to affect the joints. 
Your patient is perhaps convalescing, but you are called back, and 
perhaps will find him suffering from severe pain in some of the joints, 
and there may be rheumatic laminitis. 

Treatment. — Give plenty of pure air, as in all such diseases. I can- 
not speak too strongly of this part of the treatment. Clothe the body 
according to the season of the year ; well clotned in winter, the legs 
bandtiged and hand-rubbed. Keep the blood in circulation as well as 
possible. M any people place the animal in a close stall or box, to 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 21 

keep him warm, but this is not a good way to apply warmth. It 
would be better to turn loose than to keep him in a tight box. Use 
rational treatment, according as the comfort of your patient de- 
mands. Support the system, and assist nature to throw off the 
disease, for influenza will run its course in spite of medicine. Use 
potash and soda. Chlorate of potash is to be preferred, in one drachm 
doses two or three times a day ; but if there is great fever, use nitrate 
of potash, which is preferable. Feed well on nutritive food ; give 
some roots, such as carrots, in winter. Great care must be exercised 
in feeding the horse. If you give too much food he will not be so apt 
to eat it as if bu£ little was given at a time; give small amounts of 
any kind of food ; feed from the hand, etc. Use stimulants; liquor 
acetate of ammonia, two ounces; sweet spirits of nitre, one ounce, 
two or three times a day; or give whisky, ale, beer, etc. ; but I give 
whisky in influenza. In severe cases you may have to restrict the 
diet, but not often. The secretions are impaired, and you will find 
benefit by getting the bowels to act by giving injections, and in very 
rare cases you may give a laxative ; oil is preferable to aloes, but 
aloes may be given, two or three drachms ; but be very careful in 
giving it in influenza, as it is likely to set up superpurgation. Give 
whisky and milk, or beef tea has been used by some of our gradu- 
ates. Do not attempt to force food, for it only acts as an irritant. It 
is possible to have a case where a sedative is necessary, but I have 
seen but few such cases, and have seen some where it did great harm. 
The animal may get too much aconite, and show signs of poisoning, 
in which case stimulants would be of . great use. Belladonna, calomel, 
opium and digitalis have been recommended, but I think the most of 
them have been injurious You may use digitalis, if the breathing 
is difficult. You will find benefit from keeping up fomentations, if 
the bronchial tubes are afFected, or the throat is sore, etc. You may 
use counter irritation. Influenza is not generally very fatal ; but 
when bleeding, purging, etc., were resorted to, the mortality was very 
great. If an animal shows signs of approaching convalescence, the 
eye clear, the pulse firmer and slower, appetite returning, the body 
and limbs more of a natural temperature, etc., you may give sulphate 
of iron or quinine, or iodide of potassium. If the legs are much 
swollen, or the nervous centers are afFected, give bromide of potassium 
or nux-vomica. After the fever has passed off, the chlorate of potash 
is, perhaps, the best. 

Purpura Hemorrhagiea. — Purpura has been classified under 
different classf s of diseases. It is a disease of a sporadic character. 
It is some putrid condition, or a charbonous affection of the blood. 
In this disease the capillary system is afFected, especially of the skin 
and mucous membranes, and it is quite possible that many parts of 
the body may be afFected. There may be blood extravasion in con- 
nection with the internal organs, probably spots on the mucous mem- 
brane, and also upon the skin, from which issues a sanguineous fluid. 
It is rather more frequent in the city than in the country, and more 
frequent in a season when influenza prevails. 

Causes. — It is generally a sequel of some other disease, as influenza. 
It is due to some poison in the blood, which renders the blood more 
fluid, and prevents coagulation to some extent. If the animal is suf- 
fering fr< in any disease, and exposed to the cold and vicissitudes of 
the weather, you need not be surprised on seeing purpura. The ani- 



22 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OP 

mal may do work well as long as the weather is good, but from cer- 
tain changes in the weather purpura will develop readily. In such a 
case it frequently supervenes a mild attack of influenza. It may be 
produced very suddenly from being exposed, driving before entirely 
well, bad ventilation, bad grooming, etc. It may be due to other 
causes, and from being exposed to the debris of dead animals, but 
more frequently from bad ventilation, bad drainage, etc. It is seldom 
seen in an animal at pasture. It may come from strangles. 

Symptoms very plain and very characteristic. There is generally no 
difficulty in detecting this disease. There is a slight swelling of the 
limb, more likely to be about the hocks. Tlie swelling may disappear 
by exercise, but will soon return. The swelling presents a very ab- 
rupt appearance, nearly the same as if a string Avas tied around the 
limb; and swelling very quickly is symptomatic of purpura. Exu- 
dation takes place, in which, if on a white limb, you will see little 
red spots, from which liquid is oozing. The swelling is very painful 
and the entire limb may be swollen ; small vescicles appear on the 
limb, and also in the mucous membranes, and it is well to look at the 
mucous membrane before giving your opinion, as you will no doubt 
detect these spots, which may extend to the lungs. These spots in- 
crease and may run into each other. The mucous membrane of the 
nose may become one mass of corrupt matter. The under lip may 
hang pendulous, which is due to want of nervous stimulus. If the 
nostrils are swelled very badly, and there is difficult breathing, and 
the animal is not able to take food, the symptoms are very bad. The 
pulse varies much. In some cases, although the swelling is very great, 
the pulse may not be more than forty, fifty, or sixty per minute. 
There may be a cough and a coffee colored discharge from the nostrils. 
The mouth and eyes become affected, and, together with the discharge 
from the nose, he is a loathsome object. In milder cases the appetite 
is retained, or the animal may take food one day and the next refuse 
it. The bowels costive, as a general thing, in the first stages of the 
disease, and the urine may be of a dark color; may even contain 
blood. There will be a peculiar dropsical swelling and these patech- 
ial spots, or it may first show itself in connection with the eyes, and 
there may be blood extravasion without external symptoms. It may 
affect the bowels, liver, lungs, etc. The swelling is due to extravasion 
of blood. A peculiarity of purpura is, that the swelling may disap- 
pear from one place and appear in some other part, which is difficult 
to account for. The animal usually stands, perhaps from difficulty 
in moving the limbs. It is necessary to watch the case closely, for 
the flies will attack him, and he will be filled with maggots. Slough- 
ing may take place ; the entire sheath, or patches upon the bo dy may 
slough off, and there may be paraphimosis. It influenza prevails, 
and you have swelling of the legs, examine very carefully. 

Treatment. — The duration of this disease is from eight to thirty 
days. It generally takes about a month for an animal to completely 
recover. Place in a comfortable place. Give chlorate of potash, not 
for any stated properties, but from its action on the blood. If the 
bowels are costive, I recommend giving from one to two ounces of 
turpentins in six or eight ounces of oil. Afterwards give as much as 
one or one-and-a half ounces of chlorate of potash during twenty- 
four hours ; give it in his water, as there may be difficulty in giving 
a drench. Give, as a styptic, the tincture of the chloride of iron, 
once or twice a day, in doses of two or three drachms. If the pulse is 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 23 

strong and the appetite good, repeat the turpentine and oil in one or 
two days; and I have seen cases where a purgative was given with 
advantage, say five or six drachms of aloes, but not if there is any 
other trouble with the bowels. Sponging the nostrils may do good, 
according to the season of the year — cold water in the summer. Hot 
is sometimes used, but is not good, as it tends to encourage the exuda- 
tion of the blood. Local remedies are of but little benefit, for the 
disease comes from an improper condition of the blood. Support the 
system by nutritive diet; watch the case closely, and see that the ani- 
mal does not get too much to eat, as it might produce colic. If the 
pulse is not very quick and no tendency to lung disease, I think exer- 
cise is of benefit. It is a good practice to move the animal away 
from the stable where he has been kept. You may have to perform 
tracheotomy if the animal is likely to suffocate, but in most cases, 
although you afford temporary relief, the animal will not get along 
very well. 

After-treatment. — Chlorate of potash and tonics, good food, regular 
exercise, etc , and if the flies attack him, use carbolic acid, just to 
prevent the flies from attacking him. It is liable to very sudden 
changes. You may think he is doing very well, and the next time 
you see him he will be very bad. You may use some styptic, as 
acetate of lead, etc. It is not best to open up with a knife, but in 
exceptional cases it may be necessary. 

Strangles. — This is a very common disease among Canadian 
and American horses. It is called strangles from a peculiar suffo- 
cating breathing, and is known as strangles in most of our works. It 
is an eruptive fever peculiar to the horse, and generally attacks him 
when young, from two to four or six years old, but may be found in 
older horses. Some call it a catarrhal disease. It shows itself by 
affecting the organs of respiration more or less, and the formation of 
a tumor in the submaxillary space. It is hard and small at first, 
but gradually enlarges and suppurates. This tumor may form in 
other parts of the body, on the point of the shoulder, in the groin, 
etc., and when it takes on this form it is called irregular strangles. 
Most horses have it while young, but some escape it. Some say it is 
contagious, others say it is not, but many animals in the same stable 
become affected at the same time. However, the same influence acts 
upon each of them. I could not give my opinion as to whether it is 
contagious or not. Some say it can be produced by inoculation, but 
there is still not conclusive evidence. It is said to attack the same 
animal but once, but there are are some cases that show that it may 
be taken a second time. It may and does occur at any season of the 
year, but is more likely to be prevalent in the spring and summer, 
and is likely to attack those animals that have been running out 
during the Avinter. Dentition has also been said to have something 
to do with it, but some do not have it, so it is not sure to attack 
them during dentition. 

Symptoms are very often similar to catarrh. The animal is dull 
and languid, and a small amount of work fatigues him; The attack 
is not very sudden ; by and by there is a swelling ; the animal keeps 
his head in a peculiar position ; saliva issues from the mouth ; the 
pulse is slightly affected, which you can detect by close examination. 
The bowels costive, coat staring, and it is hard to tell at this stage 
whether it is strangles or laryngitis, but it will soon show itself by a 



24 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

tumor in the submaxillary space. It may interfere with respiration ; 
the tumor will break and discharge, or you may disperse it by absorp- 
tion, but it is better to allow it to discharge externally. The tumor 
may be the first thing that makes its appearance, but you have more 
or less fever, even if it is not noticed. There is generally a consid- 
erable discharge of matter from the nostrils, and there may be 
symptoms of suffocation. These symptoms may not be in proportion 
to the size of the tumor, but if affected with strangles and influenza 
at the same time, there will be severe symptoms of suffocation, and 
death may result. It usually runs its course in from six to twelve 
days, and in about twenty days the horse usually resumes his work. 
Some continue their work during the attack, but it is not best. You 
may have these symptoms, except the tumor in the throat, and by 
and by a swelling will appear on the shoulder or in the groin, and 
there may be a discharge from the nose. The tumor is generally the 
result of the fever ; if this tumor forms upon the shoulder close to 
the trachea, it must be carefully watched, for it may burst internally, 
and cause death. In some cases the horse becomes greatly emaciated ; 
becomes a mere skeleton, so to speak. Tumors may be in the 
thoracic or abdominal cavity, producing slight abdominal pain or 
colicky pain, and such cases generally terminate fatally. 

Treatment. — It is generally extremely satisfactory to treat. The 
disease should be allowed to run its course. It must not be checked, 
for that would be attended with great danger. Give pure air, and 
clothe the body according to the season of the year. Give good food, 
such as is easily digested — boiled food, if it will be taken, but if not, 
then give the ordinary food. It is a disease that does not require any 
great amount of medicine. In the first stages, give a few doses of feb- 
rifuge medicine, chlorate or nitrate of potash, but not so freely as in in- 
influenza, as there is danger of acting too freely on the kidneys. Good 
feeding hastens the formation of the abscess. If the breathing isnot much 
affected, it is not necessary to apply any external treatment. In some 
cases it is necessary to use a mild external application or counter irri 
tant, but if it is a pure case of strangles, the pulse not very high, use 
a mild camphorated liniment. In connection with the above treat- 
ment, and if in the summer time, use a poultice, and if there are no 
violent symptoms, allow the abscess to form pretty well, and do not 
open too soon. After you have opened the abscess, give tonics and 
bathe the abscess with tepid water. You will sometimes meet with a 
more serious case, in which the animal is breathing hard and the 
abscess does not form soon enough. In such a case blister, and then 
use poultices. In winter, treat with hot wool, just to keep the parts 
well warmed. You will find benefit from judicious steaming with 
hot water, but I warn you against using a close nose-bag, for you are 
in danger of suffocating the animal ; but keep up fomentation for some 
time, for even four or five hours. It may be necessary in this case to 
open the abscess much sooner than in the former case. Another relief 
is tracheotomy. Put the tube in, and allow the animal to breathe 
through the tube. It is not a very difficult operation in most cases, 
but if in a very large horse, or one that is badly swollen, you may 
have to make an incision two or three inches long ; but it is not nec- 
essary to make a round hole. Be cateful and do not push the carti- 
lage in when inserting the tube ; or, you may not have a tube at hand, 
and you may just cut a hole through the trachea and keep the 
muscles back ; or just cut, a circular piece out, which will give tempo- 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 25 

rary relief. The treatment after tracheotomy would be just the same 
to bring on suppuration, After some twenty-four hours, take out 
the tube, wash it, and again insert it. When done with the tube, 
just bring the sides of the wound together, and put a stitch through 
it, and it will heal very well as a general thins:; but this operation 
should be performed before the system becomes too much vitiated. 
The character of the breathing and of the circulation, also, is to be 
noticed, and be careful in performing this in a very valuable animal. 
Results of strangles, or absoption of pus, pyaemia, or abscesses forming 
in many parts of the body. This may take place in connection with 
a wound, just the same as in strangles. It is purulent deposits in 
any part of the body. The tumor may extend up to the ear, or down 
even to the leg. If it is in close connection with the parotid duct, be 
very careful, for 1 ou might produce fistula of the duct. Keep the 
animal away from cows; give pure air. There is no specific for 
strangles. It is sometimes necessary to give a light laxative, which 
is the exception and not the rule ; but it is necessary in most cases to 
give injections. It is seen more in some countries than in others. It 
is not seen so much in well-bred horses as in ill-bred horses. The 
Arabian horses are especially exempt from this disease. 



DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 

The skin is a dense, white, porous, sensitive membrane. The skin 
and mucous membranes are much alike. The skin protects the flesh 
from noxious vapors and external injury. There are two layers of 
the skin, an external and an internal. The internal is extremely 
tough, sensitive and vascular ; and there is a cuticle, or scarf skin, 
which is formed on the surface of the true i-kin. Dandruff is simply 
cells of the skin thrown off. 

The skin varies much in thickness on different parts of the body, 
and on different animals ; and in applying counter irritation you must 
be careful. The appendages of the skin are the sebaceous and sudor- 
iferous glands. In the lower animals the body is covered with hair, 
varying as to climate, season, etc. There are two kinds of hair — the 
mane and tail, and that known as the coat, or that which covers the 
body. Each hair is planted in a cavity called a hair f< Hick. Each 
hair is divided into a shaft, point, and root. The sebaceous glands 
are small, and are lodged in the true skin, and secrete a fluid which 
lubricates the skin, and keeps it and the hair in good condition. 
These glands are very numerous, especially about the fetlock, heel, 
hock, etc. The secretion of these glands is of an oily character ; they 
are called sweat glands, through which impurities are carried from 
the body. They are in the true layer of the skin. One square inch 
covers about two thousand of these pores. Their secretion passes off 
as either sensible or insensible perspiration, which is very free in the 
horse and in man. 

The dermis consists of two layers — the deep or true corium, anel an 
upper or papillary layer. The tactile corpuscles are elevations on 
the corium. The rete mucosum is the deep, soft layer of the epider- 



26 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OP 

Diseases of the skin are not so common in the horse as in man, 
which is owing to the mode of living. Manges have been supposed 
to be very frequent. There are different classifications, some accord- 
ing to the cause, and others according to the kind. We may have 
inflammations of various kinds attacking the skin. They are gener- 
ally confined to the outer layer of the true skin. These are erythema 
or redness. Eczema means to boil, or ooze out, accompanied with 
exudation of liquor sanguineous. We have inflammation, followed 
by a form of grease, or cracked heels. At first, it is just an eczenie- 
tous disease. 

Scratches, cracked heels, cracks in the hollow of the heel, is 
very common among Canadian horses. The irritation is at first set 
up in the superficial layer of the skin, and if permitted to run on it 
will involve the deep layers of the skin. The attack is more confined 
to the hind legs in some classes of horses than others, and some breeds 
of horses are more susceptible than others. 

Causes.— Washing, and not drying; allowing them to dry by evap- 
oration; the glands become injured, and irritation is set up ; standing 
in badly-kept stables, or it may come from wearing a boot that is too 
tight. Some animals are more subject to it than others. In race 
horses it generally proceeds from sweat passing down the legs, which 
sets up an irritation. Trainers are very careful in bandaging the 
legs, but not the heels. Severe exertion helps the development of the 
disease. The heavier breed of horses are more liable to this disease 
than the lighter breeds. It is rare that it is met with in cavalry 
horses or artillery horses, for the person in charge of a horse affected 
is generally put under arrest. 

Symptoms. — There is more or less difficulty and swelling about the 
heels. The animal may be stiff and sore when coming from the sta- 
ble, but gets better after some exercise, and in some cases the animal 
may lift the leg like a string-halt, or something similar. The fetlock 
is somewhat swollen ; blood may ooze out, in some cases, quite freely, 
and if in a white leg you can see the exudation. It may terminate 
in grease. 

Treatment. — If an ordinary case in the hind legs, give six, eight or 
ten drachms of aloes, having prepared the animal for it by feeding 
on bran mash, etc. Bathe with good warm water, and if there is 
much dirt upon the heels, wash them well and bathe judiciously with 
tepid water. If there is much pain, use a light poultice; a tonic 
poultice is best ; about two tablespoonsful of linseed meal is enough ; 
just to allay the irritation. There are many other applications, as 
the white lotion, one ounce of lead acetate, six drachms sulphate of 
zinc, to a quart of water; or carbolic acid, one drachm, spirits of 
wine, one drachm, to one pint of water, if just an ordinary case. In 
severe cases the treatment is somewhat the same, but after poulticing 
just apply cotton to the heel to give slight pressure. These cracks 
may become of an indurated character; in such a case you will have 
to use a stimulant. Use iodine liniment. You may touch the parts 
with nitrate of silver, and you may need to give a diuretic. Nitrate 
of potash, two or three drachms, and rosin, two or three drachms, 
may be given every day for two or three days. Glycerine is useful; 
also sweet spirits of nitre, acetate of lead, and glycerine does very 
well. It is easily treated if properly treated, but do not apply a stim- 






DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 2/ 

ulant unless it becomes indolent. If hot medicines are used it may 
produce 

Mud Fever. — A superficial inflammation of the leg ; it attacks any 
leg, mud being the exciting cause, as wet, muddy roads. It is accel- 
erated by washing the limbs and not drying them properly, which ir- 
ritates the parts and may be the producing cause, and may produce 
it very quickly. Being muddy during the day and freezing at night 
is a prolific cause. 

Symptoms. — The legs are swelled, the horse is stiff, the hair comes 
off the legs pretty easily, the legs are extremely hot and tender, and 
if the cause is kept up, there may be a serious affection. The secre- 
tions are generally affected. 

Treatment. — Keep the legs as dry as possible. Use a mild stimulant, 
and it is best generally to give a slight laxative. A cooling diet is of 
benefit, such as carrots, bran mashes, etc.. followed by diuretics. If 
the limb is much swollen, you may find benefit from bathing nicely 
and then drying carefully. Do not rub severely. It is generally best 
to take the shoes ofT, and after convalescence begins, some gentle ex- 
ercise will be of benefit. Abscesses may form right up in the groin, 
from the severe irritation. In England it is usually found in hunting 
horses, from running through the muddy fields. It is superficial, at- 
tacking the superficial layer of the sensitive skin. You may use sul- 
phate of iron, sulphate of zinc, acetate of lead, etc. You may use 
an ointment of the sulphate of zinc, but it is generally more benefici- 
ally treated with lotions — carbolic acid, one part to twenty or forty of 
water, and if one does not succeed, try some other. Treat about as 
you would a case of cracked hands. 

Grease. — This disease is the result of scratches, and is more liable 
to attack heavy horses than light ones. It is a diseased state of the 
skin, inflammation of the true skin, the sebaceous glands and the 
appendages of the true skin. It is not so common on this continent 
as in England and Scotland, from being a dry climate. 

Pathology. — First erythematous and then eczematous. It is not 
contagious, nor the result of parasitic influence, but is due to some 
irritation which acts upon the skin. The papilla becomes enlarged, 
and there is a fungoid growth. This is called the grapy stage, 
from its resemblance to a bunch of grapes ; and this comes as the 
last stage of the disease. There are various stages of the disease, 
and may give rise to pus or pustules. There is an offensive odor in 
the grapy stage. 

Causes are predisposing and exciting. Coarse-bred horses are more 
liable to this than well-bred ; round legs are more liable than flat 
ones. The hind limbs are more liable, from the less rapid circulation. 
Exciting causes, sudden changes in temperature; washing and not 
drying the limbs ; standing in filthy stables, which gives another 
cause for it, appearing oftener in the hind legs than fore ones ; high 
feeding and want of exercise in young animals, in order to have them 
early developed ; a blister improperly applied. The heel, just under 
the fetlock, should not be blistered. It may result from getting the 
foot over the halter-strap, etc. Any irritation will produce it. 

Symptoms. — At first a slight swelling of the limbs. After some time 
there is redness of the heels, which can be noticed in a white-skinned 



2S CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

animal. The hair stands out prominently at an early stage - a slight 
discharge of a kind of oily, greasy matter ; hence its name, "grease." 1 
The parts become hot and tender. The animal may be almost lame ; 
not just lame, but walking rather stiff; fissures appear in the heels, 
and sometimes extend right up to the fetlock. 

Treatment. — I may say, when it assumes a certain stage, say the 
grapy stage, or even not so bad as that, it is difficult to effect a per- 
fect cure, but it can be relieved to a certain extent. If you treat a 
horse for this, especially if a plethoric animal, give a pretty good 
purgative. After preparing him for it by giving bran mashes, etc.,. 
give six, eight or ten drachms of aloes. A light horse will not re- 
quire so much as a heavy horse. It is a mistake to use powerful 
remedies without giving a purgative. Clipping a horse may pro- 
duce grease; but if the hair stands out very much, you may have to 
clip the hair off; and to do away with the offensive odor, apply a 
poultice, with some carbolic acid. Use acetate of lead as a lotion* 
or chloride of zinc, two scruples to a pint of water. There are other 
ointments as well as this ; they are more for lubricating the parts. 

After-treatment — Use applications of tow or cotton to the parts.. 
Judicious pressure may arrest or even prevent granulations. You 
may use charcoal or yeast to allay the offensive odor of the dis- 
charge. You must give good constitutional treatment with the local, 
and you may have to act upon the bowels, although the animal is 
considerably reduced, but not so severely as in a sthemic animal. 
Use Fowler's solution of arsenic as a tonic. After the irritation is- 
allayed, if the swelling still remains, you will find benefit from turn- 
ing the animal upon pasture. Judicious bandaging, if not too tight, 
for the leg might swell during the night, and so do more harm than 
good. If you have the grapy stage you may have to use the knife, 
or even a hot iron, or caustics, as nitrate of silver, sulphate of copper, 
etc. In some cases you may apply a high-heeled shoe to raise the 
heel, but it is generally best to remove the shoes. Keep the parts 
clean, but do not wash too much. Sulphur is recommended by 
Professor Williams: sulphur one ounce, carbonate of soda four 
ounces, carbolic acid two drachms, with olive oil and lard, of each 
sixteen ounces. 

Simple Eczema. — Is often mistaken for mange, but it is not 
due to a parasite, and is not contagious. It is an eruption of the 
minute vesicles, and is more common in hot weather. 

Pathology. — It is due to some change in the blood, causing little 
eruptions on the skin. Little vesicles appear in the skin, which con- 
tain fluid, and give rise to an irritation. It is more likely to attack 
those animals that are highly fed, especially upon Indian corn. 
Barley and wheat are likely to produce it. You will notice it in 
horses at pasture, not very frequently in the spring, when the pasture 
is pure, but in the months of July and August, when the pasture is. 
poor. 

Symptoms. — Slight dryness about the head, ears, tail, etc., then 
these little vesicles can be seen, which may burst and discharge, or 
the contents may be absorbed. The animal rubs himself against the 
stall, manger, etc., until the parts are very sore, or if at work, after 
taking him from the harness and putting him into the stable, he will 
rub himself violently. The parts most affected are the head, neck, 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 29 

tail, back, etc. The shoulder may become irritated from the collar ; 
the skin dry and dusty. It is necessary to examine very closely with 
the naked eye, or under the microscope, and if parasites are found, 
it is mange, and not simple eczema. 

Treatment. — Eczema is difficult to treat. You can allay the irrita- 
tion, but it is difficult to effect an entire cure, and the animal is more 
liable to another attack each successive summer. First allay the 
local irritation as quickly as possible, which can be done both by 
internal and local remedies. Corrosive sublimate two drachms, 
spirits of wine four drachms, water one pint ; rub well into the parts, 
and as well as doing this it is advisable to give internal remedies. 
Give iodide of potassium or nitrate of potash ; or give hyposulphite 
of soda one-half ounce, once or twice a day until two or three doses 
have been taken ; and use, locally, carbolic acid one part to sixteen 
of water, and if these do not do, try aconite one to four drachms, 
prussic or hydrocyanic acid one part to twelve or fifteen parts of 
water, applied locally. Another is turpentine ; it acts upon the skin 
homeopathically. Use turpentine and sulphur ; they will increase 
the irritation where applied, but will soon produce a beneficial 
result. Clipping the Lair nicely will do good. Finley Dun gives, 
as his favorite treatment, a compound tincture of iodine, made by 
shaking together two parts iodine and one part of iodide of potas- 
sium, with six to eight parts of water. Williams gives, as an 
alterative, arsenic of potash; take arsenious acid one drachm, carbon- 
ate of potash one drachm, water twelve ounces; mix and boil slowly 
until the arsenic is dissolved, and strain when cold, and give from 
one-half ounce to one ounce of the liquor two or three times a day. 

Sallenders. — This is a kind of squamous inflammation of the skin* 
It is an eczemous disease. Occurring upon the hock, it may cause fall- 
ing off of the hair. In some cases irritation is set up from some 
cause or other, and an aqueous discharge takes place. The irritation 
ceases to a certain extent, and you have a thickened condition of the 
skin. This disease is more common in heavy draft horses, especially 
if highly fed, as stallions which are allowed to run down in winter, 
and then suddenly fed up in the spring. This has a tendency to 
produce it ; or it may come from the flies irritating some sore upon 
the parts. Although not a serious disease, it is difficult to treat. 
Blistering may produce a well marked case. 

Treatment must be both local and constitutional, and if the owner 
must work the horse, you may relieve the irritation by washing once 
or twice, but do not wash every day, just once or twice, and dress with 
an alkaline soda solution ; after which you will find benefit from 
using the remedies already mentioned, or you may use an anodyne 
ointment. Give a purgative, or, if you cannot do this, on account of 
working, etc., just stint in his allowance of food to a certain extent; 
give diuretics pretty freely. Proud flesh or granulations may come from 
flies, etc. In such a case you can use nitrate of silver or butter of 
antimony, and endeavor to protect the hock as well as possible from 
the flies. If you can apply a poultice to the hock, do so A lotion 
of corrosive sublimate is very good. Corrosive sublimate, "two 
drachms; alcohol, four ounces ; water, one pint. It requires careful 
treatment and it is difficult to effect a cure, especially if the horse is 
highly fed. There is no specific for it. 



30 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Mallenders is just the same condition of the limb, but attacks 
the fore-limb on the knee, and is treated just the same way. It may 
come from getting the foot over the halter. 

Eczema Rubrum. — In dogs it is not contagious. It is similar to 
eczema in the horse, the result of too high feeding or want of exer- 
cise. . It comes in hunting dogs, from working in the long, wet, rough 
grass. 

Symptoms are well marked. He suffers severely, and rubs himself 
very much. If you examine closely, there will be no parasites. It 
comes along the belly, shoulders, etc. 

Treatment. — Give a laxative ; buckthorn syrup, one, two or three 
ounces, according to the size of the dog, is very useful, but be careful 
in using carbolic acid on dogs, for it will be absorbed, and in many 
cases poison the dog. However, it is most useful. A small quan- 
tity will destroy a dog, by acting upon the nervous system. 
Change the food, and if he has been allowed too much animal food, 
change to a bread diet. 

Nettle Rash. — The name is taken, perhaps, from human pathol- 
ogy. Surfeit is another name applied to it, coming from the belief 
that it comes from faulty feeding; urticaria is a name applied in many 
of our works. It is very frequent, and may occur at any season of 
the year, but most frequently in the spring, and comes very quickly. 
It consists of elastic pimples of various sizes and shapes coming up- 
on the shoulder, head, neck and body, and in many cases they disap- 
pear as quickly as they came ; but they may remain, and their fluid be 
absorbed. The pimples may come almost over the body. It generally 
comes from some faulty digestion, faulty feeding, etc. It may follow 
laminitis. Another cause is checking the perspiration when the ani- 
mal is warm from exertion. It may be caused by drinking cold water 
when in a heated condition. Over-ripe food has a tendency to pro- 
duce it. 

Treatment. — Give a moderate dose of purgative in most cases, for 
as soon as the purgative acts, the pimples will disappear. Give diu- 
retics — sweet spirits of nitre, one or two ounces, and in some cases it is 
necessary to continue diuretics for. some time. You may give nitrate 
of potash, one or two drachms ; camphor, one or two drachms, and 
oil of juniper, one or two drachms ; or you may give colchium with 
iodide of potassium. You may occasionally meet with affections 
about the lips, called 

Prusta Labialis. — It, also, is due to faulty digestion. The same 
causes may produce it that produce surfeit, or it may be the result of 
a local irritation. Grazing upon pasture where there is rough, coarse 
grass ; or poisonous weeds may produce it. It is hard to tell the ex- 
act cause. Buckwheat is a very dangerous food for the horse, and 
may produce this disease. It is generally overcome by some of the 
remedies mentioned. 

Puritis. — Inflammation of the true skin, generally seen about the 
root of the tail, and under the mane,but there is no particular change in 
the appearance of the skin. It may be the result of improper groom- 
ing, but generally from improper food. This appearance may be 
symptomatic of worms, but it is not generally the case. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 31 

Treatment. — It is generally best treated by corrosive sublimate lo- 
tion. Before applying the lotion, wash well and dry well. Any of 
the lotions mentioned are of benefit, allow a moderate amount of food, 
or you may give a laxative diet. 

"Warts. — Abnormal growths, warts, are a thickening of the cuti- 
cle ; a hypertrophid condition of the superficial layer of the true skin. 
They are common among horses and cattle. They are sometimes 
called angle berries. They may appear upon any part of the body, 
but in horses are most common upon the head, neck, groin, flank and 
sheath, and may come upon the eyelids or about the lips. They vary 
greatly in size and shape. They may have a neck or may have a 
broad base. If they have a neck, they are easily got rid of ; you can 
cord them. 

Causes — It is difficult to say what is the cause. A stimulating diet, 
continued for a long time, may produce them. The body may be lit- 
erally covered with them. They may be encysted. 

Treatment depends upon the size and shape. The best way is to cut 
them out with a knife or scissors. The ligature is an old way to get 
rid of them. Just tie a thread around them, or you may find one that 
is pretty vascular, and you may need to use an ecraseur. Warts may 
come from grease. Such cases are best treated by cutting them down 
closely (for it is difficult to dissect them out ) until it begins to bleed 
freely, and if it grows again, use a caustic, stick potash, but do not 
use the caustic at the time of cutting, but perhaps in twenty-four 
hours afterward ; and you may have to apply a poultice to reduce the 
irritation set up by the caustic, and it is possible you will have to 
repeat the caustic in three or four days. Arsenic is used, but it should 
be used carefully. If the wart is encysted, then use a knife; just cut 
a hole through the skin and take it out, but if the animal is very 
badly affected, turning out to pasture for about a year may so change 
the system as to remove the warts. Pimples upon the shoulder and 
back will discharge a little matter, and may set up an irritation and 
produce a sitfast. 

Stomatitis Contagiosa. — This comes from faulty digestion, 
and is not due to parasites. Small eruptions appear about the mouth 
and lips. Use carbolic acid and corrosive sublimate. 

Mange, Scabies — Is an eruption on the skin, due to parasites. 
It appears in the horse, ox. sheep, dog and human being. It is more 
or less troublesome to all classes of animals, both domestic and wild. 
It may be defined to be an eruptive cutaneous disease common to a 
large number of animals and to mankind, and transmissible from 
species to species, more or less. These parasites, which we find in- 
festing various animals, belong to the class arachnid a, the order 
acarida, and the family sarcoptes. There are different kinds, varying 
in size and shape. Some burrow under the skin, and others just hold 
on to the skin; some can be conveyed from horse to man, and vice 
versa. I will just give you a little notice of the various kinds. 
There are three kinds — sarcoptes, dermatodectes and symbiotes. The 
first is common to man, the horse, pig, dog and cattle; they burrow 
in the flesh. The second prick the skin, but do not burrow, and are 
common to horse, ox and sheep. The third live in families, and set 
up extensive irritation, but do not burrow into the skin. It is some 



32 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

time before they extend over any great amount of territory. They 
are common to the horse, ox and elephant. Sarcoptes means to con- 
ceal in the flesh ; dematodectes to prick the skin ; and symbiotes to 
live in families. The exciting cause of mange is parasite, and there 
are certain conditions which favor its development. An attack of 
the sarcoptes is rather slow at first, but after a time it spreads very 
rapidly. It will setup irritation in the skin of the human being, but 
will not propagate. The second is most commonly met with in the 
horse ; it is larger and more easily detected than other parasites, and 
is less serious. The third is supposed to live only on the horse, but 
it is found on the ox and elephant. 

Mange in Horses is an eruptive contagious disease, due to para- 
sites. The exciting cause is a cutaneous parasite ; but there are other 
causes which tend to favor their production. Animals in poor con- 
dition, with long, dirty hair, etc., are more liable to be attacked than 
others; but horses in good condition will be attacked. They are more 
extensively seen during war. It may be communicated in various 
ways, by harness, saddles, bridles, brushes, etc. 

Symptoms.— These parasites burrow and set up irritation, and minute- 
vesicles will be formed. Some burrow deeply, and the hair will pull 
off easily. It is evinced by itchiness. It is more likely to be about 
the tail or other such parts. In eczema, there are symptoms similar, 
but it spreads more quickly, and sets up more irritation and inflam- 
mation than in mange; and if you have any doubt, you must resort 
to a microscope. Just place some of the scales upon a piece of paper, 
and you may detect them with the naked eye, or you may try experi- 
ments upon your arm. Put some of the scales on your arm, and if it 
is mange it will, after some time, set up an irritation. It is not a 
very frequent disease among Canadian or American horses. 

Treatment is somewhat difficult. Apply something that will destroy 
the insects. The treatment is generally local, but constitutional 
treatment may be necessary. The best is carbolic acid and lotion ; an 
ounce of acid to a pint of water. I would recommend, after a care- 
ful examination, to clip the horse, as being a good practice in many 
cases, especially in summer; wash the parts well, and then use the 
acid. You must be careful in using carbolic acid, especially on dogs, 
for it becomes absorbed, and kills by poisoning. Mercurial ointment, 
used with caution, is good. Equal parts of oil of tar, sulphur and 
linseed oil is also recommended, but makes the animal very dirty. 
Iodide of sulphur, rubbed upon the parts, is another. Every prac- 
titioner has his favorite remedies. Creosote, one part to thirty parts 
of oil ; or, wood tar, half pound, soft soap, one pound, dissolved in 
warm water If you try one, and it does not do, then try some other. 
In bad cases, change remedies every few days. Give easily digested 
and nutritive food, and if the animal is in poor condition, give arsenic 
two grains, sulphate of iron two drachms. Keep the pores of the 
skin in proper condition, which hastens the destruction of the para- 
sites. Thoroughly cleanse the harness, clothes, saddles, etc., and use 
carbolic acid upon them. 

Mangre in Cattle. — The symptoms are just the same as in the 
horse. Dermatodectes is the kind generally found in cattle. You 
can apply stronger and dirtier remedies in cattle than in horses. 
Sulphuret of potassium, one ounce to ten ounces of water, once or 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. - 33 

twice a day, or oil of tar, turpentine and train oil, but it will make 
the animal very dirty. It will never do to cover any great surface 
of the skin with mercurial ointment at one time, for it would be 
absorbed, but use it on one part of the body one day and another 
part the next. 

• Scab in Sheep. — Is a very serious affection in some countries, 
but not in Canada or the United States. The usual parasites are the 
dermatodectes. 

Symptoms are very well marked. Extreme itchiness; the animals 
will rub themselves upon any hard object ; the wool does not fall off 
from the rubbing, but from the irritation of the skin. It extends 
over a great extent of the skin, which takes away the animal's flesh. 
Treatment. — Carbolic acid is the best thing to use. In Australia it 
prevailed to a large extent, and there were men appointed to exper- 
iment, and a great many remedies tried, and carbolic acid proved the 
most effectual. An ounce of creosote, dissolved in fifteen ounces of 
spirits of wine, and sufficiently diluted with water, or an infusion of 
tobacco ; one pint of oil of turpentine, one pound soft soap, one quart 
water ; or one ounce each of white hellebore and tobacco, to one pint 
of water. To prevent the spread of the disease cleanse the pen 
thoroughly, and do not put sheep in an infected pen for a consid- 
erable length of time. 

Mange in Dogs — The parasites are generally the sarcoptes. 

Symptoms are generally very plain. There are certain exciting 
causes, high feeding, dirt, etc. It usually attacks the back, about the 
lumbar vertebra, and extends to the head and neck, spreading 
quickly. Eczema usually attacks the belly, etc , while this attacks 
the back. 

Treatment. — Carbolic acid ; a mercurial ointment. Clip the hair 
nicely, and apply the remedy. I have applied carbolic acid as 
strong as one to eight. Do not apply either carbolic acid or blue 
ointment over much surface at once. You may use general remedies, 
purgative, etc. Cats may be attacked, and the same treatment is 
used. 



PARASITIC DISEASES. 



Ring-Worm — Is caused by a parasite derived from a vegetable, 
and consists in a parasitic growth of organized cells. It attacks all 
animals, either in poor or in good condition. The parasites come in 
contact with the skin in many ways, and burrow pretty deeply, and 
generally affect the state of the hair, and appear upon any part of the 
body, but especially upon the head and neck. They work in rings, 
hence the name ring worm. The coat is staring, and if the disease is 
not checked, it will extend almost all over the body, and may pro- 
duce death. Ordinary ring-worms are communicable among men one 
to another, and from the horse to man. If we make a close examin- 
ation we find a brownish elevation in the patches. The symptoms are 
the same as in cattle, but the patches may have larger elevations. 
These parasites are embedded about the roots of the hair. 



34 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Treatment. — Iodine and iodide of potassium, one drachm each to one 
ounce of lard. Wash well before applying the ointment; or you may 
use carbolic acid ; touch the elevations with a pencil of nitrate silver, 
especially in cattle. Give constitutional treatment, especially if the 
animal is in poor condition. It is more easily treated in cattle and 
horses than in man. In 

Irritation of the skin, the result of lousiness, both in cattle and 
horses. There is a dirty appearance of the coat. Improper grooming, 
feeding, etc., may cause it. Horses in good condition or upon pasture 
seldom have it. It is easily detected. It sets up much irritation, 
preventing the animal from thriving. 

Treatment. — The animal affected should be separated from others. 
Put him in a clean box; have him well washed with soap and water; 
use carbolic acid, mercurial ointment; just putttng small patches up- 
on certain parts will do; just about the head, neck, tail, etc. Use 
Stavesacre seed, one ounce; white hellebore, one ounce; put into one 
gallon of water and boil to one quart. You will find great benefit 
from clipping the horse, if in the spring of the year, and the coat is 
long. 

Poultry Lousiness, which appears to be an eczematic condition 
of the skin. There is considerable irritation, greater than from horse 
lice. The animal sometimes rubs himself to a great extent. Make a 
close examination and you will notice lice, which are much smaller 
than horse lice. They may appear at all seasons of the year. 

treatment. — Remove the cause ; take the horse from affected stables^ 
You may clip the hair, especially if in the spring. You may some- 
times clip him all over. This is a very common affection. I inquire 
where the animal has been standing ; if in close proximity to poultry, 
remove the cause, and then treat as for other lice. There is sometimes 
considerable irritation set up by maggots. They are the larva? of the 
blue fly, and sometimes attack horses' ears in the United States Treat 
by cleansing the parts well ; then use carbolic acid lotion, and keep 
up the application for sometime; tincture of benzoin, and oil of tar, 
turpentine and linseed oil, etc. Cover. and keep the flies away from 
him. Ticks are also very annoying to some animals, especially sheep. 
Brush thoroughly, and use any of the applications I have given you. 
There are certain flies that are troublesome at certain times of the 
year, and are more troublesome some years than others ; not so trouble- 
some to horses as cattle. Some years ago they set up such an irrita- 
tion that it was thought to be some disease. They are most trouble- 
some in August or September. The animals will run into the water 
and then out; and this, together with the irritation set up by the flies, 
will make them be one swollen mass, from both congestion and irrita- 
tion. The flies present much the same appearance as the house flies, 
but differ from them in having a sharp proboscis. 

Remedies. — It is gcod practice to recommend cattle to be kept in dur- 
ing the day and allowed to run out at night. Equal parts of oil of 
tar, benzoin and linseed oil, carbolic acid lotion, are very nice in 
such cases. 

"Warbles in Cattle. — Having them in a horse is a mistake. 
This is produced by a fly, which deposits an egg through the skin. 
The puncture irritates to some extent ; this egg hatches, grows to a 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 35 

certain extent, and produces an elevation called grub in the skin. 
They are more likely to attack an animal of thin skin. Fine bred 
cattle are more liable to this than the opposite. The animal rubs and 
scratches himself; after a time the grub comes out, or you may cut it 
out, or puncture with a hot wire ; but it is better to use a lancet and 
take it out. 



NERVOUS SYSTEM. 



The nervous system consists of a central portion, the cerebro- 
spinal axis, emanating from which there are a number of white 
glistening cords, called nerves. The centei or axis is divided into 
two portions, one large and expanded, called encephalon, or brain. 
The other is elongated in form, and is known as the spine or spinal 
cord. There are nerves leaving this system, and are distributed to 
those parts of the body under control of the will ; these are called 
nerves of animal life ; they go to the muscles. There are two chains 
of nervous ganglia, which extend along the vertebral column. The 
nerves emanating from these are called nerves of organic life, and are 
distributed to the viscera, lungs, heart, glands, and blood vessels. 
Some parts are under the control of both these nerves. In the form- 
ation of nerves we have two elementary structures : nerve cells and 
nerve fibres ; the white and the gray matter. Ganglionic corpuscles 
are found in the nerve centers, and in the extreme end organs of 
some of the nerves they are capable of generating nerve force. They 
convey impressions to and from the brain. The coverings of the 
brain and cerebro-spinal cord are the dura-mater or outer, arachnoid 
or middle, and pia-mater or the inner. The processes given off in 
the brain are, the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli. The central 
covering, the arachnoid, belongs to the s:rous class of membranes, 
and, like all such membranes, presents two coverings, the parietal 
and visceral. The pia-mater is formed of minute blood vessels, held 
together by areolar tissue. The dura-mater is attached to the 
cranial cavity, but is not so attached in the spine. The brain proper 
is divided into four parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum, pons varolii 
and medulla oblongata. The cerebrum is divided into two hemi- 
spheres by a longitudinal fissure, in which the falx cerebri is lodged. 
The medulla oblongata is a continuation of the brain. The nerves 
which pass from the brain are cranial nerves. There are twelve or 
nine pairs ; we gene-rally take it at twelve. They are : 

First, Olfactory, or nerve of the special sense of smell. 

Second, Optic, or nerve of the special sense of sight, which presents 
no sensibility. These fibres start in two roots. Some pass from the 
right side to the left bulb, and vice versa ; and some pass straight on 
to the eye of the same side ; and some cross from one side to the 
other, and do not go to the eye. 

Third, Motores Oculorum, is a motor nerve; it gives a part to each 
eye; it is distributed to all the muscles of the eyeball except external 
straight and superior oblique. 

Fourth, Pathetic; motor to the eye and superior oblique. 

Fifth, Trifacial mixed, common and special, sensation and motor • 



36 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TBEATMENT OF 

it is a large nerve and divides into three branches, the superior and! 
inferior maxillary, and the opthalmic. 

Sixth, Abducens; motor to the abdutor muscles of the eye., If this- 
muscle was paralyzed, the eye would be turned inward. 

Seventh, Facial motor ; great motor of the muscles of the face, but 
does not supply the muscles of mastication. 

Eighth, Auditory ; the special sense of hearing. 

Ninth, Glosso-pharangeal; mixed, sensory and motor; goes to the 
tongue and pharynx. 

Tenth, Pneumogastric ; goes to the stomach, lungs, pharynx, larynx,, 
and trachea. It is a mixed nerve, but is highly important. 

Eleventh, The spinal accessory ; mixed. 

Twelfth, Hypoglossal ; goes to the tongue. It is motor. 



DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

Such diseases are not so numerous as in the human being, but we 
have well marked nervous diseases in the horse, and sometimes they 
do not give well marked symptoms. The brain has certain coverings,, 
which are closely related with the brain. The one being diseased,, 
involves the other. 

Cerebritis, Encephalitis. — It is known by another name,, 
which does not explain the pathology, but explains the symptoms.. 
It is phrenitis; the disease causes phrenzy., It is not a very common 
affection, for you may have a severe affection of the brain without 
phrenitis. It is generally congestion, and then inflammation acting 
directly or indirectly upon the brain. There may be a formation of 
matter or abscesses. Phrenitis may come from various causes — injury 
to the skull; concussion of the skull; concussion of the brain, with 
or without fracture of the skull ; continued exposure to the heat ; 
from high condition; from affections of the digestive organs; or you 
may have a pure case from causes which cannot be accounted for. A 
great many classes of diseases, that produce great mortality, are 
caused by diseases of the brain and spinal cord. It is the result of 
debilitating diseases, from strangles, from matter forming in the brain, 
tumors, abscesses, etc., causing congestion and inflammation. The 
brain is largely supplied with blood. 

Symptoms — The premonitory symptoms are marked dullness, ex- 
cessive drowiness. If an animal is standing in a stall, he will rest his 
head against the manger. The pupil contracted, which afterwards 
becomes dilated; the pulse full, and may be very low, as low as 
twenty beats per minute, and it afterwards becomes quick. There is 
a peculiar breathing; not such as is found in pneumonia, etc., but 
just a stentorious breathing. These symptoms are followed by gen- 
eral excitement and perfect phrenzy ; the pulse quicker, and the 
breathing loud; the animal reels about the box; the head high (but 
in some cases this is just the reverse) ; will rear up, and get the feet 
in the manger, and stand in such a position. At other times will lie 
upon the side, and double the head under the breast and fore leg. 
Moves just like a piece of machinery at times. At other times, 
as if for relief, he may carry the head to one side, due to the part or 
parts affected. It is almost impossible to lead the animal; he will 
reel around and fall down. The paroxysm may pass off, and the ani- 
mal will remain quiet for some time, and then have another attack. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANJMALS. 37 

It is likely to terminate fatally. The convulsions become more fre- 
quent and alarming. He will place his head between his fore legs, 
etc. 

Treatment. — It is sometimes dangerous to attempt treating it. Use 
the anti-phlogistic treatment. Give a good dose of purgative medi- 
cine, six to twelve, or if very heavy horse, you may give fifteen to six- 
teen drachms of aloes; may give aconite, or blood-letting may be of 
great benefit; give injections freely, but I do not recommend opiates 
to any great extent. But you might in some cases give chloroform, 
morphia, etc. Give bromide of potassium in pretty good doses. Apply 
cold to the head — cold water or ice. If the symptoms are not ex- 
tremely violent, do not give up the case, for your labors may be 
crowned with success. If the pulse is tolerably strong, and the ani- 
mal is not perspiring freely,- there is hope. If the animal is in good 
condition, not too fat nor too lean, it is good practice, in some cases, to 
draw blood. If an animal dies from inflammation of the brain, you 
will find an increased amount of blood to the brain, or you may find 
blood in the ventricle of the brain. You combine calomel with aloes, 
and croton oil is sometimes recommended, bat in combination with 
these do not give as much aloes as you would without them. 

Sunstroke. — Common to all animals, more common to man than 
animals ; common among hard-worked horses in the hot months of 
summer. It is a congested state of the blood vessels of the brain, 
with loss of sensation and of voluntary motion. 

Causes. — Exposure to the hot sun, as a general thing, but there are 
predisposing causes, as over-stimulating diet, breathing impure air, 
etc Horses in good, healthy condition, with moderate exercise, regu- 
lar habits, etc., are not so liable to an attack ; but an animal in per- 
fect health may be attacked. 

Symptoms. — There may be premonitory symptoms before the violent 
symptoms; dullness; animal may have been doing work, but has beer 
dull ; appetite impaired, dryness of the skin, increased temperature of 
the skin ; horse does not sweat readily. I have noticed this in con- 
nection with street railway horses ; would show such symptoms for two, 
three, or even four days, before showing severe symptoms. Animal 
will show a staggering gait in acute symptoms ; may fall, struggle for 
some time, and then lie quite still for some time, from complete loss of 
power; or he may not lose all power, may try to rise, fall and injure 
himself in this way; pupil dilated ; pulse quick and weak, breath- 
ing stentorious ; will offer no resistance when you attempt to raise 
him. 

Treatment. — If the animal is in a semi-comastose condition, it will 
be difficult to give medicine; but apply cold water to the head, by 
means of wet cloths, or take ice and pound and put it into a bag, and 
place over the head. Keep the body warm, stimulate, use tepid water 
and turpentine, and if the animal can swallow, give stimulants ; one 
ounce nitrous ether to two or three ounces of water. But if the 
power of swallowing is gone, be very careful in giving medicine by 
the mouth, for there is danger of it passing into the trachea. Try 
hypodermic injections of ether. I have tried it in cases where there 
was great prostration. If the animal shows signs of returning con- 
sciousness, there is hope of recovery. If he wishes to drink, give nice 
cold water, and. if you think he can stand, help him up. Give smah 1 

4 



38 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

doses of purgative medicine in most cases ; and give bromide of po- 
tassium, and watch closely for some time, for it is sometimes very de- 
ceptive; when you think it doing well, it may terminate fatally. It 
may show impaired nervous influence for some time after; use bro- 
mide potassium and stimulants. Animals may be prevented from 
sunstroke, after premonitory symptoms, by putting off work, and 
using judicious preventives — stimulants, followed by a gentle laxative. 
But if put to work in such cases he may present a well-marked case 
of sunstroke. This may affect the spinal cord to a certain extent ; 
give injections, and keep from the rays of the sun. 

Concussion of the Brain is rather common. It may result 
from the horse running away and coming in contact with some 
obstacle ; rearing up and falling back. It is not so common in 
horses as in man. The animal may rally quickly, die suddenly, or 
linger for some time ; may have some congestion of the brain. 

Symptoms. — The animal loses all power and sensibility ; may 
have convulsions, or may lie without any signs of life, pupil dilated, 
pulse weak ; even if the pulse is quick but regular, there is hope of 
recovery, but if there is a case of fracture, there is not so much hope. 
But if there are any signs of consciousness, and the animal attempts 
to get up, he will rise upon the hind legs first, and it will be some 
time before he can get the fore quarters up. In some cases the 
animal gets well quickly. 

Treatment. — Similar to that of sunstroke ; cold water to the head, 
but not in very cold weather. Covering the body, and leaving the 
head uncovered, may do instead of water in very cold weather. 
Small doses of stimulan's ; keep the body warm ; give injections, and 
get him upon his feet, and you may have to use slings. You may 
have phrenzy present itself, and if it does, treat according to treat- 
ment of phrenzy. A horse suffering from concussion may stand with 
head hanging down, from impaired circulation. Hypostatic con- 
gestion is likely to follow ; nostrils and head swollen, etc. In such 
cases, support the head well with nice wide web ; or if you cannot 
support it, you may find it necessary to lay the horse down. Give 
laxative medicine ; it is of great use in such cases. Bathe the limbs 
with warm water in all cases where the circulation of the blood is 
impaired. Blood-letting in such cases I do not think is to be recom- 
mended, but there may be exceptional cases. 

Megrims, Epilepsy, Vertigo, Head Staggers, are morbid 
conditions of the brain, getting the names from the way the horse 
uses himself. It may proceed from a variety of causes. It may be 
from temporary congestion of the brain, or may result from anything 
that will interfere with the flow of blood. It may be symptomatic of 
disease of the heart. Some horses suffer from working in a collar, 
which would not so suffer if put under the saddle ; but it generally 
comes from some obscure cause, as faulty digestion, but most likely 
just due to some morbid condition of the brain, very hard to account 
for, or you may find a tumor in the brain. A highly nervous animal 
is more subject than one of the opposite temperament. 

Symptoms — Attack is sudden ; the animal staggers, is unmanage- 
able, and falls to the ground. Symptoms may pass in a few minutes,, 
and the animal may in some cases be as well as ever. But such a 
torse is a very dangerous animal to handle, for he may fall or 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 39 

become perfectly unmanageable at any time. It is due to temporary 
congestion of the brain, or to impaired flow of blood to the head. 
In some cases you have the premonitory symptoms, such as dullness, 
peculiar appearance of the eye, etc., while in others you do not have 
the symptoms. This drowsiness may not appear, but if the horse has 
been subject to it, this will very likely appear. 

Treatment. — It is seldom you are called to treat such a case, but 
if you are, dash cold water upon the head. After horse has recovered 
from the attack, give a purgative, followed by bromide of potassium ; 
keep upon good food, and he may never have another attack, but if 
due to peculiar formation, he will likely have it again. A peculiar 
straight-necked horse I think more liable to it than others. Chok- 
ing may be taken for megrims, from its exhibiting similar symptoms. 

Preventives. — Use cold to the head, keeping it cool ; some use shade 
over head in very hot weather. Cerebral tumor may produce it. 

Cerebral Tumors. — These may be found in connection with the 
choroid plexus. They may be due to a tubercular tendency in the 
ox, but not in the horse. Hard work may produce them, and a very 
nervous temperament may have a tendency to produce them. They 
may cause various symptoms, such as megrims, inflammation of the 
brain, etc. They may attain great size, and then interfere with the 
function of the brain. Nothing can be done for such tumors. You 
may relieve the symptoms of the nervous system. 

Thickening of the Duramater.— It is hard to tell just what 
may cause it, but it is most likely to come from a rheumatic tendency. 

Softening of the Brain is seldom met with in the horse. It 
may be due to certain causes, such as slight inflammatory action, food 
having a narcotic action, etc., and interfering with the action of the 
brain, more or less cerebral disturbance, paralysis, dilated pupil, etc. 

Hypertrophy of the brain and oozing of the brain has been 
noticed. A portion of the brain maybe removed, and the animal live. 

Atrophy may also be found, causing partial or complete loss of 
power, but there are no distinguishing symptoms by which to tell this 
disease. 

Melanatic Deposits are also found in the brain, a deposit of a 
dark substance, which Ave find in the pigment cells, and it is more 
common in white horses. These tumors have been noticed in the 
brain and spinal cord. 

Bony Tumors, or Exostosis.— Fibrous tissue develops borie, 
and you may have them from fibrous tissue. They have been found 
of considerable size in cattle without disturbing the animal, but they 
will in time disturb him. It is very difficult to diagnose these dif- 
ferent cases, and say just what is the precise lesion present. 

Concussion of the Spine. — I think this has been well noticed 
in man, and is likely to be produced by severe injury in the horse, as 
getting fast, running away, falling over a bank, etc. I do not mean 
to say that in these you have very well marked symptoms. But in a 
few hours after receiving the injury the animal shows difficulty in 
walking without the muscular system being much injured, but I be- 



40 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

lieve that it is from concussion of the spine. Now if you meet with 
a case, and you suspect this, keep the animal quiet and give laxatives ; 
feed upon bran; give belladonna, bromide of potassium, and if al- 
lowed a good, long rest, the animal may get well ; but if not so treated 
inflammation comes on, which will be 

Spinitis, and it may be produced in the manner which I have 
given you : putting to work too soon after concussion. It is some 
times due to the animal injuring the back, and producing paralysis of 
the hind quarters. It may be due to severe exertion, or undue ner- 
vous excitement, and entire horses are more liable to it than mares or 
geldings, from more nervous excitability, due to what they are used 
to, and it may be produced by poison being absorbed into the system. 

Symptoms are not very well marked, and vary according to the 
severity of the attack ; may not be very alarming at first, but increases 
in severity, and you will find intense fever ; the animal suffers to a great 
extent, staggers in walking — may fall and have great difficulty in 
getting up ; battering of the fetlocks, etc. I saw one case of fracture 
of the fetlock in trying to get up. There are such symptoms in 
azoturia, and I think I knew one case destroyed for spinitis that was 
only suffering from azoturia. It is different in stallions ; quick pulse,, 
impaired appetite ; in backing, or in bringing the limbs back, there 
is a peculiar jerking of the tail; after which paralysis sets in. It is 
rare that the entire horse becomes paralyzed at once, but they 
often become irritable for some time, after which paralysis sets in. 

Treatment. — If you suspect congestion of the spine, give a purga- 
tive and injections. Try ergot of rye, and if there is great diffi- 
culty in rising, try slings. Afterward you may use nerve stimu- 
lants, but do not use them in acute congestion of the blood vessels,. 
but use such remedies as will counteract the supply of blood. The 
result of this is 

Paralysis, either partial or complete ; loss of sensibility or mo 
tion. It may be divided into two classes — perfect and imperfect. 
Perfect is where there is both loss of motion and sensibility ; imperfect 
is loss of either without loss of the other. We may further divide it 
into partial and complete. If the attack is complete, death soon 
results. If it attacks one -half of the body longitudinally, it is called 
hemiplegia; this is common in the humar being. If it affects the 
hind quarters, it is paraplegia. Reflex paralysis is due to something 
acting upon and affecting the nervous system, as colic and such affec- 
tions. If the spine is affected, all the parts are affected behind the 
seat of the injury. If injured in the cervical region, death is almost 
instantaneous from paralysis of respiration. 

Hemiplegia generally results from injury to the brain, and is 
occasionally due to sun-stroke, tumors, etc.; and there are other con- 
ditions that may produce it, but these are the most likely to produce 
it. Nervous excitement and the use of intoxicating liquors produce 
it in man, concussions of the brain, etc. The animal cannot walk 
straight, goes in a circle; the muscles waste to some extent; you may 
relieve the symptoms. Use anything that would relieve congestion ; 
afterwards use nervous stimulants. It is very slow getting well. 
There .is not much success treating paralysis of the posterior extreme- 
ties. It may be produced in many ways in the entire horse : from 
spinal irritation ; too much covering, which sets up inflammation of 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 41 

the spine. Another cause is injury, as the horse is being cast in the 
stall, or thrown for operation (and it would be well to explain to the 
owner that there is some danger in throwing a horse); or it may be 
due to a severe strain, such as hunting-horses are subject to, or from 
slipping ; or fracture of the spine, etc., and it may come from such 
injury where there is no misplacement. 

Symptoms. — Many very plain cases have occurred by irritation of 
the spine, as falling into a ditch, etc., causing more or less loss of 
power. If the animal lies down he has great difficulty in getting up, 
generally, but may get up easily. In perfect paralysis, the symptoms 
are very plain ; if the animal is down he tries to get up upon the 
fore feet, but there is no action in the hind limbs; may show signs of 
severe pain. If you draw the hind leg forward, the animal oners no 
resistance. The pulse runs up pretty quick. But these symptoms 
may show themselves in azoturia, without the spine being injured. 
An animal sometimes loses power, and is unable to rise, but can, in 
exceptional cases, move the tail for sometime after the other parts are 
motionless, and there may be some feeling in the tail also. If it is 
due to fracture, you may have the animal destroyed if it is complete; 
but if only partial, you may treat. 

Treatment. — It is good practice to place in slings, if there is diffi- 
culty in getting up, but can still bear a certain amount of his weight 
upon his legs, for a horse will not live long if he does not support 
some of his weight upon his legs. Tf in the early stages, and you sus- 
pect congestion, try belladonna and ergot of rye — ergot, twelve 
drachms daily ; atropine, two grains daily. Use belladonna intern- 
ally and externally, and stimulate the loins with some mild stimulant, 
and do not feed very high ; and when you think but little or no irri- 
tation remains, use a nerve stimulant — two to four grains of strych- 
nine daily, or nux vomica one to two drachms, daily, also stimulate 
the loins with a stimulating liniment, or even blister. A newly- 
flayed sheep-skin has been recommended, and you will find benefit 
from iodide of potassium and bromide of potassium, in pretty large 
doses. I prefer the bromide. If the animal is in poor condition, you 
may feed pretty well and try tonics, but if it is a case of three or four 
months standing, there is but little hope of recovery. Electricity is 
of use in paralysis. Extremes of heat and cold have no doubt some- 
thing to do with paralysis in horses, especially in stallions, but not so 
much as nervous excitement. 

Paralysis of the Lips — Is common in the horse ; may occur 
in any animal. The nerve is implicated. It may occur in various 
ways — from injury to the brain, irritating the origin of the nerve, 
and causing it, Such a case is generally incurable. A heavy head- 
stall may produce it, by interfering with the flow of blood to some 
extent; or pulling violently upon the bridle ; injury of any sort may 
produce it ; exciting himself in the stall ; exposure to extreme cold 
is a common cause. The nerve is very much exposed, and cold 
irritates it, 

Symptoms. — Hanging of the lip ; in a majority of cases it is confined 
to one side ; the other side drawn up to some extent ; difficulty of 
prehension ; in drinking he will place the m^uth deep into the 
Ducket. The lip hangs in almost one condition. Similar to purpura, 
but there is no swelling in paralysis. Examine closely into the case 
as to the head-stall, etc. 



42 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Treatment. — Remove the exciting cause and foment, especially if 
from exposure to cold, and use a mild stimulant, such as the cam- 
phorated liniment. If the case becomes obstinate, give laxative 
medicine, and follow with bromide of potassium. Although it is due 
to local influence, treat internally. Try the effect of a slight blister. 
If it is due first to irritation of the nerve, use one part of biniodide of 
mercury to eight of lard. If it is due to any brain trouble, there is 
not much hope of recovery. 

Hydrocephalus, or Water in the Brain. — It is generally 
congenital in the lower animals, and it is rare that the animal lives 
for any great length of time, but human subjects do live. If much 
water is present, it interferes with the brain to a considerable extent. 

Symptoms. — It is associated with tubercular influences. Well bred 
cattle especially suffer from tubercular deposits. Water accumulated 
perhaps in connection with the arachnoid, and although it is a fluid, 
it acts upon the soft sutures, which yield readily to a liquid. The 
head attains an enormous size in some cases. It is gradual in pro- 
gression, the body emaciated to a considerable extent. We are 
seldom called to treat such cases, but in parturition you may be 
troubled with this, and you will just puncture and let the water out. 
It is possible for an animal to have it and live for some time, but if 
in a puny, sickly animal, it would be best to recommend its destruc- 
tion. There may be effusion into the frontal sinuses, which you can 
also puncture. 

Sturdy or Gid. — It is caused by the hydatid coenurus cere- 
bralis. It is developed from the tape-worm of the dog. The eggs of 
the tape -worm are taken into the system of the sheep and developed, 
causing what is called sturdy, or gid. Experiments that have been 
made of those sheep that received the ovum of the taenia coenurus, 
showed that one-half became affected in from ten to sixty days. It 
consists of a body with many heads, which irritate the substance 
involved. It may not set up much irritation for some time. 

Symptoms. — If it is but one hemisphere, the animal will go round 
and round, either to the right or left, depending upon the position of 
the disease. If it is between the lobes of the brain, the head will be 
carried high, perhaps ; but if in the medulla oblongta, the animal can 
not walk very well, if at all. These pin-like heads may find the 
cranial bone, and cause absorption of it, and they may even come out 
through the skin of the parts. In such cases you can detect them 
through the softened condition of the bone ; sometimes, but not al- 
ways. We are not often called to treat such cases. They can be re- 
moved by trephining the bone, and sucking out the parasites through 
a camula, by means of a syringe. It may prove successful. 

String-Halt. — The opposite to paralysis. So named from the 
action of the animal. It is entirely due to some lesion or lesions of 
the nervous system, but just what part of the nervous system it is 
difficult to tell. Some say a part of the spinal cord ; others say a 
part of the brain, and others of the nerves supplying the hind extrem- 
ities. We see animals affected with this for years, but this could not 
be if the brain was much affected. It is produced by some lesions or 
abnormal condition of the nerve going to the parts, as a general thing, 
but may be due to some lesion of the spinal cord. It is easily detected, 
as a general thing. 



a 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMAES. 43 

Symptoms. — Violent spasmodic contraction of the muscles of the 
limb. And of the muscles, the extensors are oftener affected than any 
others. The symptoms vary much. It may be so slight thatyou can- 
not notice it by mDviug the horse forward. The leg may be brought 
entirely up to the abdomen. The horse does not show it at all times; 
but may show it, and then go for some time, and again show it, etc. 
It is best seen in turning the horse around, and you may have diffi- 
culty in making up your mind whether it is a natural or unnatural 
condition. Push the animal back, and from side to side. There is one 
form that shows itself in the stable, which does not show it outside, 
but after standing in the stable for some time and then taken out, 
shows it. 

Causes. — The exciting cause is hard to give, but is most likely to 
occur in highly nervous horses. It sometimes results from blistering 
for ring-bone, which may have irritated the nerves in some way. I 
think another cause is clipping, and exposing to the cold afterwards. 
The symptoms are better marked in winter than in summer. Some 
show it in winter that do not show it in summer at all. It is an un- 
soundness, and a disease. You must look out for this in your exam- 
inations for soundness. But it does not interfere with the animal for 
work to any great extent. It is likely to be progressive. 

Treatment— It is an incurable disease, but may be palliated by at- 
tending to the feed. Give a purgative, and you might use bromide of 
potassium, especially if it is suddenly developed. Put him in a com- 
fortable place ; keep him nice and warm. Another cause is irritation, 
caused by castration, either from irritating the nerve in throwing him, 
or in irritating the nerve of the testicle in such animals as showed no 
signs of it before. 

Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. — This disease is more extensive 
now than it was some years ago. It is congestion, followed by more 
or less inflammatory action of the coverings of the spinal cord and 
brain, due to a congested state of the blood vessels. This appears to 
be a comparatively new disease, and is found principally on this con- 
tinent. It does occur in other places, but not so frequently. I am 
inclined to the opinion of some others, that the sympathetic system is 
involved and implicated to soms extent, perhaps from some noxious 
conditions in the blood. It generally appears to the greatest extent 
to those that are breathing impure air and using improper food. 
Soldiers established in barracks are more subject. It is generally met 
with in horses in large cities, where they are crowded together to a 
great extent. Anything that is debilitating tends to produce it. It 
is more severe and fatal in crowded stables. Some say it attacks 
healthy as well as horses in poor condition. If this is so, then it is 
due to atmospheric influence. It is difficult to say what is the excit- 
ing cause. It may be due to atmospheric influence, local causes, veg- 
etable poisons, grass containing narcotic properties, etc., affecting the 
cerebro-spinal nerves, and sympathetic as well. It appears in various 
forms, and the 

Symptoms vary according to the parts affected. Some show the 
spine affected, and others the brain. Sometimes it shows itself by 
loss of power, especially of the posterior extremeties. The appetite 
is impaired, or completely gone. An animal may be in apparently 
.good health, and in twenty-four hours will present the above symp- 
toms. The temperature does not vary to any great extent ; in some it 



44 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

is increased, in others decreased. The tremors or spasms show them- 
selves in different parts. In the early stage the pulse is not accelerated 
generally, but may be even slower than natural. In other cases there 
will be a peculiar involuntary jerking ; the animal reels about, and 
in some severe cases falls or lies down, and is unable to rise; the 
bowels usually costive ; urine of a brownish color, and retained in 
the bladder, but is not so dark as in azoturia. As well as loss of 
power in the posterior extremeties, you will have well marked cerebral 
disturbance, and a comatose state, which, in a few hours, may give 
way to slight delirium, which, in some cases, lasts until death closes 
the scene. One symptom is paralysis of the muscles of deglutition, 
and it will lead (especially a non-professional man) to think of acute 
inflammation of the larynx. I have had some difficulty in saying 
whether a case was meningitis or typhoid fever. I am more and 
more convinced every day that cattle and horses suffer from nervous 
diseases, and that without knowing how to account for it. It is more 
common in animals that are grazing in the bush, eating grass that 
may have become over-ripe, which acts first upon the digestive, and 
then upon the nervous system. The symptoms are dullness, produced 
in a short time; costive condition of the bowels; appetite gone; 
thirst intense. If you give him a pail of water, he will place his 
head in it, and you would think he was drinking rapidly, but you 
will find that nothing has been taken, for he is not able to swallow. 
These are prominent symptoms. He may get the water in his mouth, 
but cannot swallow it; but not from any soreness. The animal may 
show slight abdominal pain, and when he lies down he has no inclina- 
tion to get up, but will lie stretched out; may move the legs. The 
pupil becomes dilated ; the mucous membrane becomes impaired, 
although in the first stages they may have been infected ; but after 
the convulsive paroxysms become more frequent, they become im- 
paired. He may become perfectly comatose. 

Post mortem. — You will not notice very well marked changes, 
especially to the casual observer. So you must be very careful in 
making examinations, especially if several become affected and die 
suddenly. The stomach and bowels will be empty ; the blood vessels 
reddened ; effusion in the arachnoid, and into the ventricle of the 
brain; also extravasation into the intestines in small spots, from the 
size of a pin head to the size of your finger. You may find con- 
gestion of the lungs, but it is generally hypostatic, from lying in one 
position. Examine the brain and spinal cord. There will be a 
reddened appearance of the coverings, and well marked effusion in 
the brain; but there maybe but little of this reddened condition, 
and generally but little the matter with the throat. The irritation 
of the throat in a pure case of meningitis is generally due to some 
other cause, as the improper administration of, or the giving of 
improper medicines. 

Caases.^" :;: "Atmospheric influence, or it may occur in an epizootic 
form, from one cause operating on all at one time; water con- 
-taining a great amount of organic matter; decomposition acting 
upon and affecting the nervous system. I have noticed some cases, 
which I think were caused by using water containing drainage from 
the stable. In some cases it affects the spine more than the brain, 
hence its name. I have noticed some cases, and I almost think it 
was influenza severely affecting the nervous system. 

-See the first part of the Lecture. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 45 

Treatment. — If there is a complete loss of power, of course it is- 
hopeless; but if taken in the earlier stages, where it is confined to the 
spine, it may be treated. You must treat to relieve congestion, and 
try to prevent the spread of the disease. Use hyposulphite of soda, 
and change the food. Belladonna is highly recommended, one, two, 
or three drachms a day, and continue for some time, or its alkaloid 
atropine; or give ergot of rye in two drachm doses; bromide of 
poiassium in two or three drachm doses. Use judiciously a good 
stimulant— hyposulphite of soda may be tried. If there is loss of 
power, use slings, but not unless he can bear some of his weight upon 
the limbs. It is very difficult to treat a horse after he has laid for 
some time, as he will be covered with sores. You may give injec- 
tions, to act upon the bowels, or use aloes, two to four drachms ; but 
be careful if there is any irritation of the bowels After some time, 
if there is still loss of power, use nux vomica. If ho is improving 
some, say in four or five days, take him out and allow him to walk 
some ; try the effect of tonics. I have a tube which I can insert 
through the oesophagus, for the purpose of giving stimulants when 
there is loss of power, but have not tried it yet. Counter irritation 
to the lungs, stimulating liniments, hot and cold applications have 
been recommended, and I think may do good. Try hot and cold 
applications alternately. It may produce a good effect. If you 
think it does harm, try other treatment. This disease is sometimes 
called cerebro-spinal fever. There is a. cause for every disease, but 
it is sometimes very difficult to tell just what the cause is. 

Chorea. — All spasmodic twitchings may come under the head of 
chorea, but we may just retain the common name " string-halt." 
Chorea in the horse is a peculiar afFection of the muscles of the hind 
extremeties. It causes a kind of shivering, and the horse is called a 
shiverer, from the trembling of the muscles. It is the result of some 
lesion of the nervous system, especially of the spinal cord. I do 
not say it is a severing of the spinal cord, or you would have 
paralysis. It varies in intensity and may show itself only when 
backing the horse. In fact, you will sometimes find a horse 
that you cannot back at all, which may be from indisposition, or due 
to chorea. If the horse walks straight along, you may see no signs; 
but stop him, and try to back him, and there is s^reat difficulty. Tail 
raised up ; muscles will jerk and shiver, etc. More common in high- 
ly nervous animals ; more common in well bred horses than in coarse 
bred, and some breeds are more subject to it than others. Some slight 
injury will produce it in one predisposed to it. It is aggravated by 
any derangement of the digestive organs, and will show itself in just 
about the same way, no difference how it is produced. It is an un- 
soundness, but does not interfere with the animal's usefulness very 
much. When you examine a horse, back him pretty forcibly. If he 
cannot back, and the tail raises up, you may conclude such an ani- 
mal is not sound. It is a progressive disease. It may supervene cas- 
tration. In such a case use bromide of potassium in pretty fair doses, 
and then nux vomica, continued for some time. You may have loss 
of power for some time ; or tail will jerk up ; horse stands from side 
to side; sits or falls down, and cannot get up again. It is just an- 
other form of chorea. You may think something is the matter with 
the back, which might be possible, but more likely to be from the 
spinal cord. In such cases milanotic tumors have been found in the 
brain or spinal cord, which interfere with the great nerve passing to 



46 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

the posterior extremities. In such a case the animal is entirely use- 
less. May trot along quite well for some distance, but put him in the 
stall and excite him, and all the above symptoms will be seen. I do 
not think, as a general thing, that anything can be done for it. An- 
other form is spasmodic action of the muscles of the fore extremities, 
and only shows itself after the animal has been driven some time and 
is greatly excited, when you will find well marked symptoms. Shows 
great lameness after driving, but if allowed to stand for some time 
will show it but little; drive again, and similar symptoms will take 
place. In dogs we find another form of chorea, in connection with 
distemper. Dogs may suffer from epilipsy ; more likely to have 
epilepsy than the horse. All the muscles of the head and body may 
become comatose, and so lie until relieved by death. 
^ Treatment. — Bromide of potassium, and then nux vomica. I be- 
lieve there is no better remedy than bromide of potassium. In epi- 
lepsy in dogs, give porridge, etc., with small allowance of animal food. 
Allow some exercise and fresh air. 

Convulsive Ergotism. — More frequently met with in cattle 
than other animals. Animals fed upon brewers' waste are more 
likely to have it, but it may come from other well marked causes. 
Nothing exerts more peculiar effect upon animals than ergot. Most 
marked effects upon healthy body, from long continued use, is diarrhea, 
external suppuration, gangrene, and dropping of the toes. Alarming 
symptoms have appeared from the long-continued use of rye. Again 
it takes on the convulsive form, which, I think, is the form met with 
in veterinary practice, but we may meet with both forms. Sprouted 
corn may produce this. I think it has been produced in this way. 
It affects both brain and cord. I have seen in this city some cases 
that might be called ergotism, produced by well marked causes. 
Sprouted grain produced it in the cases to which I have referred 
in this city. It affected the nervous system, and gave rise to 
well marked symptoms. If this food was acted upon by boiling wa- 
ter, it would destroy its bad effects. 

Symptoms. — Dull, drowsy appearance, almost comatose ; loss of 
power in hind extreineties. If you attempt to move him, or press 
upon his neck, he will fall upon his knees. Bowels costive, and those 
peculiar involuntary twitchings of the limbs, similar to poisoning 
with strychnine. 

Post mortem appearance. — In cattle, in particular, there is a great 
amount of food in paunch, and but little alteration to be noticed in 
the true digestive system and small intestines. Increased vascularity 
in the coverings of the brain and cord. Now ergot may affect ani- 
mals differently, as whisky affects men. If you meet with such cases, 
give good doses of purgative medicines, and get rid of the poison as 
quickly as you can. . Give stimulants and hypo-sulphite of soda, from 
one-half ounce to one ounce. Stimulants are not of much use, but 
may be of benefit in some cases. Apoplexy may occur in horses, but 
it is rare. There is one kind in cattle, due to slight spinal irritation. 
Symptoms, unable to rise ; in comatose condition. 

Treatment. — Bestrict food; give laxative, bromide of potassium, and 
nux vomica. 

Rabies, or Hydrophobia. — Called hydrophobia from dread of 
to rave. It is a disease essentially of the 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 4< 

nerves. Symptoms produced from some cause acting upon the blood 
and affecting the nerves. Not so frequent in this country as in more 
southern countries, but does occur on this continent. It is a virulent 
disease, and may be developed in cat and dog spontaneously, but not 
in other animals. It is a disease belonging to zymotic diseases. 

Pathology. — It depends upon some peculiar alteration of the blood, 
and affecting the nervous system. There will be no particular lesions 
in any other part of the system. Climate does not appear to influence 
this disease as much as formerly supposed. It was supposed to be 
more likely to be produced during dog-days than at any other time, 
but this view is not very well established. As to the contagion of 
rabies, there is no doubt but it is contagious, but the poison is in a 
fixed form, and is not transmitted through the air, but must be by 
direct inoculation It is more likely to be in the saliva, but may 
come from any part of the body. It is said that the flesh does not 
contain the virus, and that the flesh on an afferted animal could 
be eaten without danger, but it has been found that the blood 
does contain it, and inoculation has been produced by the blood. 
Others say that inoculation has been produced by the flesh. Virus 
is most easily taken in by one animal biting another. It is recorded 
that it may be taken in from skinning a dead animal, and taking 
the knife in the mouth, and that without cutting the mouth, the 
virus being taken into the system through the saliva; but the 
hands are not susceptible, unless there are sores on them. The 
power of the contagion varies to some extent. It is impaired by 
passing through several bodies. The most frequent mode of in- 
jection is by the teeth, and an animal having been bitten by another, 
even before the disease had developed itself, may become affected. 
The period of inoculation varies to some extent, from ten days to 
five or six months. This has been found from experiments. Some 
say that man has lived for years and then became affected, but 
such statements are not very reliable. Some animals are more 
subject to it than others, and some have been known to resist it 
altogether. 

Symptoms in the Dog. — The animal may become excited to a great 
extent, and so become very dangerous. May also become dangerous 
if suffering from brain or nervous disease. It is said to occur in 
two forms. Animal does not become excited to any great extent ; 
there is a period of dullness, followed by excitement. The violence 
may continue for some days, then the animal become greatly ex- 
hausted—has a tendency to lie in out-of-the-way places. May lie 
quietly for some time, then run about and try to bite surrounding 
objects ; also, has depraved appetite, eating dirt, etc. This symp- 
tom would also be symptomatic of indigestion, and alone is not a 
significant symptom. Symptoms increase; animal evinces pain; may 
be extremely quiet, and may be suddenly excited; will not go much, 
out of his way to bite anything ; not like one savage dog attacks 
another, but just snaps and runs on. Is most furious towards one of 
his own species. Gives a peculiar howl ; gets quiet, then symptoms 
occur again, etc. Great difficulty in swallowing may occur. Dogs 
do not have this dread of water, but may lose the power of swallowing. 

Post mortem. — Make it carefully. Do not let any blood come in 
contact with sores. Principal changes are in the nervous system,. 
congestion of the brain and spinal cord ; skin affected to a great 



48 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OP 

extent; more or less changes in the stomach and bowels. No treat- 
ment is recommended ; put out of the way as soon as possible, also 
those that have been bitten. It is noticed in the horse but seldom. 

Symptoms in the Horse. — Shows restlessness; will bite at and rub the 
seat of injury, followed by more or less cerebral disturbance, and per- 
fect phrenzy, and acts much like phrenitis; but in p l renitis the ani- 
mal is not vicious. There maybe paralysis either partial or complete ; 
will bite in a peculiar way, not like a biting horse. Symptoms of 
cases I have seen : peculial dullness, excited, turns around, falls down, 
comes at you like a vicious dog, loss of power in the hind quarters, 
growing worse and worse until relieved by death. You may be 
called to prescribe for an animal that has been bitten. 

Treatment. — Use nitrate of silver or caustic potash freely upon the 
parts where bitten. If deep, you may excise part of the flesh, and 
then use caustic upon it. It may prevent it. 

Tetanus, or Locked Jaw. — Tetanus signifies to stretch. It 
is essentially a nervous disease, due to irritation of the nerves. It is 
difficult to find exact changes in the nerves. If the animal dies 
quickly, not much change will be noticed. It is a very alarming, 
serious and fatal disease, but some cases recover. Locked jaw or tris- 
mus is applied to it, from contraction of the maseter muscles. Mus- 
cles principally affected are the voluntary. It receives various names 
from different muscles affected. Muscles of the back affected, opisth- 
otonos, head and tail up ; cannot lower the head. In empros thoto- 
nos, just the reverse takes place. If carried to one side, tetanus 
lateralis. But in horses, in five cases out of six, it is trismus. 
Opisthotonos differs from ordinary contraction of the muscles, in be- 
ing of a tonic character. There is great pain. It is said to be of 
two kinds, receiving the names from the causes. If it is from a wound, 
it is traumatic ; if it comes without any visible injury or operation, 
it is diopathic. There is really no difference, one being from a visi- 
ble, the other from an invisible cause. It is thought to be produced 
by some derangement of the digestive system. Great quantities of 
worms, or bots, in the stomach, have been supposed to produce it. 
Any irritation acting upon the nervous system may produce it. 

Pathology. — It is essentially a nervous disease, producing atonia. 
Generally affects the voluntary muscles; but others may be affected, 
even the diaphragm. In post mortem you will find different lesions in 
the spine, or great nerves, emanating from the spine or brain. Mus- 
cular tissue is extremely soft and flabby ; portions placed under the 
microscope will be found to be altered to some extent. You have 
other lesions, as congestion of the lungs, but it will be from lying on 
one side. There are three forms — acute, sub-acute and chronic; 
acute most serious. Sub-acute more amenable to treatment; but 
acute laminitis is easier treated than the sub-acute. 

Causes of Traumatic. — It is often produced by some injury or other, 
as picking up a nail, treading upon the foot. More likely to follow 
a punctured than an incised wound. Wound seems to be doing well, 
but in eight or ten days symptoms of tetanus appear, and may termi- 
nate' fatally. May occur from some very trifling operation, as docking, 
nicking, castrating, although the operation was performed in the 
right manner; but more likely to follow improper operations, and has 
occurred from a blister. I will refer to one thing about castration. 
We find serious results from cold. Standing in water sets up irrita- 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 49 

tion. Of twenty-four horses castrated, caused to be bathed in cold 
water, sixteen of them died. It usually makes its appearance just 
about the time the Avound is healing ; generally from six to nine or ten 
days. Supposed to be from the healing of the wound pressing upon 
the nerves. Highly nervous animals are more subject to it than the 
opposite. It is more common in warm climates. 

Symptoms. — Soon become very prominent and alarming. It is 
easily detected ; need have no difficulty in diagnosing the second case, 
if well marked. First symptom is a peculiar stiffness of the body; 
animal holds the head as if suffering from sore throat. Divisions of 
the muscles can be plainly seen, especially if he is excited. Jerk him 
suddenly and he will raise the head, and the membrane nictitans will 
come over the eye. This is a symptom mistaken for the cause of the 
animal's suffering, and this membrane has been removed. It is often 
about the first symptom noticed if he is excited. In such a case look 
at the mouth. It cannot be opened to full extent, if at all. Pulse 
not much affected unless animal is greatly excited. But the tempera- 
ture is much affected, aud if he is excited, the pulse may run up 
twenty beats per minute very quickly. Svmptoms become more ag- 
gravated; jaws close tighter; saliva runs from the mouth ; ears and 
tail erect; nose extended; great pain; retains sense until the last;* 
will fall or lie down, and may not be able to rise, and death relieves 
the suffering. But in the subacute form, symptoms are not so well 
marked. The animal may be able to eat enough soft food to support 
him, but cannot masticate solid food. Death or recovery may take 
place in from three to thirty days. The more acute the symptoms, 
the more fatal the disease. 

Treatment — Is sometimes satisfactory, although it is a very fatal 
disease. If the horse has been attacked for some time with aggravated 
symptoms, destroy him, but if he can eat, you may try treatment. 
There is no specific. Attend to the proper care of the animal ; keep 
as quiet as possible ; treat as a nervous fever ; keep in a comfortable 
box, away from any noise ; cover slightly but not too heavy. Give 
constitutional treatment — purgatives, six to eight drachms aloes j in- 
jections if costive ; but use no treatment that increases the irritation — 
belladonna, one drachm two or three times ppr day. If the jaws are 
closed, place it back on the tongue. Try hypodermic injections. 
Prussic acid is recommended of late, given in the water if the animal 
can drink;, or it has been passed into oesophagus through a tube. 
Woorari poison, chloroform inhalations, may relieve for the time. 
Bromide of potassium, I thiuk, is useful in most cases of nervous 
affections. Feed upon sloppy food, hay and linseed tea, and do not 
drench to any great extent. Give almost any liquid the animal can 
take. You may have to use slings; may swing at night only. Blis- 
ters are not of much use. Cold applications might be tried. Use 
local treatment if due to any injury. If in the foot, pare down and 
allow the matter to escape, if any. You may have to take off the 
entire sole. Poultice sores, and use belladonna, two parts. Some use 
poultice of hyoscyamus. Bathe the parts well, but not if it excites. 
It generally takes twenty or thirty' days before convalescence. Then 
give nutritive food and tonic medicines. 



50 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. 

This system is formed of a great number of small vessels distributed 
throughout the body, beginning in a network of small vessels, im- 
bedded in areolar tissue. These converge towards the lymphatic or 
absorbant system. Absorption goes on by various means — to some 
extent by the blood vessels. A swelling in the horse's leg is gotten 
rid of principally by the lymphatic vessels. It is a very important 
system. These vessels derived their name from lymph, the fluid they 
contain ; called absorbants, because they absorb effete material. Chy- 
liferous, or lacteal vessels, carry the milk-like fluid called chyle. It 
passes through the system for the building up the tissues. But all 
the chyle is not taken up by these vessels. The villi of the intestines 
take up some of it, and pass it into the blood directly. This can be 
seen in a subject, by killing it while digestion is going on. This 
system includes a great number of glands, called lymphatic glands. 
In some parts of the body they are collected in great numbers, 
especially about the groins, head, neck, and jaw. These vessels are 
very minute and delicate; cannot all be seen by the naked eye ; more 
plentiful than veins. They are superficial, and deep seated. They 
contain extremely small valves, like veins. The whole lymphatic 
system of the body pours its contents into the venous circulation by 
two ducts, the thoracic duct and the lymphatic vein. Thoracic duct 
originates in the lumbar regions. It is guarded by a valve, and is 
the larger of the two. It receives all the others, except those of the 
right anterior extremity, the right side of the head, neck and thorax. 

DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. 

Lymph Glands in the mesentery are called mesenteric. They 
vary from the size of a pin head to that of a pea 

Lymphangitis. — Inflamation of the glands and vessels, known 
by many names, as water farcy, weed, shot of grease, inflammatory 
odima, big leg, Monday morning fever, etc. It is frequent in horses, 
and is likely to be more so, from being better fed. It is usually con- 
fined to the extremities, but may occur in the internal lymphatic 
glands. It is usually found in one hind leg; may occur in both, or 
even in the fore legs, and so puzzle you to some extent. The inflam- 
matory action is set up in the glands, and extends into the vessels, 
and produces swelling. Heavy horses are more subject to it, from a 
more sluggish circulation, and some animals are predisposed to it. 

Causes. — It is common in hard worked horses, by standing them in 
the stable, and giving usual amount of food. A larger amount of 
nutritive material is formed than can be taken up, which sets up the 
irritation. It is frequently found in certain stables on Monday 
morning; hence its name, Monday morning fever. Usual feeding 
without usual exercise is the most common cause in city practice; 
director indirect injury to the groin; prick in the foot ; debilitated 
condition of the blood ; excess of fibrine in the blood. The change 
in the breaking up of the tissue taken into the system, and over 
stimulating the glands also produce it. 

Symptoms. -A certain amount of constitutional disturbance; may 
have severe rigors (which may not be noticed by the owner;) intense 
fever; lameness and swelling of the limb, usually of the inside of 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 51 

the thigh, extends down the leg in a sort of hard cord ; the line of 
the lymphatics plainly shown. There is difficulty in bringing the 
leg forward. Pressing on the cord on the inside of the leg causes pain, 
and he will lift the leg quickly. Swelling may extend entirely around 
the leg. It is very painful. Pulse full and bounding during inflamma- 
tion. Usually the sthenic type of inflammation ; pulse fifty or sixty 
beats per minute ; breathing much affected ; bowels costive ; urine 
high colored; pain local and constitutional; will perspire, not pro- 
fusely, but just bedews the body to some extent. Appetite gone, and 
great thirst, caused by fever, and if relief is not given soon, effusion 
will take place, and may take on suppurative process In glanders 
we have lymphangitis, from poisen in the blood. Animal generally 
stands ; does not want to move, but sometimes, from excessive pain, 
will lie down, and has great difficulty in getting up. Will look at 
the sides, as in colic. Sometimes milder in the fore than in the hind 
legs. The parts may regain their natural appearance, but it has a 
tendency to leave the leg enlarged, especially from repeated attacks. 
There is some lymph left, which becomes organized and cannot be 
removed. 

Treatment — If in a strong animal, from too much chyle, get rid of 
it as quickly as possible, by giving from eight to ten drachms of 
aloes; may give a little calomel ; will derive benefit from tincture of 
aconite, eight to ten drops at a dose. Give nitrate of potash freely. 
Give clysters of soap and water. If inflammatory action is of a 
sthenic type, blood-letting may prove a benefit, but in many cases is 
not necessary. If you do bleed, do not give so much purgative. It 
is not material whether you bleed from saphena or jugular vein. 

Local Treatment. — Judicious use of fomentations, but not too hot ; 
your hand can bear more heat than the horse can. Use cautiously ; 
bathe for two, three or four hours. It increases swelling, and en- 
courages exudation. Keep heat to the parts as well as you can. 
Hay rope is quite good. Prevent reaction from taking place, by 
using mild stimulants, camphorated liniments. If there is pain, you 
may relieve with belladonna or laudanum. Keep the animal quiet. 
Give exercise after the inflammatory action has passed off, but not 
before. It does reduce the swelling, but it soon returns, and. is more 
difficult to treat than before exercising. Give plenty of cold water. 
It is sometimes better to withhold food for twenty-four hours, and 
constitutional stimulants are not very useful. 

Elephantiasis. — Thickening of the limb from repeated attacks 
of lymphangitis, and may result from one attack, but generally from 
repeated attacks. From the swelling there remains a slight swelling ; 
some exudation is left. It swells again, and more exudations left ; 
blood vessels pass into it ; also nerves, and it is converted into new 
structure. If the animal stands over night, say twenty-four hours, 
the limbs becomes swollen, which exercise will relieve to a certain 
extent. It sometimes comes from repeated attacks of grease, but 
more likely to come from lymphangitis, especially if treated with hot 
liniments. If it is completely established, you can never restore the 
limb to its natural condition ; but you may give gentle exercise. Give 
purgative, then diuretic medicine, and hand-rubbing and bandaging 
may be of use, if he is not fed too high, and is moderately exercised. 
There is another condition of the lymphatics from lymphangitis. It 
is a dilation of the lymphatics. The walls become dialated or veri- 



52 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

cose ; these small tubes become obstructed. This is most likely to oc- 
cur in connection with elephantiasis. There may be rupture of the 
blood vessels, and not only of the vessels of the limb, but it may oc- 
cur in connection with some of the internal vessels, in connection with 
the mesentery. 

Tabes Mesenterica. — Affects the lymphatic system, especially 
the mesenteric glands. It is rare in the lower animals. It is some- 
times a sequel of a debilitating disease, as strangles in very young 
animals. In young cattle it is quite common. In this disease the 
mesenteric glands become involved, and prevent the introduction of 
the chyle into the system, and the result is a gradual decline. It is 
due to tubercalar degeneration. 

Symptoms. — Great emaciation; feces pass in semi-digested state; 
pulse weak, not very quick, but quickened to some extent ; belly pen- 
dant, or pot-bellied ; muscular system soft and flabby. The animal 
dies a gradual, lingering death ; abdominal pain in last stages. 

Treatment not very satisfactory. Support the strength as well as you 
can by a generous diet. Give iodide of potash; feed upon the best of 
food. Iron is beneficial; cod liver oil has been lecommended. I 
have noticed this from strangles, it usually terminates fatally. Post 
mortem reveals tubercular degeneration. There may be tubercular 
deposits in the lungs or some other organ as well. 

Anasarca may come in connection with the limb, due to an ac- 
cumulation of serous fluid. It comes from a percolation of the fluids 
into the flesh. It may contain a small amount of albumen. There 
are two kinds — inflammatory, and from venous obstruction. They re- 
ceive distinctive names from the place in which the fluid accumulates. 
If in the thoracic cavity, it is hydrothorax. Jf in the cranial cavity, 
it is hydrocephalus. If in the tunica vaginalis, it is hydrocele. 
These may come from inflammation, or venous obstruction or debility. 
If from venous obstruction, they will pit upon pressure. It is some- 
times found in the human, from standing up for a considerable time ; 
not due to any particular disease, but may be symptomatic of some 
other disease, such as diseases of the lungs, kidneys and liver, in which 
cases you will have well marked symptoms in the organ affected, ex- 
cept in the heart. It generally occurs in the hind leg, and a term fre- 
quently applied to it is stocking. Heavy horses are more subject to 
it ; legs swell at night ; and it may come from well marked causes, as 
washing and not drying ; exposure and hard work ; horses kept in 
the stable during the winter, and then made to do a hard day's work 
in the spring, etc. Improper bandaging may produce it, and it is 
good practice to see to placing a bandage yourself, as it may be put on 
too tight, and so do more harm than good. 

Symptoms — Swelling of the limb, and if not due to inflammatory 
action, there will be no pain, but in some cases there is some stiffness, 
and in some there is none. It is common in the spring. 

Treatment. — Keep off work, and give a laxative; also change the 
feed, and give a good diuretic ; three drachms sweet spirits nitre, three 
drachms rosin, and sufficient amount of soap, is good diuretic ball. 
If you cannot keep off work, hand-rub the leg well, and bandage, but 
not too tight. Or you may give more powerful remedies — white hel- 
libore. one scruple to one-half drachm, or even one drachm. In cases 
where there is much swelling, give nitrate and iodide of potash ; but 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMADS. 53 

do not push diuretics too far, but give one or two doses, and then 
have recourse to tonics, regular exercise, and get the system in good 
condition ; may give iron in the morning and diuretic at night, or 
vice versa. This swelling may have a great tendency to become 
organized. It is more likely to occur in a very old animal. Blisters 
are entirely inapplicable in such cases. Iodine ointment may be used 
in some cases, if you just wish to stimulate absorption to a certain 
extent. Another cause is undue pressure upon the limb. Injury to 
one foot, and standing upon the other, has a tendency to produce it. 

Swelling" of the Sheath is common. You can generally get 
rid of it by two or three doses of diuretic medicine, or it will get 
better when the animal is able to exercise. 



THE EYE. 



The eye is the immediate organ of vision. It is globular, in shape, 
and is composed of a membranous sack, in which is contained trans- 
parent humors of different densities. The external tunic is the 
sclerotic and cornea ; the sclerotic covers about four-fifths of the 
eye. The second is formed of the choroid and iris, a continuation of 
which forms the ciliary processes. The third or inner is the retina, 
which is a nervous coat. The sclerotic is formed of white fibrous 
tissue ; to this are attached the muscles that move the eye. The 
cornea is transparent, and covers one-fifth of the eye. It fits into the 
sclerotic as a watch glass fits in its place. The choroid coat is made 
of three layers, external, middle and internal. The external vena 
consists principally of minute veins. The middle layer is formed of 
the ciliary arteries, forming a plexus. The internal is a pigmentary 
layer. The iris is a diaphragm or curtain suspended in the aqueous 
humor. It varies in color in man ; in the horse it is generally of a 
light brown color. It is composed of two separate sets of fibres, cir- 
cular and radiating. If the circular contracts, it contracts the pupil. 
This is involuntary muscular fibre. In foetal life it is covered by a 
pupillary membrane, which becomes absorbed before or soon after 
Birth. The pupillary opening is in the center of the eye, and is 
elliptical or oval in the horse. There are several humors in the eye; 
aqueous, vitreous and crystalline lens. The aqueous is in the anterior 
and posterior chambers of the eye. It is principally water, and is 
secreted by the membranes which line the chambers. The vitreous 
humor occupies about four-fifths of the interior of the eye, and is 
enclosed in the hyaloid membrane. The crystalline lens is situated 
between the iris and vitreous humor. It is transparent and bi-convex. 
Its use is to bring rays of light to a focus. The name given to the 
small dark bodies just above the pupillary openings is corpora nigra. 
The retina is an expansion of the optic nerve. It consists of nine or 
ten different layers, composed of cylinders, cones, etc. The vitreous 
humor is about the consistency of thin jelly. It is covered by the 
capsule of the lens, and opacity of one or both of these gives rise to 
cataract. The appendages of the eye are, eyebrows, eyelids, con- 
junctiva, muscles, membrana nictitans, and the lachrymal apparatus ; 
eyebrows are only rudimentary in the horse. The membrana nicti- 



54 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

tans tends to throw off any offending matter that may get in the eye. 
This is composed of fibro-cartilege, and is for the protection of the 
eye, especially so to those animals that cannot protect it by using the 
fore extremities. The conjunctiva is the lining or mucous membrane, 
and it is continuous with the skin, and is reflected over the sclerotic, 
and firmly adheres to the cornea. The lachrymal apparatus is 
formed of glands and lachrymal ducts, sack, and a small opening in 
the lachrymal sack. This apparatus secretes and gets rid of the 
tears, and is called a conglomerate gland. These tears are carried 
down into the lachrymal sack, pass into the lachrymal duct and 
down into the nasal opening. In the superior and larger of the eye- 
lids there are glands or ciliary follicles. They secrete a fluid which 
prevents the adhering of the eyelids during sleep. The muscles of 
the eye are eight, five of them straight. They are, retractor, abduc- 
tor, adductor, depressor, and levator; one in the horse not in man, 
that which pulls the eye back upon the cushion of fat. There are 
three oblique muscles — superior, middle and inferior. 

DISEASES OF THE EYE. 

Simple Ophthalmia, Conjunctivitis, Traumatic Oph- 
thalmia. — The first name is to distinguish it from periodic 
ophthalmia. It is inflammation of the conjunctiva, and the term 
expresses the pathology. It is more or less inflammation of the 
superficial structures of the eye, and may affect the cornea. Periodic 
ophthalmia first affects the internal structure, and extends outward. 

Causes. — Result of direct or indirect injury — injury to the orbital 
process without any direct injury to the eye. May set up inflamma- 
tory action and extend to the eye ; or, from whip-lash, grain of sand, 
hay seed, which the membrana nictitans does not remove. It may 
be produced by extreme cold, or extreme heat and suushine, or ex- 
tremely foul air. Extremely dark stables may also produce periodic 
ophthalmia and amaurosis. It may occur in an enzootic form. If 
it so occurs, it is generally due to very hot weather. Direct or 
indirect injury is' the most frequent cause. 

Symptoms. — There may be partial or complete closure of the eye, 
according to the cause ; a copious secretion of the tears from over- 
stimulation of the lachrymal apparatus; too copious to pass through 
the lachrymal duct, the eye becomes swollen. The upper eye-lid may 
present a greatly irritated appearance. Exposure to the light reddens 
the conjunctiva. These are followed by more or less exudation 
between the layers of the cornea. If caused from injury, this exuda- 
tion takes place from the seat of injury. It is not due to a film, but 
due to an exudution between the layers of the cornea. In some cases 
there is some constitutional disturbance. Pulse increased just a few 
beats, but it is not a general thing. The eye presents an irritated 
appearance very quickly, and is sunken in its socket. The inflamma- 
tory action is rnoie aggravated than in periodic ophthalmia. 

Treatment. — If you think it is conjunctivitis, make a very careful 
examination. There is no great difference between this and periodic 
ophthalmia. Endeavor to detect the cause and remove it, or other 
remedies Avill be of no benefit. You may be able to remove it with a 
feather or handkerchief, and. you may have to use forceps. When the 
source of irritation is removed, the irritation generally ceases, but you 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 55 

may hasten resolution to a certain extent. If standing in stable, 
with cattle, etc., remove the animal. Apply fomentation to the eye, 
and keep up for some time ; place the animal in a darkened box. If 
suffering to any great extent use an anodyne liniment, laudunum wa- 
ter and a little sulphate of zinc, and a little acetate of lead might be 
added, but it is not to be used in all cases, and belladonna is better in 
some cases than laudunum, especially if there is a tendency to inflam- 
mation of the iris, for it has a peculiar effect upon the iris, and may 
prevent adhesion. Use atropine, two or three grains to a quart of 
distilled water, or you put a small particle of it in the eye. This 
will relieve most cases, but there may be some irritation left, although 
you have removed the cause, and there may be small ulcerated spots 
upon the eye, and it may be necessary to use a solution of nitrate of 
silver, five grains to an ounce of water, or even ten grains to an ounce 
of water. You may apply it by means of a small syringe, camel's 
hair brush or feather. Just touch the ulcerated spots, to stimulate 
and bring on a healthy action. 

In cases where the cornea is ulcerated, and even a fungus growth, 
you may have to touch it with a pencil of nitrate of silver. You 
may use iodide of potassium; but there is no use for very powerful 
remedies. In almost all cases of inflammation of the eye, there is a 
tendency to- the formation of a film over the eye. In say twenty-four 
hours, if the irritation has been removed, this will often be absorbed 
without anything being done, but there are many remedies recom- 
mended for getting rid of this. Bathe with cold water, and stimulate 
with iodide of potassium and nitrate of silver, not too strong, but 
just gently. In case the exudation is broken up to a certain extent, 
and there is a tendency to abrasion of the cornea, stimulate every day 
•or two, and keep this up for some time ; this may come from conjunc- 
tivitis in a very mild form. When the film first shows itself, the 
owner is much alarmed. Iodide of potassium is used, five grains to an 
ounce of water, and it may be necessary to give diuretic or purgative 
medicines. Belladonna may be given internally and applied around 
the eye, but it is generally best to place directly on the eye. Treat- 
ment for the dog is tonics, good feed, and stimulate the eye with the 
remedies given. One or two applications will generally suffice. If 
you have a case of conjunctivitis that has come on very slowly, ex- 
amine such a case very closely. There may be ulcerated spots. The 
remedies given increase the irritation for some time, but this will soon 
be relieved. Eyes are sometimes injured by severe caustics, pounded 
glass, alum, etc. In conjunctivitis you will find benefit from bleeding 
in the angular vein, and if it does no good, it will do no harm. In 
an acute attack the animal should be sparingly fed for a few days. 
There is no better remedy than belladonna. It may be necessary to 
scarify the eyelid in some cases. If it has received a severe injury, 
then apply fomentations. 

Periodic Ophthalmia.— So called because it occurs periodic- 
ally. It is not very uncommon in this country, and it differs from 
simple ophthalmia by the internal structures being first affected, com- 
ing from something in the constitution. It is a constitutional affec- 
tion, operating on the organ of vision, first attacking the internal 
structure, then involving the whole of the anterior part of the eye, 
and sooner or later terminating in partial or complete loss of vision." 
Many other definitions might be given. Constitutional ophthalmia, 



56 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

due to something in the system. Hereditary, due to some hereditary 
influence. Odontalgic, supposed to come from something the matter 
with the teeth. According to some authorities, wolf teeth affect the 
eyes. But I think they do not in any way affect the eyes. The fifth 
pair of nerves supplies common sensation to the eyes and teeth, and 
wolf teeth irritating this, affect the eye. But this is not held by 
veterenarians as a general thing. Another form is gouty ophthalmia, 
due to something in the system similar to gout, and acting upon the 
eye. This disease has been long known and great attention paid to it. 
Other names, moon-blindness, lunatic ophthalmia, supposed to be 
influnced by the moon. It was supposed that they could see readily 
at some periods of the moon, while at others they could not. I think 
it is more common here than in Britain, perhaps owing to the ex- 
tremes of heat and cold. But there are other causes which operate 
in causing it, and it receives various names, arising from the various 
symptoms produced. Pathology is not very well known at present ; 
perhaps a great many cases are due to hereditary influence. It was 
once considered the bane of horse-flesh. Breeding from sound horses 
has done more to eradicate it than anything else. "Like begets like." 



s. — Certain excitants, extremes of heat and cold, are promi- 
nent causes; dark and ill-ventilated stables; working and neglecting 
the horse, but in most cases there exists a hereditary predisposition. 
I do not say in all ; there may be exceptions. Lexington, a well-known 
horse, suffered from periodic ophthalmia, supposed to be the result of 
hard work, and his progeny is affected to a considerable extent. It 
may not attack the first, and then attack the second or even the third 
generation. In such cases it is easily produced. Breed only from 
sound, healthy animals. I would not breed from a horse, no dif- 
ference what his conformation might be, if affected with this disease. 

Pathology. — A constitutional affection, which localizes itself in 
the organ of vision. The inflammatory stage may pass off, even with- 
out remedial aid, and then it takes on the second stage of the disease. 

Symptoms. — Very well marked in many cases, together with the 
history of the case, the eye having been affected some time past, 
but got better, then worse, etc.; was taken suddenly ; increased secre- 
tions of tears; was put in the stable at night all right; in the morn- 
ing was suffering from an irritation of the eye, supposed to be an 
injury ; the eye weak, and cannot tolerate the light. Upper eyelid 
droops to some extent ; eyeball retracted. This can be noticed 
especially if but one eyeball is affected ; you cannot always notice tbis 
unless you expose the animal to the light. Conjunctiva reddened and 
congested to a considerable extent, but not so much as in simple 
ophthalmia; a kind of a brownish-red, hazy appearance of the cornea. 
In periodic ophthalmia this opacity begins at the circumference and 
radiates toward the center. As it advances the eye loses its trans- 
parency, becoming of a yellow or reddish appearance. The circula- 
tion may be altered to a slight extent; may be slightly quickened ; 
animal somewhat dull, dullness not very well marked, however; dis- 
charge of tears. After a few days the inflammatory action gradually 
subsides, the products of inflammation become absorbed, irritation 
gradually ceases, color changes to a grayish color, and the eye may 
regain its apparent natural condition, but not in all cases. It may 
have slight opacity of the crystalline lens, and produce cataract, but 
this does not often occur from one attack. I think in most cases 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 57 

there is some weakness remaining, although the irritation appears to 
have subsided. The eye may look smaller, and is more affected with 
the light. It will be retracted in the socket. Slight change of the 
weather will cause a slight weeping of the eye. Another peculiarity 
of this disease is shifting from one eye to the other, not from 
sympathy; no sooner is one eye relieved than the other is attacked. 
In such a case you may make up your mind that you have periodic 
ophthalmia. Apparent recovery is very rapid in some cases. To all 
appearance the animal is perfectly sound, but it comes again with 
greater severity, and it continues to recur at variable periods, from 
three days or weeks to months, or even a year, and we have some 
some cases on record of animals having one attack -and never having 
another, but there is no particular time at which it is likely to recur. 
After cataract is formed there may be inflammatory action in the 
eye, but after the eye is completely disorganized, as is sometimes the 
case, inflamation does not affect it further. As to the duration of the 
disease, it may vary from three or four up to ten or fifteen days. It 
is sometimes developed in the acute form, but generally in the sub- 
acute form. An animal may suffer from one or two attacks, and 
appear pretty well without any well marked cataract. It has been 
noticed that horses working in coal pits, under ground in dark places, 
suffer frequently from amaurosis, and also from ophthalmia. The 
mode of using being the exciting cause. 

Treatment. — Is anything but satisfactory, and it sometimes grieves 
the owner to be told that sooner or later his animal must become blind. 
The irritation may be palliated by rational treatment. Place the 
animal in a well ventilated and darkened box ; but you may have to 
allay irritation and keep the animal at work. Give a moderate dose 
of purgative ; it acts upon the system and allays irritation ; bathe 
with tepid water and laudanum. You may give extract of belladonna 
in drachm doses, and rub along the eye-lids, or you may use the active 
principle in the eye, but it is not necessary unless the iris is affected 
to a considerable extent. There is benefit in nitrate of potash and 
iodide of potash. Iodide of potash and colchicum, one drachm each 
once or twice a day. If the acute symptoms have passed off, the 
clearness may be hastened some by iodide of potassium and nitrate of 
silver. Treatment does not do much but palliate the disease. Apply 
something to allay the irritation of the eye — warm water, or in some 
cases cold water. If the iris is much affecteH, I think belladonna is 
the best thing that can be used. Blisters have been used to a great 
extent, but are not of much benefit. A little counter-irritation may be 
of use; first, subdue the inflummatory action the best you can, and 
expedite the removal of the products of inflammation. In most 
cases it terminates in cataract. 

Cataract means a breaking up. Cataract may be capsular or 
lenticular; the lens may be entirely destroyed, or only a slight depo- 
sition which impairs vision to a slight extent. May have cataract, 
opacity of the lens, or capsule, and so prevent the passage of light. 
Cataract is the result of periodic ophthalmia, but it may result from 
some other cause, or without any observable cause, and may be due 
to some nervous influence. You may have cataract without any 
noticeable irritation at all. If capsule only is affected, it is called 
capsular. If the lens, it is lenticular. It is a pearly white deposit. 

Result of Ophthalmia is cataract. It is a term applied to what we 



58 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TEEATMENT OF 

call opacity of the crystalline lens. Either the lens itself or the 
capsule investing the lens, and thus it gets different names, as capsu- 
lar, lenticular, and capsular-lenticular. It is the result of ophthal- 
mia, but it may occur independent of this, from an injury, or without 
any irritation of any consequence whatever. But this is not a com- 
mon occurrence. It is generally due to repeated attacks of ophthal- 
mia. There is true and false or spurious cataract. The true is 
opacity of the crystalline lens, its capsule, or both lens and capsule. 
There is an opaque deposit of lymph pus or blood on the anterior 
capsule. It may involve the entire lens, or only a part of it. There 
is a pearly white deposit in the anterior part of the eye. Cataract is 
said to have been absorbed, but it was, I think, not true cataract, but 
false — animal having suffered from injury or something which gave 
rise to effusion, but it was a spurious form. Cataract is occasionally 
congenital, i. e. at or soon after birth. If born blind, it is generally 
in both eyes. Complete cataract is incurable. 

Symptoms. — If it is of any size and involves the crystalline lens, it 
is easily detected. According to its size and position, there is either 
partial or complete blindness. Cataract may be present to some ex- 
tent and not produce complete blindness. If small, it is not so easily 
detected — it may be overlooked. If it is small, the pupillary open- 
ing is contracted if exposed to the rays of light. If it is completely 
formed, the iris loses its natural condition, and does not contract. 
The pupil and the retina may at the same time lose its natural con- 
dition, and you have amaurosis and cataract. It requires some 
experience to detect it. If you are examining a horse, take him sud- 
denly from the dark to the ligh, and watch closely. If the pupil 
contracts quickly, there is suspicion of some irritation. Take a black 
hat and shade the eye, and notice the pupillary opening, and you may 
be able to detfct it. But if you still have doubt, place the animal in 
a dark box, and let him stand fifteen minutes, and then take an arti- 
ficial light and bring in front of the eye, and watch, and you will 
sometimes be able to detect this white pearly deposit, but be sure that 
it is not a reflection you see. There is another way : by noticing the 
images reflected in the eye. There will be three ; one reflected from 
the cornea, one from the anterior surface of the crystalline lens; these 
two move with the light, and are upright. The third is reflected from 
the posterior surface of the lens, and is inverted, and moves in an op- 
posite direction from the light and the other images, and you may see 
these where there is a slight disease of the vitreous humor. These 
images appear as stated in a sound eye. You may act upon the ani- 
mal with belladonna, for the purpose of examination. You may de- 
tect a small speck not larger than a pin's head. With some practice 
cataract can be easily detected. Watch both eyes, and if one con- 
trates more than the other, it is symptomatic of cataract. It is a 
disease which may be quickly developed. Prof. Williams gives an 
account of one case that formed in ten days. But you are generally 
safe in giving your opinion that it has been present some length of 
time, if it is well formed. 

Treatment. — Very little, if anything, can be done, unless it is done 
as an operation, and such an operation is not attended with much 
success in the horse, as the light must be regulated by means of glass- 
es, which would be difficult. It is possible, in a case where there is a 
deposit of lymph, to restore the eye to its natural condition. If cat- 
aract is forming, you may give some of the remedies already recom- 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 59 

mended. Inflammation ceases after cataract is formed. Another 
disease of the eye is 

Amaurosis. — It is a diminution or complete loss of vision with- 
out any visible effect in the eye. It is paralysis of the optic nerve 
and its terminal expansion. It may occur independent of any irrita- 
tion, and is usually incurable. It is sometimes found in connection 
with parturition. It may exist with disease of the digestive organs, 
and frequently co-exists with cataract, and may result from injury to 
the brain or optic nerve. 

Exciting Causes: Standing in dark stable (similar to coal pits); may 
occur from a comparatively slight injury, as striking the head against 
something. There is nothing to obstruct the passage of light to the 
posterior part of the eye. You have amaurosis in severe hemorrhage. 
It occurs in bleeding a subject. It may be quickly developed. It 
has been noticed to occur from secondary hemorrhage from castration. 

Symptoms. — A dilated pupil is the principal symptom. The pupil 
loses its elliptical form and has a glassy appearance ; hence it is called 
glass-eye. Both eyes are generally affected. If there is no other dis- 
ease present, the animal carries tt-e head high and steps high, and 
from his action is sometimes called a star-gazer. Perhaps just at a 
glance you cannot detect it. Try the artificial light ; put him in a 
dark box and bring a lighted candle near the eye, and the pupil does 
not contract. Some good judges sometimes get bitten with this. You 
cannot detect it just at a glance, but after some time a char ge takes 
place. You have generally a pretty full eye. 

Treatment. — Incurable if of long-standing ; but if just due to some 
slight injury to the brain, or derangement to the digestive organs, etc., 
try iodide of potassium, belladonna, and then try nerve stimulants. 
A horse is better blind than with impaired vision. Another disease 
of the eye, of a very serious nature, is 

Cancerous or Bleeding Fungus — Medullary sarcoma, or 
bleeding cancer. It is of a malignant character. It is a spongy 
inflammation of the eye. This disease generally arises in the 
ball of the eye, but there may be exceptional cases, and it may 
come from injury, but most cancerous growths come from 
constitutional derangements. A slight exudation might cause 
it. In the first stage the eye becomes changed ; there is opacity 
of the crystalline lens; this may, by and by, become absorbed. This 
growth makes its appearance in the posterior part of the eye. It 
becomes larger and involves the entire eye and surrounding structures. 
It may grow and hang down over the cheek, and give the animal a 
very unsightly appearance. It may produce caries of the bones near 
the eye. 

Treatment. — You may effect a cure in first stages. If the eye ball is 
destroyed, remove the fungus and the eye-ball, which may be attended 
with success. But in other cases it will grow again quickly. There- 
will be hemorrhage, which can be controlled by styptics, and it is not 
a bad practice to touch with actual cautery ; then use styptics, astrin- 
gents, etc. If this is removed in the early stage it may not be repro- 
duced, and if reproduced it may not be for some time. It occurs in 
cattle, and the same treatment is to be used. Injury to the cornea 
might excite it. There is a bulging of the cornea, about the size of 
the end of a finger. It is very vascular ; when cut into, it bleeds 



60 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

readily. As well as local, give constitutional treatment. After cut- 
ting it out, you might give a few doses of medicine, tonics, etc. 

Filaria Oculi, StrODgylus Equinus — There is scarcely any 
tissue of the body exempt from parasites. They are found in the 
liver, testicle, brain, -bronchial tubes, kidneys, lungs, muscles, the 
eyes, etc. It is noticed in the eye, in Canada and the United States, 
but it is very common in India. It has never been noticed in 
England. This parasite is most likely to be found where the animals 
are grazing on wet land, or in wet weather. They get into the eye 
by means of the circulation. The ovum is taken in by means of the 
food or drink, gets into the stomach and is carried through the cir- 
culation until it finds its way into the aqueous humor of the eye. 
May grow to the size of one-half inch to two inches in length ; some- 
times set up considerable irritation, and this gives rise to more or 
less opacity of the cornea. It is not generally entirely opaque. 
These worms move about in a lively manner; appearing nenr to the 
cornea, and then passing away and disappearing to a certain extent. 
You should have no difficulty in detecting this by a careful examina- 
tion. It might be mistaken for a shred of lymph, but in a short time 
it removes and again appears. 

Symptoms. — More or less irritation of the eye ; may be noticed by 
the owner or attendant, and you have some history of the case. 
There is a haziness of the eye, but if you look for some time you will see 
something inside moving about, first one way and then the other. It 
has been described as an eel in water. If you meet with this you 
must remove the worm, for if you allow it to remain, it will in. most 
cases destroy the eye. Whether it is advisable to remove it while 
the irritation remains, or wait until it subsides, is a controverted 
point. I think the sooner it is removed the better. Cast and secure 
the animal, elevate the head to a certain extent, and with a guarded 
lancet make an incision and allow the aqueous humor to escape, and 
with it the worm in most case. j . There is no great danger to be 
apprehended ; keep the animal quiet and apply cold to the eye. 
You might give laxative medicine, good food, etc. A slight speck 
remains sometimes where the incision was made. If you operate on 
a case, and the aqueous humor escapes and the worm does not, just 
leave it alone till the aqueous humor is reproduced, and the worm 
may be absorbed, or you may take it out, but it sets up considerable 
irritation. It is better to let it alone until the aqueous humor is 
reproduced, and then operate again. Some operate without throwing 
the animal, but I think it is not best, you may make a larger 
incision than is desirable. The lancet used in human practice is the 
most applicable. Keep in a darkened box, and if slight opacity is 
present, you may use iodide of potassium internally. 

Glaucoma. — If there is either amaurosis or cataract, you have 
this condition present, but you may meet with a case where this is 
seen without any other disease. The vitreous humor becomes hard- 
ened, more or less, and a dilated pupillary opening ; big head or osteo- 
sarcoma has a tendency to produce it. Little, if anything, can be 
be done for it. If it is in an old animal from natural decay, as is gen- 
erally the case, nothing can be done. The eye-ball is occasionally in- 
jured, frequently from a punctured wound, and letting the aqueous 
humor escape. If the vitreous humor or crystalline lens escapes, vision 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 61 

is totally destroyed. The aqueous humor will be reproduced, but 
there may remain a slight opacity of the cornea. 

Treatment must vary as to the severity of the injury. If a puncture 
is received and the crystalline lers is injured there will be great 
pain present. Foment, use belladonna, give a purgative, and may give 
an opiate; poultice judiciously with linseed meal, bread poultice, etc. 
You may find a fungus growth, from puncture or other injury, and 
you can generally get rid of it with a solution of nitrate of silver. 
But this may not be strong enough, and you will have to touch with 
a pencil of nitrate of silver. After this you may have a small speck, 
and if there is exudation around the speck, you may relieve by judi- 
cious stimulation. In some diseases or injuries to the eye, the parts 
do not heal up, a discharge of matter takes place, and it is better in 
some cases to remove the tissue of the eye. Another condition of the 
eyeball is dislocation, more, likely to occur in dogs than in other ani- 
mals, from fighting with other dogs and cats. If it does occur in the 
horse, the tissues are generally lacerated. If you see such a case soon 
after its occurrence, the eye may be replaced and remain placed, if 
done before the swelling is too great. After replacing, apply fomen- 
tations, as to other injuries to allay irritation. But if it is down 
over the cheek and much swollen, the only thing that can be done is 
to remove the eyeball, and treat as an injury. If it requires much 
pressure upon the eyeball to replace it, you can just snip the outer 
angle of the eyelid, and after the ball is replaced just put a stitch in 
the cut and then use something to allay irritation. Melanotic depos- 
its may take place in the eye. They are commoner in gray horses than 
others, but may occur in any, and they may occur in any part of the 
body ; if in the eye, there is a reddened condition of the eye. Noth- 
ing whatever can be done for this. 

Ectropium or Eversion of the Eyelids ; Entropium or 
Inversion of the Eyelids. — Eyelids become torn and injured in 
many ways. If you find the lid torn and injured be as conservative 
as you can and bring the parts together nicely, using a suture of silk 
thread or wire. Although it is pretty well detached, bring the parts 
together the best you can and do not allow any part to hang down, or 
it will bring on suppuration, and if any part is removed, it interferes 
with the animal to some extent. 

After- Treatment. — Allay any irritation. Keep the animal quiet, and 
secure him so as to keep him from rubbing, by tying to both sides of the 
stall. Keep up the application of either cold or warm water, but cold 
water generally has a better effect than warm. There will be more 
or less opacity of the cornea, but when the irritation is allayed, the 
opacity will disappear. If a large portion of the lid is torn loose and 
nothing has been done for it until suppuration lias taken place, and 
it is much swollen, then scarify and trc at properly, and there is a pos- 
sibility of recovery. In some cases you will have to remove the par- 
tially detached portions, but do not be too hasty about cutting. 

The Membrana Nictitans sometimes become inflamed in 
connection with ophthalmia, or it may become irritated without this. 
This interferes with the secretion of the tears passing into the lachry- 
mal duct, and they flow down over the cheek. 

Treatment. — Applications of cold or warm water. Cleanse nicely 
ahd touch with mild astringents. Sulphate of zinc, five grains to one 



62 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

ounce of water, and about oue-half drachm of laudunum, which you 
may inject with a small syringe. This membrana nictitans some- 
times becomes diseased, until we have to remove it from the eye. If 
it is ulcerated but slightly, try a caustic upon it, such as nitrate of 
silver, and if this does not do, it may be necessary to remove it. 

Lachyrmal Ducts and Passages. — When the tears are se- 
creted, they pass into the puncta lachrymalia, then through the lach- 
rymal canals, and enter the lachrymal sack, and then into the nose, 
through the lachrymal duct. These lachrymal passages become dis- 
eased, obstructing the flow of tears. This is due to various causes : 
due to an enlarged condition of the caruncula lachrymalis, or from 
the thickening of the lining membrane of the duct. This thickening 
may result from various causes, and may result from catarrh, or from 
a foreign body passing through some opening into the lachrymal sack, 
and interfering with the passage of the tears through the duct. 

Symvtoms are well marked, and there is not much difficulty in detect- 
ing it. Nostrums put in the eye will have no effect if the cause 
is within the duct ; if from the thickening of the mucous membrane, 
the tears will pass down the outside of the cheek and destroy the 
hair to some extent, and there may be a purulent discharge from 
the inner angle of the eye; the eyeball will be irritated. If the ob- 
struction is down in the duct, the lachrymal sack may bf enlarged, 
and if this is the case, if you lift the head, it sometimes causes 
this discharge to flow more freely. Examine as to the anterior 
opening of the duct, inside the nose. 

Treatment. — If from obstruction, remove it; and the best way is 
to inject the duct with tepid water; then with a solution of sul- 
phate of zinc ; and it is belter injected from below than from the 
upper opening. Take a glass syringe with a long nozzle, and the 
fluid may pass through easily ; and it may not pass just at once, 
but keep up injections for some days. You may use carbolic acid, 
but no strong application is useful. Keep the eye nice and clean. 
Some authorities recommend the introduction of a probe. If you 
fail from lower opening, then try the upper, but the latter is more 
liable to irritate the eye. It is sometimes necessary to throw the 
animal in injecting from the upper opening. 

Congenital Malformation, in which no duct is formed. It 
may be formed through the bone, but not through the soft tissues, 
or only the mucous membrane is left to obstruct it ; there will be 
a discharge from the eye; lift the head, and there will be this 
purulent discharge from the lachrymal sac. An artificial opening 
may be made, and allow the tears to flow through it to the out- 
side of the cheek, instead of out at the eye. If the opening is just 
closed by the mucous membrane, just make an incision and let the 
tears pass through the opening into the nose. You may trephine 
and make an opening from the duct to the outside of the cheek. 
There may be fistula of this duct, and the depression of the bone 
may interfere with the flow of tears. 

The Eyelids may be inverted or everted; the one turned in,, 
called entropium. It may occur in the lower eyelid, but not fre- 
quently ; oftener seen in dogs than horses. When this occurs the 
eyelashes rub upon the eyeballs, which irritate it and causes f a 
prosecretion of tears and a purulent discharge. Bring the parts 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 63 

into proper position, just by incising a small portion of the skin, 
and use a suture, and this may suffice, or you may have to 
pull the hair from the eyelids or cut a portion out, and bring 
the cut edges together with a suture, just dipping the thread in a 
solution of carbolic acid. We also find just the opposite of this 
takes place, called octropium, or eversion of the eyelids. It pro- 
ceeds from various causes ; may proceed from simple ophthalmia. 
Scarifying may bring it to its natural condition, but if it continues 
it interferes with the animal very much, and makes him quite 
unsightly. This is also more common in the dog. 

Treatment. — Varied according to the case ; if just due to congestion 
of the mucous lining, scarify and it may do, but you may have to 
use caustics — nitrate of silver solution, or even a pencil of nitrate of 
silver, and if you cannot subdue with caustic, then you excise the 
parts with knife or scissors. After-treatment bathe the eye nicely, 
bring the parts as near the natural position as possible. The cornea 
is mostly affected. 

Oaruncula Lachrymalis may become enlarged from ophthal- 
mia or injury. The irritation is reduced by fomentations, astringents, 
etc., but if this does not answer use the knife or scissors, then allay 
the irritation. Some use a ligature instead of the knife. There will 
be opacity of the cornea, which will disappear as soon as the irrita- 
tion subsides. We notice in horses, the same as in man, that some 
have better eyesight than others ; some near and some far-sighted. 

Myopia, being near-sightedness ; due to too great a convexity of 
the eye. The animal may have an apparently well formed eye, but 
he will shy, no doubt due to defective vision, which is difficult to 
detect even in human patients. There is just the opposite of this, 
far-sightedness, which is most likely to occur in old animals and old 
persons. 

Glaucomatous Condition of the Eye. — The vitreous 
humor loses its transparency, and becomes bluish in color ; osteo- 
sarcoma may produce it. You sometimes meet with a kind of 
ossification of the eyeball. 

Melanotic Condition of the Eyeball. — A condition called 
staphyloma, from its resemblance to a bunch of grapes ; it may come 
from a tumor ; use caustic nitrate of silver. There is a bulging 
and opacity of the cornea, and if the exciting cause continues there 
is complete opacity of the cornea. The remedy is to puncture the 
cornea and let the contained fluids out. Perhaps there are chances 
of recovery. It is apt to be associated with some constitutional dis- 
turbance, and vision is likely to be lost. 



CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 

Variola. — This is a disease that occurs in all domestic animals, 
and perhaps in wild as well. It is an eruptive febrile disease, so 
called from a peculiar spotted eruptive appearance on the skin. 
Small pox has affected many people in many countries. It may be 



64 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

described as an acute febrile disease, and like all febrile diseases runs 
a certain course, then there is eruption of the skin, either vesicular 
or pustular. It may occur in a simple or complicated form ; it is 
first vesicular and then pustular. It belongs to the zymotic class of 
diseases, due to contagium in some form or other. This contagium is 
in either a fixed or volatile form. In the cow it is in a fixed form. In 
the sheep it is almost as well marked as in cows. It is a difficult 
matter to say just how contagium may be carried and disease pro- 
duced ; there are well marked stages. The system receives the con- 
tagium in some form or other. There is the incubatory stage, which 
may be from three to six or nine days. Next is the febrile condition, 
which may be ushered in by slight rigors, giving rise to quickened 
pulse, impaired appetite, pains in loins, back, etc., then eruptions of 
the skin, small reddish nodules about the size of a pin head, and 
larger, with a reddened surrounding, then formed into vesicles filled 
with a clear, transparent lymph. The contents of these become pur- 
ulent ; then it becomes pustular, and is the second stage. The third 
stage is a drying up of this purulent matter, and a dark brownish 
crust is formed, detached, and falls off in scales. There is a primary 
and a secondary fever — the secondary being the more dangerous — 
caused by absorption of this matter into the system. The fever is 
more severe just before the eruption becomes complete. The blood 
being in a state to give rise to these irruptions, also gives rise to 
great fever, intense headache, etc. In man, the secondary fever is 
caused by some material becoming absorbed. This is not of a fatal 
character — except small pox in sheep, where it is just about as fatal 
as small pox in man. It can be conveyed from the horse to the cow, 
man, etc., the cow being the place where man gets his variola. 

Variola Equinae, or Horse Pox. — It is occasionally noticed 
in this country and in Europe, but not so common as cow pox. It 
may be characterized as an eruptive vescichlo-pustular disease, pre- 
ceded in most cases by more or less fever, which may be compar- 
atively mild, and may be entirely overlooked ; a slightly quickened 
condition of the pulse — forty-five beats per minute, or even more — 
appetite somewhat impaired. The eruption shows itself upon any 
part of the body, but more particularly about the lips, heels, nose, 
mouth, nostrils, etc., and can be more readily seen in white-skinned 
horses. Some say it affects the schneiderian membrane. It can be 
communicated to man and the cow, and I believe to some other of 
the domestic animals. It may be characterized as a blood disease, 
due to a virus or poison. The virus is generally in a fixed form ; 
some say it is in a volatile form ; I think it is in a fixed form. 

Symptoms. — There is more or less fever; pulse comparatively weak, 
and may be quick ; increased thirst ; impaired appetite, but not gen- 
erally gone entirely ; red disc-shaped patches appear upon the skin, 
each having a depression in its center, from which the pustules are 
developed, from which exudes more or less serum. They vary in size, 
according to the situation they occupy ; they are larger in the heels, 
on account of there being a greater number of sebaceous glands. 
These pustules may become confluent, and parts of the body may 
become one large sore. The schneiderian membrane may present an 
ulcerated appearance. These uleers have a great tendency to heal, 
while in glanders they will not heal. There is a discharge of saliva 
if the mouth is affected ; masticulation performed with more or less 






DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 65 

difficulty. It may extend and involve the throat and even the intes- 
tinal canal. It usually runs its course in from eight to fifieen days, 
and until the scab begins to fall off, or convalescence, is about three 
weeks. This may be conveyed by contact in various ways — by the 
groom's clothes, saddles, harness, and may be given by inoculation, 
as irritating the skin and rubbing some of the matter upon the place. 
Treatment is simple : cleanliness, a laxative diet, food such as will 
act upon the bowels, bran mashes, linseed meal; or if in summer, give 
green food; give hypo-sulphite of soda, nitrate of potash and sulphur 
in small doses. The danger is in checking the eruption. It will get well 
readily if properly treated. The animal must not be exposed to the cold-. 
Give something to increase the eruption, instead of trying to stop it. 
Give something to act upon the blood. For a local application, sul- 
phate of zinc ointment, carbolic lotion, etc., but it does not require 
much medicine ; give good, easily digested food. In all diseases of 
an eruptive character, if checked, it leaves the poison in the system. 

Variola Vaccinae — cow pox; oftener seen in cattle than in the 
horse, and has been seen in every quarter of the globe — in some places in 
a very severe form, and attended with great fatality, but in Britain and 
America it is not fatal. It is an eruptive pustular disease, and 
usually shows itself on the udder and teat, but it may attack the feet 
and mouth. It is more severe in cattle that are continually housed, 
but it occasionally occurs in animals running in pasture. It runs 
about the same course as in the horse — first, incubatory, febrile dis- 
turbances and eruptions. 

Symptoms. — More or less fever ; falling off of milk, if in milk cow. 
Appetite slightly impaired ; slight increase of temperature, if exam- 
ined. Then it shows itself by eruptions, especially about the udder ; 
but a slight eruption takes place, presenting a reddened condition, and 
may become confluent ; the teat may be one mass of pustular erup- 
tions ; one person's milking ten, or perhaps twelve cows, tends to 
spread it. If you meet with two or three cases, showing such symp- 
toms, it is a little suspicious, but it may be caused by some local irri- 
tation, as running through long grass, irritating the parts ; and if 
kept in for two or three days, the irritation subsides. 

Treatment.— Cleanliness ; bathe the udder nicely with tepid water 
and astringents, acetate of lead, carbolic lotion ; covering the teat 
with milk is beneficial. Give sulphur, hypo-sulphite of soda, laxa- 
tive diet. If irritated by the flies, keep up during the day, and let 
out at night. The virus is in a fixed form. It is a disease that oc- 
casionally occurs, and is of great importance, for this is where we get 
our vaccine matter, which has been of great benefit. The pig is also 
liable to variola. The virus is in both a fixed and volatile form in 
the pig. When the pig becomes spotted, called spotted fever, it may 
be due to variola. Give salines, laxatives, epsom or glauber's salts ; 
good nourishing food. The dog is also liable to variola. The virus 
is in a fixed form. The eruption nearly the same in all animals, and 
the same stages in different subjects. 

Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia is not communicable to any 
other species. We have two kinds : sporadic, which runs its course 
quickly, and contagious, in which there is a great amount of fever, 
and is sometimes classed as an infectious fever. It is a disease which 
is interesting to some people in this country, as it exists to a more or 



66 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

less extent in America. It is a disease that has been known for two 
hundred years in Kussia. During the present century it has gradu- 
ally made its way from the east to the west. It was noticed in Prus- 
sia in 1802; in northern Russia in 1824; in England in 1841; in 
America in 1843. It occurred in Australia in 1815, having been car- 
ried there by cattle from England. Therefore, at present, it seems to 
be due to contagium, in some form or other. It is a specific conta- 
gious disease, peculiar to cattle. Due to a blood poison, acting upon 
the system in general, and it shows itself, in particular, in the lungs. 
It appears in both acute and sub acute form, and we cannot commun- 
icate it to any other animal than cattle. In a great many cases it is 
in the sub-acute, and proves a very serious disease. It implicates the 
lining membrane of the lungs and chest, and the lung substauce as 
well. And if an animal recovers, it will not be attacked again ; 
it never oceuring twice in the same animal. There is difference of 
opinion as to whether it is spontaneously developed or not, as it is 
difficult to say just how it occurs in many cases ; it has given rise to 
these differences. But it is due to contagium in some form or other. 
There are various stages, the first consists of an incubatory period, 
varying from two to six weeks, or even longer, and perhaps the first 
thing that will be noticed is an increased temperature of the body, to 
103, 104 or even 105 degrees. Often before any other signs are devel- 
oped, there may be slight rigors or shivering, but so slight as to be 
overlooked. After this, the system becomes impaired. If in milch 
cow, the secretion of milk is impaired, and there is a slight cough, 
noticed more in the morning, especially if the animal was kept up all 
night. The disease gradually grows worse, and the cough increases ; 
this may be the only symptom for some time. The animal was 
thought to be only suffering from a slight cold. After a while the 
lungs become affected, giving rise to quickened breathing. Animal 
gradually loses condition ; becomes emaciated ; hide-bound condition 
of the skin; a discharge from the nostrils of a whitish, or even a 
fetid character. In the first stages, you can, by ausculation, detect a 
grating sound, due to plural surfaces rubbing together. Concussion 
reveals a dull, dead sound. In the second stage the pulse is very 
quick; usually symptoms of fever; dryness in the muzzle. The 
horns may be either cold or hot, and the temperature and cough in- 
creased. Cattle, when suffering, lie upon the sterum, in order to re- 
lieve the pressure. If likely to end fatally, the discharge becomes 
fetid; may have slight diarrhea, followed by constipation; a peculiar 
gritting of the teeth; moaning or grunting; the eye has a glassy ap- 
pearance ; debility, and death. 

Post Mortem Appearances. — After those changes have taken place in 
the lungs, the blood becomes affected, and then the inter-lobular tis- 
sue of the lungs, and exudation takes place ; the air cells become 
gradually obliterated, and you have a solidified or hepatized condi- 
tion, but the animal may die before hepatization sets in. The lung is 
increased much in weight. The lungs present a marbled appearance, 
but this is characteristic of inflammation of the lungs as well. The 
pleura is also affected, and covered with a slight fibrinous exudation; 
there is also effusion of serum or hydro thorax, mixed with fibrinous 
clots. In this disease, there is sometimes suppuration. Parts of the 
lungs may become encysted, and the animal live even after this for 
years. The sporadic form is usually quickly developed, while the 
contagious form is more of a fever at first, and then progresses 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 67 

afterwards. The contagium is said to be in both a fixed and volatile 
form, and 'the virus more powerful during the first or febrile stage. 
It is most likely to be conveyed by means of the breath, and the virus 
will retain its activity for several months. There is some difference 
of opinion as to how it may be conveyed, but it is supposed to find, its 
way into the system through the respiratory organs. Blood has been 
given to healthy animals without producing it, and diseased lung has 
been tried with like effect. However, it may be taken in by other 
ways, but most likely through the respiratory organs ; and it may 
exist without showing well marked symptoms. It spreads rapidly 
over a great scope of territory. It may be carried on the cars, and it 
is said that it has been carried on the clothes of people. It may be 
possible, but it is said that animals must come in contact, as a general 
thing. The per cent, of loss. from this is much greater when it first 
appears— the loss varying from thirty to eighty per cent. This dis- 
ease has inflicted great loss in some countries, but it is not so fatal as 
rinderpest. America, has suffered some loss, and I do not suppose has 
ever been entirely rid of it since its outbreak. 

Treatment has been attended with much success ; but febrifuge and 
judicious counter-irritation have been used. The disease should be 
stamped out without trying to treat it, and that would be more suc- 
cessful than treatment. However, after it gets into a country, spread- 
ing over many hundreds of miles, even then prophylactic treatment 
is better than curative. It is not so extensive as formerly, as- the 
animals are destroyed, and the owner is, in some countries, compensa- 
ted. To prevent the disease, I believe in inoculation. This was recom- 
mended in 1852. It was tried, and considered a benefit, and then was 
thought of no benefit; but now it is supposed to be of great benefit. 
The virus for inoculation is taken from the lungs at a certain stage of 
the disease, and is put into the tail or other part of the animal, which 
brings on a febrile stage. But pleuro-pneumonia is not produced 
only in exceptional cases ; but it prevents the attack of the disease. 
While the animal is under the influence of this it can convey the 
disease to other animals. I believe inoculation will mitigate a great 
many diseases. It has been practiced in Long Island, not by profes- 
sional men, but by some owners and dairymen. 

Grlanders is contagious, a most serious and loathsome disease. 
It has been known for thousands of years, and has been treated with 
almost every medicine in the pharmacopoeia, and nothing has proved 
a remedy, and veterinarians have been abused for not curing it. 
They have pointed out the true character of it, and it is now rare to 
what it was thirty or forty years ago. It was common in Canada 
when the country was being cleared up. but it is now rare ; it is still 
seen in some of the back townships. This disease consists in a dis- 
charge from one or both nostrils, which discharge will produce it in 
another horse and in man. It produces tumefaction of the schnei- 
derian membrane. It is found generally in the horse, and in man, 
but is said to be communicable to sheep, dogs, cats, and even to cattle, 
but there is doubt about this. It is a specific disease of a contagious 
character, due to the introduction of a poison into the blood, or to the 
generation of a blood pois3n within the system. It is contagious 
and infectious. These two terms are used for the same thing, but do 
not mean just the same ; the volatile form being infectious, the fixed 
being contagious. Although mostly due to contagium, it is sometimes 



68 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

spontaneously generated. It is most severe in countries where horses 
are kept in a highly artificial manner, while in countries where they 
are allowed to run out during the most of the year, it is not so com- 
mon. It was not known in Mexico until the war with the United 
States. It is said it does not exist in Australia, and is seldom seen 
in India except in imported horses, as their horses run out the most 
of the year. It is supposed it got into India by shipping horses; 
during their passage the hatches being shut down during a storm, in 
which case it was spontaneously generated. With glanders we also 
have farcy. They are, I believe, essentially the same disease, only 
differing in their manifestations. I never saw a case of farcy get 
well, but many say it does get well. Farcy will produce glanders, 
and glanders farcy, by taking the virus from one or the other. So 
both diseases are due to a blood poison essentially the same, but they 
differ in their external manifestations. It is said to occur in other 
animals; but it is seldom met in any except the horse. 

Causes. — Some say it is, and others say it is never, spontaneously 
generated. We have germs which we cannot account for, but we 
have striking examples of it being spontaneously produced. I think 
I saw one case which had catarrh, placed in a poor place, poorly 
attended, poorly fed, manure allowed to accumulate, etc., during the 
winter, and in the spring it had glanders ; and we have many such 
instances from many practitioners. It is supposed to have been pro- 
duced on shipboard during a storm, by shutting down the hatches, 
but there may have been an infected horse among them, but the 
veterinarians were very careful in examining. It prevailed during 
the American war and the Prussian war. The horses were supposed 
to be free from all such diseases. I think it is usually due to con- 
tagium, but it may be spontareous. It can mostly be traced to con- 
tagious influences. It is likely to occur most severely in large cities, 
where many horses are kept together, for if one horse gets it it pol- 
lutes the air, and it spreads rapidly. There may be a glanderous 
diathesis in some horses, so to speak. It occurs in two forms, acute 
and chronic. If developed in the acute form it runs its course very 
quickly ; but it is generally seen in the chronic form ; seldom met 
with in the acute form. It is generally seen in old and debilitated 
animals. When such become exposed they take it more readily than 
young, healthy animals. It is similar in men. 

Symptoms. — After it arrives at a certain stage it is easily diagnosed, 
but until then it is not. It may continue for a long time without 
showing any constitutional disturbance, and it may be mistaken for 
other diseases. Some are liable to think that it is nasal gleet, unless 
the animal soon dies. Just in the early stage of the disease 
the animal suffers from rigors, more or less. Temperature is 
increased to 103°, 104° or 105°; then it will go for some time, 
and then there is a discharge from the nose, which varies much, 
according to the disease; at first watery, and then purulent, 
coming more freely in some cases than others. It may be from 
one or both nostrils — usually from one, and that the- left. By and 
by there is a cough, which may continue; the discharge altered 
to some extent; the most noticeable peculiarity of the discharge 
is that it is of a viscid or sticky character; it sticks around the nos- 
til and has a tendency to stick the nostrils together ; for, after the dis- 
ease has been developed for some time, and is high up and affects the 
bone, there may be foetor, but not so fetid as in nasal gleet. But if 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 69 

you have this discharge of a greenish-yellow color, extremely viscid 
and sticky, and which adl eres around the nostril ; contains large amount 
of albumen; will sink readily in water — but this may occur from other 
causes — it is sympathetic of glanders. The character of the discharge 
will vary, and it may be tinged with blood, and if so, it is symptomatic 
of an acute attack. The eye will sympathize with the disease, giving 
rise to a sort of purulent discharge about the inner canthus, not pro- 
fuse, and it may not be present at all. But when you notice these, it 
is a significant symptom of glanders. But you will now see changes 
taking place in ths mucous membrane of the nose. There will appear 
little elevations, tubercular deposits, which will change to cancerous 
ulcers, which may be irregular in shape, showing a sort of worm- 
eaten appearance, and these ulcers have no tendency to cicatrize 
or heal, although they may heal to a certain extent, but there re- 
mains a kind of white scar. These ulcerations may appear and run 
into each other, and the chamber becomes one ulcerated mass, and 
may completely eat through and destroy the septum nasi. I believe 
these ulcerations generally form well up, and may exist high up in 
the nasal chambers before they appear in the visible mucous mem- 
brane. There is another well marked sign by Avhich you know gland- 
ers. It is the enlargement of the submaxillary lymphatic glands. 
They do not suppurate, but become indurated and adhere to the bone. 
This condition often makes its appearance just about the same time 
that the discharge from the nose takes place, and generally before 
you see the ulceration of the mucous membrane. There may be 
some difficulty in breathing, for I believe there are more or less 
changes in the lungs on account of tubercular deposits in the lungs. 
The animal falls off in condition, becomes emaciated, hide-bound ; 
the skin seems to be attached to the flesh ; gradually pines away, and 
dies a lingering death. If in the chronic form until these character- 
istic symptoms — ulceration of the mucous membrane, greenish-yellow 
discharge, indurated condition of the glands — are well developed, 
you may experience difficulty in coming to a correct conclusion. As 
well as tubercular deposits in the lungs, you may have them in the 
mesenteric glands. When emaciation is rapid, it may be a long time 
before these characteristic symptoms are developed. This was noticed 
in a certain stall in France, where glanders made its appearance. 
Close examination was made ; those affected removed, and after some 
time more were affected, and removed, etc., and it was found to exist 
in some that had showed no visible signs. It was, perhaps, due to 
tubercular deposits in the lungs that gave it to others. There are 
certain diseases that might be mistaken for glanders. In nasal gleet 
there is a discharge from one or both nostrils, but it is not as sticky ; 
there are no cancerous ulcers ; the sub-maxillary lymphatic glands 
do not adhere to the bone, as in glanders. 

Pathology or post mortem. — You find tubercular deposits in the lungs 
and respiratory tract in most cases. The glands become enlarged, 
and the afferent and efferent vessels also become enlarged, forming a 
sort of pedicle which attaches them to the subjacent tissue. The 
glands become more indurated and the cavities become filled up with 
a sort of pulpy deposition. There are generally tubercular deposits 
before ulceration takes place. Contagium is usually present in a 
fixed form, and is most virulent in the nasal discharge, but it is con- 
tained in the blood of a diseased animal, and this blood will produce 
it in a healthy animal if put in the flesh. The covering of the 



70 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

muscles will produce it, the saliva, bile, and urine have produced it, 
and it is quite possible that it may be contained in all parts of the 
body. Its power varies, but is greatest in virulent cases, and some 
animals will withstand its effects. Some cases are i elated where it 
was brought on by glanderous tubercle from the lungs, where no 
other symptoms were noticed. Some authors think it is hereditary. 
We have a case mentioned where a glandered mare gave birth to a 
colt which died with glanders at about four and a half years old, 
without having been exposed to glanders. It is possible that a glan- 
dered mare might produce a colt that was free from glanders. The 
virus is not diminished in passing through many animals ; but is 
increased in potenc3 r if taken from the human being. The virus will 
retain its vitality for some time, which shows the necessity of 
thoroughly cleansing infected apartments by the use of boiling water, 
carbolic acid, etc. The virus may be dried in the air and kept for a 
great while, and if rendered fluid by water is capable of producing 
glanders, so that a stable just swept out and left for months still con- 
tains the virus. 

Treatment. — I will allude to it : giving plenty of pure air, good 
food, etc., will cause the symptoms to disappear to some extent, but 
it is best to destroy the animal in all cases. You may keep a healthy 
animal near an infected one for some time, and the former not get 
the disease unless there was contact in some way, but if a number are 
diseased in the same stable, the air becomes contaminated, and it 
might produce it. If you are called into a stable where three or four 
horses are supposed to be affected with nasal gleet, one or two affected 
in the first place and then others get it, then be careful in your exam- 
ination. Nasal gleet is never of a contagious character. If you 
have suspicion of glandeis, keep such an animal isolated, and have 
recourse to debilitating treatment, as a purgative, or take some of the 
discharge from the nose and put into some part of the body, as the 
hind leg of the same animal, or better, if you can get a worthless 
animal, inoculate it, and if it affects him then you may make up 
your mind that it is glanders. 

Acute Grlanders. — This is not quite so common here as it is in 
some other countries. This form may result from the chronic form, 
generally due to the virus being introduced into the system in some 
way or other. It developes quickly, and most authors say it is spon- 
taneously generated. When the animal has been inoculated with the 
virus, the first symptoms will appear in four or five days, and will be 
extreme rigors, increased temperature, a discharge from one or both 
nostrils; chancrous ulcers in the nose, appearing far more quickly 
than in the chronic form, and they become confluent. The lungs are 
affected to a greater or less extent, and, in a great many cases, are 
severely affected with lobular inflammation, which frequently causes 
death. And I have noticed some cases where swelling of the limbs 
occurred, generally in one hind limb. 

Post Mortem. — Appearances are the same as given in the chronic 
form ; diffuse suppuration in the lungs, or a gangrenous condition of 
the lungs. A healthy animal may take it and die in from one to 
three weeks. Farcy exists with glanders, and is identical with glan- 
ders, although presenting different manifestations. Farcy is a term 
applied to many affections that are not really farcy, and could not be 
distinguished from it by a casual observer ; one is called water farcy. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 71 

But when we say farcy, we mean a disease due to a specific blood 
poison, either generated within, or introduced into the system, and 
operating on the glands. It occurs in two forms, acute and chronic. 
It frequently terminates in glanders ; and we find by experience that 
glanders will produce farcy, and farcy glanders. If the animal is not 
pretty severely affected, you may mistake it in the first stage ; there 
is more or less fever, with a very well shown increase of temperature 
of the body ; but these changes are not so significant to the casual ob- 
server. Little swellings appear in connection with the lymphatic 
glands, in one of the limbs, a hind limb generally. It looks like 
lymphangitis. The swelling takes place in the lymphaticglands. It 
may occur in the head and neck, or even in other parts of the body ; 
and* if upon the bod)', it may be taken for surfeit. These little en- 
largements change character to some extent ; a discharge of aqueous 
character takes place ; the openings do not heal as readily as ordinary 
sores, and they are called farcy buds. As well as this, you generally 
have, after the enlargements appear, little cords extending from the 
enlargements in various directions. These are designated farcy cords, 
A great many enlargements will appear, especially in the sub-maxil- 
lary glands and linguinal glands. They become enlarged, and run 
into each other more or less. The animal falls off in condition, pre- 
sents a hide-bound appearance, etc. As well as these lymphatics be- 
ing affected, a great part of the limb becomes swollen, presenting 
much the appearance of lymphangitis, unless the farcy buds are pres- 
ent. But in from two to six weeks we have symptoms which show 
the true character of the disease, and it may remain in this form for 
some time, and then acute farcy may set in. In other cases where you 
have the chronic form, it may remain in the same condition for some 
time, and all at once the joints will swell, perhaps the hock joint, then 
a discharge from the nose takes place; chancrous ulcers form, and it 
is speedily followed by glanders. The ulcers appear to heal to a cer- 
tain extent, but if it is a true case of farcy, the healing process never 
takes place perfectly. Prof. Williams thinks cases have been cured. I 
have known it to remain in the same condition for a considerable 
length of time, and spread the disease to a considerable extent. I 
knew one treated for more than a year, and cause the death of four 
good horses. I never knew a case to recover. If it is due to a blood 
poison, it cannot be cured; but you may have somewhat similar con- 
ditions, not due to specific poison. In the acute form the symptoms 
are developed in a similar manner, but more violently. You may 
think it is lymphangitis ; the temperature is increased ; there isenlarge- 
ment of the lymphaticglands and vessels, but it will not terminate in 
resolution, as it will in lymphangitis, but it terminates in suppura- 
tion. In the acute form it may extend over the body, upon the sheath,, 
udder, etc., and the horse may have acute glanders following. Sul- 
phate of copper, in external and internal applications, seems to im- 
prove the case, but I always recommend the animal's destruction. It 
is extremely deceptive, may recover apparently, but is never cured. 
If you only have suspicion of it, isolate the animal until you are sure 
of what is the matter. Although this is contagious, it is not so very 
contagious as some think ; it is necessary to bring the animal into 
contact. Glanderous matter may be carried in various ways — in wa- 
ter, from animals drinking from the same pail, trough, etc. ; and this 
matter may be given to an animal, and not produce the disease, and 
it was thought at one time that this would not produce it, but it is 



72 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

now known that it will. .Where it is necessary tp examine an ani- 
mal for glanders, be careful and do not get any of the matter in any 
sores, in the eye, mouth, nose, etc., as it might produce glanders ; you 
may be able to examine by daylight, and it may be necessary to use 
an artificial light Bring it close to the nose, which will enable you 
to see farther up the nose. However, there is no great danger in hand- 
ling a glandered horse, unless there are sores upon your hands ; but 
if you make a post mortem, then be careful about cutting the hands,, 
for it will produce glanders in man. Some such cases are on record. 
Although it is a disease common to the horse, it is said it has been; 
conveyed to cattle, sheep, goats, lions, tigers, etc., they feeding on the 
flesh of horses that had died with glanders. But if it is cooked, it 
will not produce it, hence plenty of boiling water, carbolic acid, lime,, 
etc., will destroy the virus. So, if you have an infected stable, cleanse 
the apartments thoroughly, and, perhaps, carbolic acid is just as good, 
as anything you can use. 



DISEASES OF THE EAR. 

Injuries to the ear must be treated as injuries to the other parts- 
Just bring the parts together and secure the animal so he cannot rub. 
A tumor may appear in the ear of the horse, either in the external 
part or deep-seated in the meatus internus. An injury may produce 
it. In the first stages it does not interfere with the animal, but after 
some time it does. The horse will hold his head to one side or the 
other, and will shake the head when you do anything with him ; and 
it may bring on cerebral derangement. I have seen some cases of 
such tumors where the animal would walk in a circular manner, 
showing cerebral disturbance. You can remove them with the scissors 
or knife, then cleanse the parts nicely and carefully. Use carbolic 
acid, sulphate of zinc, etc., and the cerebral disturbance, in many 
cases, will be removed. 

Deafness.— If it is of a permanent character or of long-standing, 
nothing can be done for it. It is hard to detect, and you may meet 
with temporary defness, or partial deafness, from cannonading -from 
the intense noise. 

Treat by a moderate dose of laxative, and bathe the parts well. If 
the cause is kept up for some time it may cause entire deafness. The 
animal appears stubborn, and cannot be taught to obey the word. The 
same things occur in cattle— tumors, etc. — and in cattle they may be 
of a tubercular character, especially if there is a tubercular tend- 
ency ; but we oftener meet with this in dogs than in other animals. 
In dogs it is called 

Canker, and is either external or internal, and involves the 
internal or external flap and the meatus. Canker is more likely to 
occur in those dogs used for sporting, from running through long 
grass, brush, etc., getting wet and then drying, which sets up irritation ; 
and the manner of feeding the animal aggravates it- an over-abun- 
dance of animal food making him extremely fat, etc. 

Symptoms. — More or less irritation ; he moves the head from one side 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 78 

to the other; scratches the ear; if you look at the ear you may find a 
discharge of an extremely fetid character. 

Treatment is both local and constitutional. If from a well-marked 
cause, remove the cause ; cleanse nicely and syringe with tepid water 
or carbolic acid — one part to twenty or twenty-five of water, or even 
stronger; or nitrate of silver in solution; or the tincture of the chlo- 
ride of iron ; keep him fixed in such a manner that he cannot shake 
the head, and if plethoric, give physic, syrup of buckthorn and Jalap, 
or castor oil is very good. Aloes may be given, but it is not so good, 
as it has a tendency to irritate the rectum. Iodide of potassium is 
also good. If the ear becomes gangrenous, you may have to remove 
a part of it, and you may have abscesses from some causes ; they are 
generally serous. Make an incision, and then use some of the reme- 
dies given. Restrict the diet to a certain extent. Give some exercise. 
We sometimes meet with fistula at the root of the ear. This is more 
common in horses, and is generally congenital, or from malformation. 
It is easily detected by close examination, but it might be overlooked. 
But you can notice a little matter at the root of the ear, and a small 
opening, which is a fistulous opening, and passes well in at the root of 
the ear, and is often of long-standing. The skin may be reflected in 
and covered with the ear. Exercise the parts and cut this fistulous 
wound out. It may not set up much irritation, but must generally be 
dissected out, or you may inject with caustics, and afterward dress 
with a mild caustic, as nitrate of silver, chloride of antimony, tinc- 
ture of the chloride of iron; and you may have tooth-deposits — tooth 
substances have been formed at the root of the ear and caused fistula; 
in such cases you find enlargement to some extent. It is possible that 
tooih-substances may be found in the testicle. There is scarcely a 
tissue where a tooth-substance may not be found. 



DISEASE. 

It is difficult to give a definition of either disease or health. They 
are closely united, and it is difficult to draw the line of demarcation. 
First I ask, what is disease? We may consider it to consist of a 
deterioration from a healthy standard, either of function or structure ; 
or we may say it is just the opposite of health, or a disturbance of 
the function or structure of a healthy organism. Health is a con- 
dition of the animal body in which all the organs are in good con- 
dition, and all the functions are performed in good order; and it is 
difficult to get a body in perfect health. There is generally some 
little deterioration of structure or function. You may look at a 
horse; he does work in a regular manner, and he is considered 
healthy, but there may be some change ir some way, so that it is 
quite difficult to give a precise definition. There is health where all 
the organs are intact, and each one capable of discharging its respec- 
tive duty or function. From health to disease there are certain 
transitions noticed. If animals are kept in their natural state they 
are free from disease to a certain extent, but when they become 
domesticated, then a change takes place in the system. They do not 
receive a regular supply of pare air, pure water, regular exercise, 
7 



74 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

etc.; then this change takes place to a certain extent. All these 
things must be attended to in order to keep either animals or men in 
good health. We meet with various terms in the study of disease, as 

Pathology, which is derived from two Greek words, and means a 
discourse on disease, or the doctrine of disease, and includes all the 
various particulars in connection with disease. Pathology may be 
divided into two divisions, general and special. General pathology 
considers disease in common, the various branches, causes, symptoms, 
etc., while special considers each disease in particular. In all dis- 
eases there are certain changes that take place in connection with 
them. It is a very important branch of study. 

Etiology, or the causes of disease. This is also important. It may 
be arranged under different heads ; there are predisposing and ex- 
citing causes. There is almost always a cause for every disease, but 
it is sometimes difficult to tell just what the cause is. If you can find 
and remove the cause, the case is, as a general thing, easily treated. 
Etiology, though plain in some cases, is obscure in others. A disease 
breaking out and spreading over a large territory, is an epizootic dis- 
ease ; and it is difficult to say what is the exact or exciting cause. 
Another important branch of pathology is the symptoms, or 

Symptomatology, or study of the symptoms of disease ; or the means 
by which disease is recognized from the symptoms presented by the 
organ or organs diseased. The symptoms may be general or local. 
There are in the limbs certain local symptoms, but the cause may be 
such that it will produce general symptoms. It is further divided in- 
to primary and premonitory. In laminitis, we sometimes notice the 
horse exhibiting premonitory symptoms, and, after some time, well 
marked symptoms.. There are general symptoms, as rigors, shivering 
in fever ; and in certain organs we have symptoms of those organs 
having undergone certain changes. 

Diagnostic Symptoms are those by which we are able to detect the 
character of the disease, and the parts diseased. It is the discrimin- 
ation of disease. There are diagnostic, prognostic, and pathognostic 
symptoms. There may be a collection of symptoms, and may be 
characteristic, as in glanders. There is a discharge from the nose. 
This may be symptomatic of several diseases. But if there is a dis- 
charge and ulceration of the mucous membrane, the sub-maxillary 
glands are enlarged, and attached to the adjacent tissue, etc., then 
we have characteristic or pathognomic symptoms of glanders. 

Prognosis, or telling the probable termination of a disease. You 
examine the symptoms carefully, and make up. your mind what is the 
matter, and then tell the future of the disease, either favorable or un- 
favorable. 

Therapeutics, that branch of medicine which has reference to the 
treatment of diseases. Diseases are classified under different names, 
according to progress and character of disease. There are epizootic, 
enzootic, specific, sporadic and zymotic ; these are the ordinary classi- 
fication or heads. 

Epizootic is derived from two Greek words, signifying on and animal. 
In human practice it is epidemic. A great many animals become 
similarly affected at the same time, without any appreciable cause. 
A common example is that known as epizootic, catarrhal fever and 
influenza. It may be due to atmospheric influence, either contagious 
or non-contagious. In cattle a good example is epizootic aphthae. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 75 

Enzootic diseases are confined to certain localities, and are due to 
local influences. They may become contagious after leaving that cer- 
tain place. Rinderpest is a good example, but has never been known 
on this continent. Jt is in Russia. Texas fever appears common to 
certain localiiies of Texas, but it is set up among the northern cat- 
tle. It may be generated from the character of the water, food, grass, 
soil, etc. In man, the term indemic is applied, as the ague. 

Specific, peculiar to particular class of animal, the virus of which, 
if introduced into another animal, may produce the same disease as 
glanders, strangles, distemper in dog days, etc., but a specific disease 
is not necessarily contagious. 

Sporadic is a word derived from a Greek word, meaning to sow 
here and there. It is from accidental causes. Most diseases come 
under this head, and are from well-marked cause?. 

Zymotic. — Some of the diseases mentioned are of a zymotic char- 
acter. Zymotic means a ferment. It acts like a ferment in the 
blood. Investigations show that by minute bodies, so small that 
you can scarcely think of their minuteness, an action is set up in 
the blood, perhaps in the form of a ferment. "We find that most 
diseases consist in some change in the blood itself, or in the flues 
which nourish and renew the tissues; but a majority consist in 
a change in the blood itself. In a living body there is a continual 
change taking place, and the great characteristics of these changes 
are the processes of decay and reparation, which only terminate at 
death. Substances pass into the body aud are carried to all parts 
of the body. Waste is taken up in the blood and carried from 
the body. The body wastes during the day, and during repose it 
is nourished and the waste repaired. The human being, during one 
year, loses three thousand pounds by waste of tissue, and the repair 
equals the waste. However, in youth the repair exceeds the waste, 
so that the animal gradually grows. In the adult they are just 
about equal, provided there is a certain amount of exercise. In 
old age the waste is in excess, and the animal becomes smaller. 
In disease something takes place, equilibrium is upset, and there 
is a change of function or structure. We often see this taking 
place. An animal is attacked by disease and reduced quite 
quickly — the result of this poison in the system. Life is maintained 
in the body bv the circulation of pure or arterial blood through 
the system. This blood is the great fluid of the body ; whenever 
arterial blood ceases to circulate, death is the result; or, if it cir- 
culates, but becomes impure, there follows a similar result. If the 
blood becomes changed but slightly, it produces disease very quickly; 
and if changed to any great extent, it produces death very quickly. 
Life is an aggregate of the functions which resist death, and is 
maintained by the blood. Death is the cessation of all the functions, 
the aggregate of which constitutes life. Now death may occur in 
different ways, and sometimes it is immaterial how an animal died, 
but at other times we are called to tell how he died. If no blood cir- 
culates, death takes place from syncope, from a want of a due supply 
of blood to the heart, and the heart Joses its power. Bleeding causes 
death from syncope, or from necrsemia. The heart loses its power 
from want of its natural stimulus — the blood. Death from syncope 
may occur in other ways: the heart may lose its contractile power 
from a blow over the heart or stomach, or from poisons, or from 
fright, or from derangement of the nervous system. 



76 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Asphyxia, or Apncea; access of air to the lungs is prevented, as in 
drowning, hanging, choking, and sometimes from tetanus; again, from 
coma. Death from coma begins in the brain — frequently from medi- 
cines. The symptoms are drowsiness or comatose condition. 



BLOOD. 

Blood is the great and important fluid of the body, and is carried 
through the system by means of a set of vessels ; they are arteries,, 
capillaries and veins. The heart is the great center of the circula- 
tion. It is situated in the thoracic cavity, and acts as a force pump 
to send the blood through the system ; but there is a power in the ves- 
sels of drawing blood to them to a certain extent, somewhat a& 
the sap is drawn up in the tree. The arteries are vessels that convey 
blood from the heart to various parts of the body. They are so 
named from the former supposition that they contained only air, as 
they were always found empty after death. They differ, also, in 
structure from the veins, and do not collapse as the veins do. They 
possess contractility and elasticity, and their power of contraction is 
due to muscular tissue in their walls, which consists of contractile 
fibre, cells, which have the power of diminishing the caliber of the ar- 
tery in which they are situated, and can either arrest partially or com- 
pletely the flow of blood. The large vessels are especially elastic ; 
they have both muscular and yellow elastic tissue. They convey the 
blood to all the tissues of the body, and when it has fulfilled its func- 
tion, it is brought back to the heart by the veins. The 

Veins are the vessels which bring the blood to the heart. They 
have thinner walls than the arteries, and have valves, which valves 
are foldings of the inner lining of the vein. These valves do not ex- 
ist in the pulmonary vein. They tend to help the blood towards the 
heart. When the veins are empty they collapse. Between the arter- 
ies and veins we have very small vessels, which form the connecting 
medium, and are called 

Capillaries, which are formed from the breaking down of the arter- 
ies, and form the veins on the other side. They are very delicate and 
minute, and during health the blood circulates through all these in a 
regular manner, and the liquid portions of the blood continually ex- 
udes to supply the various tissues, and at the same time they are ex- 
creting waste tissue, and it is in the capillaries that nutrition is pri- 
marily effected. There are also lymphatic vessels, which take up this 
waste, but the blood vessels also take it up, to some extent. All the 
tissues of the body, whether bone, muscle, hair, etc., are nourished by 
the blood. Blood is the fluid contained in the heart, arteries, capil- 
laries and veins, and is formed chiefly from the chyle, and when first 
drawn from the body it has the appearance of a homogeneous fluid. 
You would think it composed of but one thing, but after a while it 
loses this appearance. It has a saline taste. The halitu is a smell, 
or faint odor, which arises from a watery vapor, from freshly drawn 
blood, and is characteristic of the animal from which it was drawn. 
The temperature of the blood is 98° to 100°. Blood is of a red color, 
viewed as a whole, and is a fluid, but not a perfect fluid. It is com- 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMAES. 77 

posed of a fluid portion, the liquor sanguinis and a solid portion, cor- 
puscles, or blood cells. The corpuscles are of two kinds, the red and 
the white ; the red being the more numerous, the average being about 
250 red to 1 white, but they vary both in health and disease. These 
corpuscles float in the liquor sanguinis. These corpuscles are very 
important. They are said to possess vital properties ; are said to as- 
simulate material from the blood, which is called globuline, and hae- 
matine. They assimulate material for the right composition of the 
blood. The red corpuscles give color to the blood. In warm-blooded 
animals, the white corpuscles are the larger of the two, and are rather 
irregular in outline, and are found to change their form to a great 
extent. The red corpuscles also change during disease. If they do 
not receive a sufficient supply of water they become dried up, to some 
extent ; the capillaries are differently arranged in different tissues, as in 
the mucous membrane, the skin, the villi of the intestines, air cells 
(where interchange of gases takes place), parotid gland, etc.. I will 
give you an outline of the blood, but different authors give it 
differently : 

Water 785.0 

Albumen 69.0 

Fibrin 3.0 

Alkaline and Neutral Salts * 8.5 

Fatty and extractive matters 7.5 

Corpuscles 127.0 

Albumen, fibrine and salts in solution form the liquor sanguinis. 

Liquor sanguinis 873, corpuscles 127 parts in 1000. 

Alkaline and neutral salts: Chloride of sodium, chloride of potassium, 

phosphate of soda, carbonate of soda, phosphate of magnesia, phosphate of 

lime, phosphate of iron, oxide of iron. 

There is a large amount of water that gives blood its fluidity. If 
the water is drawn off by evaporation, there is a solid left, which is 
of no use for nutrition. There is intense suffering from thirst on 
this account. Albumen is a remarbable ingredient of the blood. 
The white of an egg is a good example of albumen. Albumen is the 
original pabulum from which all the tissues of the blood are formed ; 
it holds the salts in solution. Some say there is no fibrin in circulat- 
ing blood, but we will suppose that it does exist, and is the property 
of coagulation. Other constituents are chloride of sodium, potas- 
sium, etc. Animals remote from the sea must have a regular supply 
of salt, which is an ingredient of the blood. The matters of the 
blood are liable to changes to a certain extent. The amount of blood 
is about one-eighth to one-tenth the weight of the animal; but a much 
less amount than that, drawn, will produce death. There is deple- 
tion of the blood in old animals ; if drawn it is not so readily regained 
as in young animals. The color varies between arterial and venous 
blood ; in the arteries it is a bright red color, and is fit for the build- 
ing up of tissues. The blood is carried to the lungs, and carbonic 
acid passes from it, and it is turned from a dark color to a light red 
by absorbing oxygen. After being drawn for a short time it resolves 
into two parts, the clot, or crassamentum, and the serum. This is 
the natural result, and does not show inflammation. The serum is 
almost colorless. We give chloride of potash in purpura, for if 
fibrin is not present then the blood will exude, and chloride of potash 
assists coagulation. A solution of soda will prevent coagulation. 
This gives us a clue to the treatment of disease by exerting a certain 
influence on the blood. Blood kept at a low temperature will not 



78 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

coagulate so readily as if warmer. Heating blood coagulates it, from 
the albumen it contains. Blood receives matter from three sources, 
from digestion in the alimentary canal, from tissues which have 
served their purpose, and from the atmosphere through the lungs. 
Oxygen acts upon the system to a great extent. It is said to act on 
the various tissues when the body dies, destroying all the tissues 
except the bones ; although such body is not molested by dogs or 
other animals, and either left upon the ground or buried, some of the 
materials go into the ground, others into the atmosphere, etc., and 
pass from one to another; and some man at the present day may 
have some of the identical brain of Julius Csesar. 

Recapitulation of Blood. — The fibrine of the blood is destroyed 
and reproduced three times in twenty-four hours. So fibrine 
is a very important substance, for by it we are enabled to control 
hemorrhage. If rupture of a blood vessel takes place and there is a 
lack of fibrine or its constituents, it is very hard to arrest hemorrhage; 
but if a small vessel is ruptured and the constituents of fibrine are 
present, you can easily arrest the flow by pressure, for a coaglum is 
formed and you have healing by the first intention. The fibrine may 
be increased or decreased under certain circumstances. In laminitis 
we use soda, for there is an increase of fibrine. If you bleed a horse 
from the jugular vein, and allow the blood to flow freely into a can, 
after it settles in the can there is a peculiar white coat upon the 
surface, which is called buff. In the horse it is no evidence of inflam- 
matory action, but it is due to the manner in which the blood co- 
agulates; the white corpuscles being on the top, the red lower down. 
And the depression on the top of the blood is not due to any change 
in the condition of the blood. I think you cannot tell by looking at 
blood what is the matter with the animal. However, in lung disease, 
the blood is darker than usual, owing to the congested state of the 
lungs. 



INFLAMMATION. 



Ioflammation may be said to be an alteration in the healthy 
structure or function of a part, accompanied by a perverted condition 
of the blood in the capillaries, all of which may be due to a certain 
amount of paralysis of the vital principle of the tissues inflamed. 
From the earliest ages this subject has excited the interest of the 
medical inquirer, and treatment of disease was in accordance with the 
opinions held with regard to this process. We will notice some of 
the views that were held regarding the process. It was supposed to 
be an exalted action and increased nutrition to the parts, and the an- 
tiphlogistic treatment was recommended. It was supposed to be too 
much blood to the parts, and if it could be got'en rid of, it would 
cure the disease; but this has been found to be different, and different 
opinions are still held. We hear much talk about the vital principle, 
and it is difficult to tell just what this principle is. It was supposed 
to exist in certain tissues, as in the brain mid nervous tissues; others 
tried to demonstrate that it existed in the blood ; others that it existed 
in the nervous system without blood being the seat of it. But it is 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 7% 

now believed that every tissue possesses this vital principle, or prop- 
erty. The cells of every tissue extract from the blood nutritive 
properties necessary for their growth — muscular tissue, properties for 
it development, growth, etc. Changes of view regarding this vital 
principle have led to great changes in the treatment of inflammation. 
It is difficult to give a concise definition. It is not the blood alone 
that is affected, but the tissues are also affected. I will give some other 
definitions: It is an exudaiion of liquor sanguinis, but when there is 
an exudation of liquor sanguinis there is not always inflammation, 
and a mere determination of blood to a part is not inflammation, but 
congestion. It is defined as a peculiar perversion of nutrition of se- 
cretion. Inflammation may be present, and not have all these con- 
ditions. Irritation appears to be the starting point of inflammation. 
Inflammation may be said to be a destructive process, or a fermenta- 
tive process, and is sometimes just what we desire to set up for the 
healthy maintenance of parts. A part, to be in a state of health, must 
have a regular and not far distant supply of blood, and the right 
composition of that blood, and the influence of nervous force in a nat- 
ural state. In the process of inflammation there is more or less 
change. This process can be easily seen in some transparent vascular 
structures, such as the web of a frog's foot. If this is -put under the 
microscope, the blood will flow through in a regular manner, the red 
corpuscles most abundant and occupying the center of the stream move 
quickly, and are surrounded by the liquor sanguinis. There are some 
white corpuscles also. They are larger and change their shape, ac- 
commodating themselves to the vessels through which they pass. If 
an irritant is applied to a part, and the part excited to an inflamma- 
tory process, a marked change takes place. The vessels contract, and 
consequently there is a diminution in the amount of blood. By and 
by the vessels become dilated, and quickly regain their natural size. 
If the stimulant is but slight when they are dilated, blood will flow a 
little quicker for a short time, but if the irritation is increased or con- 
tinued, and of a severe character, the muscular walls appear para- 
lyzed, and do not contract, but dilate much above their usual state, 
and let more blood into the sapillaries, the circulation becomes slower 
and slower, there is an increase of blood to the parts, a clear margin 
of the liquor sanguinis, the blood becomes almost stagnant, the cor- 
puscles alter and adhere to the sides of the vessels, exudation takes 
place through the walls of the vessels, and gives rise to what is some- 
times called leucocythsemia. Inflammation is established, the blood 
rushes in and changes to a certain extent — becomes somewhat muddy, 
so to speak — the vessels may rupture and the blood goes through. 
Previous to inflammation actually taking place, there is hyperemia 
or congestion. There must be an altered condition of the blood in the 
capillaries. It is difficult to say just when congestion ceases and in- 
flammation begins. Inflammation does not terminate so quickly as 
congestion. Congestion is an excess of blood in the parts. There are 
various kinde of congestion. If there is too much blood in some parts, 
it is local congestion, or partial plethora. We see this without there 
being any disease. Congestion can be caused in various ways, and 
very easily, indeed. There is always more or less congestion in the 
lungs in severe exertion. It can be induced by means of the nervous 
system — as in anger, one person's face will get red, and another's will 
get pale — or in the blush of a young lady ; or this is sometimes seen 
in a bashful young man, as in Mr. , and see how quickly it 



80 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

takes place. It is done by means of the nervous system. If we irri- 
tate a part mechanically, we give rise to active congestion. It may 
end in hemorrhage, or pass on to inflammation. Itvis difficult to say 
whether it will pass into inflammation or not, especially in the lungs. 

Signs of Inflammation. — The visible signs are heat, pain, red- 
ness and swelling. But inflammation may go on to a great extent, 
and the tissues be considerably destroyed, without all these taking 
place. These are signs by which it has been recognized for hundreds 
of years. In man, the sign first noticed, often, is 

lledness, but it is not so in domestic animals, as the skin is covered 
with hair. Redness depends upon the amount of blood sent to the 
parts, and it varies in different places, and according to the causes. 
If a horse receives an injury in the eye, the mucous membrane is very 
much reddened ; and in scratches, redness is seen, especially if in a 
white leg. In acute inflammation, the parts are of a florid color, and 
it takes place quickly ; if in the bowels, gangrene may take place 
quickly, du^ to changes which go on in the parts. The 

Heat is due to the amount of blood, and the changes being under- 
gone. If the tissues of the body are being broken up in any way, an 
effort is made to take them from the system, and this produces heat. 
The heat of a part is, however, not so much above the natural tem- 
perature as you would suppose. In inflammation of the hock joint, 
or foot, when you apply the hand, you would suppose there was an 
increase of many degrees, but it is not so much as you would think. 
In inflammation it would run up to 102° or 104°, so it varies from 98° 
to 104°. The increase is greater remote from the heart, as the natu- 
ral temperature of those parts is several degrees below that of the 
blood at the heart. We find this increase in the hock and foot. The 
temperature is sometimes higher in influenza than in enteritis, so it is 
due in many cases to the change taking place. 

Swelling is due to exudation and effusion into the tissues ; first, en- 
gorgement of the vessels, which is followed by exudation through the 
walls into the surrounding tissues. In some tissues swelling is a very 
evident sign. It takes place quickly and to a great extent, and, no 
doubt, in some tissues affords relief. In many cases it must not be 
looked upon with any great degree of alarm ; in lymphangitis it is 
not a very dangerous sign. But if in other parts, as the mucous 
membrane of the respiraiory organs, it is more alarming, and may 
produce death very suddenly, by interfering with respiration. And, 
although this is ore of the recognized signs of inflammation, it will 
occur from other causes, as the peculiar swelling of purpura, which 
is not due to extravasation of blood, and not to inflammation. We 
find it also in tubercular swellings, and rupture of the capillaries. 

Pain is another sign. This varies much in different structures ; in 
some being most excruciating — in laminitis, for example. Here we 
have an extremely vascular and sensitive structure, and the tissues 
being covered with a hard, resisting hoof, makes it more painful. In 
inflammation of articulations it is the same — a slight puncture in the 
region of or in the joint, from the action of the air and escape of 
synovia. The same is found in rheumatism. Athough pain is 
often the sign of the inflammation, you may have inflammation go 
on to a considerable extent without any great degree of pain being 
manifested. We see this in horses and cattle, and I believe in man, 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 81 

from irritation of the lungs. If in a horse, he is dull, dumpish, as it 
is called, in doing work. But by and by the appetite is gone, etc., a 
surgeon is called, and even hepatization may have taken place. Pain 
is due to the distention of the blood vessels pressing on and affecting 
the nerves. Tissues that do not appear to possess any degree of sensi- 
bility in health will be very painful in inflammation — bone, for in- 
stance. In this the pain is most excruciating. In the mucous mem- 
brane of the bowels aud respiratory organs, pain is not so intense ; it 
is a dull uneasiness, and there may be great pain without much in- 
flammation, as in spavin ; and in spasmodic colic, the animal often 
sutlers as much as in enteritis ; but it is, however, a sign of inflam- 
mation. If a part has been in a state of inflammation, it must have 
a termination or result. 

Terminations of inflammation are resolution, adhesion, effusion 
suppuration, ulceration, and mortification or gangrene. Adhesion 
and effusion are sometimes not given as results. Resolution is the 
most favorable; for instance, if a part has been under the inflam- 
matory process, this process is arrested, and the parts restored to their 
natural condition, then we say it terminated in resolution, which, 
in most cases, is most desirable. Nutrition and function may be re- 
stored to their natural condition, but there may be a slight change in 
the structure, but so slight that it cannot be noticed, and it is resolu- 
tion. A form of resolution is delitescence, that in which the inflam- 
mation subsides before the exudation solidifies, and the products are 
taken up by the vessels and got rid of. We often see this in our 
patients. After fomenting the parts, the inflammation subsides, and 
the products are taken up by absorption; but if it coagulates or 
solidifies, then the process is different and more tedious. It breaks 
up by a kind of fatty degeneration, and becomes mixed with the sur- 
rounding fluids, and separates into various compounds, and is got rid 
of by way of the circulation, through the various excretory organs. 
It is in this way that some of the enlargements in the system are got 
rid of. We set up an inflammatory action by irritation, and the re- 
sults of the old inflammation are broken up, and so got rid of. 

Adhesion — When the two surfaces are brought together, and healing- 
takes place. In our patients many wounds heal by adhesion. We 
find this in injuries in certain parts, where the exudation, instead of 
breaking up, is converted into an organized body, and remains during 
the life of the animal, to a more or less extent. We find this in sprain 
of the fetlock joint. It becomes inflamed, the animal is moved around, 
which keeps up the inflammatory process ; vessels and nerves pass in, 
and a new structure is formed. But we find this may become denser 
to a certain extent, and the enlargement becomes smaller and smaller. 
It is a case of adhesion. When you have such a case, just think of 
the inflammatory process, and do not give exercise. Exercise may 
reduce the pain for the time being, but after resting it will increase. 
It is, to say the least, absurd ; but keep quiet, and allay the 

Effusion. — There is fibrine or its constituents, but it does not coag- 
ulate until exposed to the atmosphere, as in pleurisy. There is more 
or less effusion of serum ; and fibrinous threads are also seen. We 
have it in connection with injuries, as a kick in the region of the 
loins, or a bruise on the shoulder. When you examine it, you find 
it contains fluid — blood and water— not pus ; this is an example of 
effusion. It comes from a slight injury to the areolar tissue, no 
doubt. 



82 causes; symptoms and treatment of 

Suppuration, or the Formation of Pus. — Pus presents two parts 
for consideration, a liquid and a solid ; the corpuscles being the 
solid. It may take place in different ways, or in different forms— j 
circumscribed, diffused and superficial. 

Circumscribed, as an abscess, or from injuries to the shoulders or 
muscles. Pus is formed from blood cells, and is known as a yellowish 
white fluid, ordinarily inodorous, but in fistula, etc., it becomes fetid. 

Diffuse Suppuration, as in glanders and injuries to the large muscles, 
as in the gluteal region. 

Superficial,, as in the mucous membranes. Some mucous membranes 
do not form much pus, while others do ; examples of the latter are 
those of the nose and generative organs. There are inflammatory 
tumors, as in strangles ; they are at first hard, then soft, then burst. 
This is circumscribed suppuration. It breaks down the tissues and 
finds its way to the outside, or pus may remain for some time in the 
tissues, as in abscesses in cattle. It may remain much the same for a 
considerable length of time, but if punctured deep pus may be found. 
Suppuration is sometimes favorable, as in a case of injury from a 
nail in the foot, matter forms and escapes and relief is afforded. 
When blood or its coloring matter is mixed with pus it is called 
sanious pus. If pus is continued for some time in connection with a 
diseased bone or tooth, it becomes very fetid in many cases. Pus is 
sometimes found with active properties. It flows from a wound over 
the skin, it destroys the hair or skin, and is called ichorous pus. If 
pus is mixed with poison, as that of glanders, etc., it is called specific 
pus, for it will produce the same disease. Laudable pus has no 
smell. Diffuse suppuration may occur in some internal organ, as the 
lungs, and is called purulent infiltration. In injuries to the groin or 
withers, if there is danger of erysipelatous inflammation, or danger of 
it running on to gangrene, diffuse suppuration is sometimes desirable. 
It is superficial when in the skin or mucous membranes. 

Ulceration. — This may be called molecular death of a part, and gen- 
erally arises when the tissues degenerate and are thrown off in large 
amounts. There are different kinds of ulcers. Some will heal readily, 
while others will not. The ulcers of glanders will not heal. Ulcera- 
tion is frequently produced by continued inflammatory action. When 
the vitality of a part is greatly depressed, or the general powers of the 
constitution are weakened, ulceration is likely to take place, the state 
of the system tending to help it. 

Gangrene, or Mortification, is death of a part, either in its entirety or 
a portion of greater or less size, and may proceed from direct injury 
to a part, and is the result of intense inflammation. When it involves 
any important organ, or is extensive, it creates great constitutional 
disturbance, acting upon the heart. The pulse becomes weak and in* 
distinct, ending in death, and a large portion of the bowels may be 
found in a gangrened condition. But if it affects but a small part, 
there is not so much constitutional disturbance. Even a small part of 
the lungs may become so, and the animal live for some time. If a part 
dies from gangrene, it acts as a foreign body to the tissues surround- 
ing it, and, like all foreign bodies, sets up an irritation in the sur- 
rounding tissues, which continues, and the surrounding tissues are 
converted into pus, and the dead part is so removed from the body. 
We frequently assist nature in this by assisting the sloughing process. 
There are acute, sub-acute and chronic forms. That which runs its 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 8S 

course quickly is called acute, and it may run on and prove fatal as 
soon as twenty-four hours. The chronic form may remain in much 
the 6ame state for some time. Then there are local and specific. Lo- 
cal inflammatory action in the feet, as laminitis, or inflammation of 
the hock joint, and from punctures. Specific inflammation contains a 
poison or virus. There are also other terms, as sthenic and asthenic. 
Sthenic means strength; asthenic, want of strength. The first can 
only occur in an animal in healthy condition ; in such an animal as 
is working from day to day, the various organs acting in a healthy 
manner, etc. The asthenic may be generated in an animal in vigorous 
condition. 

Signs of Inflammation. — Either in local or diffuse there is generally 
more or less fever, which is well marked in many cases. The pulse in- 
creased, and there is fever before we have the well marked symptoms 
of inflammation. In pleuro-pneumonia, in cattle especially, a ther- 
mometer is of great use, as the increase of temperature can be detect- 
ed some time before the other symptoms. In diseases of the respira- 
tory organs, there is generally irritability, or the patient is irritable, 
or dull and drowsy. 

Rigors or Slavering. — This is significant of congestion, and may last 
for some time, even a day or two, before the inflammatory action is 
noticed. When rigors are noticed, the animal should be noticed for 
some time. An animal may shiver from drinking cold water ; but 
this is different from the rigors produced by disease. Rigors, in some 
cases, are very severe, especially in lung disense, and also diseases of 
the bowels, due to changes in the system ; the digestive system is gen- 
erally more or less affected. In all inflammation, no difference where 
it occurs ( but there are exceptional cases ), the bowels are costive, 
the feces pass in hard pellets, etc. This maybe noticed in a puncture 
of the foot to a certain extent. The secretions are more or less affect- 
ed ; the kidneys do not act in a natural manner ; they give off more 
solid matter than in a healthy state. 

Circulation. — By this we can form some idea of the character of the 
inflammation. This we call the pulse, which is very important in the 
detection of inflammation and disease generally. This is produced 
by a wave of blood sent by the contraction of the heart, and the near- 
er the heart the stronger the pulsation. The pulse in the horse, as in 
other animals, is of great importance ; it tells the number and force 
of the heart beats. You can take the pulse in any superficial artery, 
but the sub-maxillary is perhaps the best, as it is only covered by the 
skin ; or the radial artery, in case the horse keeps moving the head ; 
it is just inside the fore-leg. Endeavor to keep the animal as quiet 
as possible, for if you excite him, you will find the pulse increase sev- 
eral beats, and after standing some time it will again fall. Place the 
finger transversely across the artery, and you should have some idea of 
the natural pulsation. It varies in different animals ; slower in heav- 
ier horses, quicker in highly nervous animals. It may vary five or 
ten beats per minute, and the animal still be in perfect health. It 
runs from 25 to 40. In cattle it is some quicker. You should take 
the pulse in healthy animals and become familiar with it. There are 
various kinds of pulsations, as the results of certain diseases — the 
quick, slow, large, hard, soft, frequent and infrequent. The strong, 
full pulse may be present, and consistent with good health ; exercise 
will change the pulse to considerable extent. But if the animal is 
suffering from disease, and then the pulse is of a wiry character, it ia 



t4 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

characteristic of the sthenic type of inflammation. Suppose an ani- 
mal has been standing in the stable, and is attacked with lymphan- 
gitis, the pulse is of a full, bounding, wiry character. A wiry and 
thready pulse is characteristic of inflammation of serous membranes, 
punctures of the feet, inflammation of the joints, etc. The weak, 
small pulse is indicative of debility, showing inflammation of an as- 
thenic type. It may occur in influenza and catarrh. The oppressed 
pulse is characteristic of congestion and inflammation of the lungs; 
you would think the heait had great difficulty in propelling the blood 
forward. The throbbing pulse is characteristic of inflammation in 
certain parts. In laminitis there is, perhaps, the best example of the 
throbbing pulse, beating quickly, with a peculiar throbbing sensation, 
especially in any inflammatory action in the vascular structures of 
the feet, making the circulation difficult. A slow pulse is character- 
istic of cerebral disease, but if only twenty-eight or thirty, you must 
not say at once it is cerebral disease, but if it is accompanied by a 
comatose condition, then it is indicative of this disease. The inter- 
mitting pulse is found where the animal has suffered from some debil- 
itating disease, as influenza, strangles, catarrh, etc. Although it must 
in some cases be looked upon with suspicion, it is not generally very 
alarming, but if there is a change for the worse, and this pulse, it is 
unfavorable. The fluttering and almost imperceptible pulse, indicates 
great changes in the system, as in the latter stages of enteritis, pleu- 
risy, pneumonia, etc., especially in interitis ; if a case where the pulse 
is 40, 50 or 6D per minute, and changes, and runs up to 80 or 100, and 
become indistinct, it is indicative of approaching dissolution. These 
are the varieties of pulse, and due to the manner in which inflamma- 
tion attacks the various parts. The pulse varies from 25 to 125. You 
may meet with a case at 125 where it may recover, but higher than 
this will no doubt prove fatal. 

General Treatment of Inflammation. — The aim should be to diminish 
the inflammatory action, or if exudation has taken place, to further 
its removal ; endeavor to find and remove the cause, for without re- 
moving the exciting cause, treatment would be of but little value, as 
in case of a nail in the foot, or from any irritant being lodged in the 
muscles of the body, or in conjunctivitis and ophthalmia. Keeping 
the animal quiet and keeping the inflamed part in a state of rest, 
also materiilly assists your treatment. Put the animal in a clean, 
well ventilated box, attend to the diet, give easily digested food, plen- 
ty of cold water, etc. These are valuable adjuncts. Solicit the ac- 
tion of the bowels by injections or laxatives, as the case demands. 

Medicinal Remedies may be either local or constitutional — constitu- 
tional given internally, the local applied to the part affected. The 
constitutional acts upon the whole system, and also upon the parts af- 
fected. Blood-letting was at one time regarded as the great sheet-an- 
chor of treating inflammation. Bleeding was performed for every- 
thing and for nothing. They bled periodically, whether sick or well. 
The question was once asked a person who was bleeding an apparently 
healthy animal, " What did you bleed him for?" " For a shilling, 
sir," was the answer. But we meet with some cases where it is at- 
tended with benefit, as in a vigorous animal, and should not be alto- 
gether discarded. But sedative remedies would prove fatal in many 
cases. The reason why blood-letting was resorted to, was looking upon 
inflammation as too great a determination of blood to a part, and by 
taking that away a cure would be effected. But you may bleed an 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 85 

animal almost to death, and still not relieve the inflammation. Blood- 
letting may be local or general. The local is sometimes a benefit, as 
in a swollen eyelid in human practice. And to do any good it should 
be drawn quickly and from a large vein— the fleam being the safest 
way, and the jugular vein being that usually chosen. The amount 
that should be taken is hard to say, but watch the effect, and if the 
pulse alters in any way, then stop the flow. Cold applications are 
useful, and are used extensively in local inflammatory action, and at 
certain seasons of the year are preferable to warm. They act by con- 
tracting the vessels, and, if judiciously applied, are of benefit. But 
you must apply them with care, for I believe too much ice, or ice ap- 
plied too long, may do more harm than good. I believe they will 
prevent exudation to a certain extent. Applying cold water from the 
hose is sometimes of benefit, but it must be applied for some time to 
be of use. Hot applications are beneficial, and sometimes preferable 
to cold. If there is severe pain, then apply warm water, which acts 
by causing increased debilitation of the vessels, and soothing the parts. 
Hot water is an excellent fomentation, or you may use medication, 
or use blankets warmed by the fire. Either hot or cold applications, 
to be of benefit, must be kept up for some time, and there is difficulty 
in this, as we order so and so done and it is not done. Purgatives are 
useful in inflammation — the best being aloes for the horse, sulphate 
of magnesia for the cow, and syrup of buckthorn and jalap for the 
dog. They relieve by moving the bowels, and also some fluid por- 
tions of the blood. They produce irritation and increased peristaltic 
actions of the bowels. Although there is great benefit from purga- 
tives in some diseases, such as laminitis, constipated state of the bow- 
els, in some others they must be used with great caution, as in in- 
flammation of the lungs. Aloes is generally best given in the solid 
form, as, if in a fluid, some is lost. Sedatives are useful in the treat- 
ment of inflammation, and act by means of the nervous system. 
These are aconite (perhaps the best), digitalis, belladonna, calomel 
and tartar emetic. Diuretics are extensively used, more by us, 
perhaps, than in human practice. Human practitioners can act 
upon the skin, but we can not to the same extent ; but we can 
act upon the urinary organs. The best diuretics are nuetral 
and alkaline salts, nitrate of potash, etc. There is an increased 
amount of fibrine, and these tend to counteract this condition. 
Opium is another valuable remedy in certain inflammations — the 
great sheet-anchor, so to speak, if there is violent pain — or mor- 
phia, given hypodermically. Give cold water; it tends to improve 
the condition of the blood, especially in pneumonia, congestion of 
the lungs, etc. Give cold water frequently. It is one of the essential 
ingredients of the blood, and it is a great mistake to limit the supply. 

Osseous — The diseases of the osseous structures. These hard 
structures are liable to the inflammatory process, the same as the soft 
structures, and, according to the character of the inflammation, cer- 
tain names are applied. Bone is composed of two tissues — the com- 
pact and cancellated, covered by a vascular, white, febrous, highly 
nervous membrane, called the periosteum. If inflammation attacks 
the internal part of a bone, it is likely to involve the periosteum, and 
if it attacks the periosteum, it is likely to involve the bone. 

Ostitis — Inflammation of bone in the horse. This is generally 
found the result of either direct or indirect injury, but sometimes of a 



86 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

constitutional tendency. It may begin either in the compact or cancel- 
lated tissue. The first effect is to increase the size of the haversion 
canals, which become more irregular in size and outline, and the union 
between the earthy salts and the vascular net-work in which they are 
contained is lessened, and the salts are partially removed and the 
place taken by the products of inflammation. Then there is a cancella 
ted tissue, and it enlarges to a certain extent, and when the inflamma- 
tory action begins in it this is always the case. The inflammation 
may come in the cancellated tissue and involve the compact and 
destroy the laminal layer. This destroys the articular cartilage, then 
the cancellated tissues come in contact. Nature endeavors to over- 
come this by throwing out a deposit, and the joint becomes one bone. 
If the inflammatory action results from some constitutional cause, it 
is scrofulous or rheumatic ostitis, which is more likely to appear in 
colts. This inflammation may also have different terminations and 
names. Resolution may be a termination ; or, if the inflammatory 
action is kept up, an abscess may result — and an abscess of the bone 
is difficult to detect in our patients. If there is but a small amount 
of pus, it is usually relieved by cutting open the parts, trephining, etc. 
An injury may produce an abscess. The horse suffers intensly from 
inflammation of the bone; the periosteum is very likely to become 
affected, periostitis and ostitis frequently being associated ; an exuda- 
tion is often thrown out between the periosteum and the bone, as in 
splint, sore shins, etc., just from inflammation of the periosteum. 
Periostitis is more likely to occur in those bones that stand upright, 
and is due to concussion. These are the products of inflammation of 
the bone. If ossific matter is thrown out it is called exotosis, meaning 
bony deposit, and is produced by more or less inflammatory action. 
A very slight action is sufficient, sometimes, to produce it. It may 
occur without the horse suffering from irritation. This is sometimes 
spongy, and sometimes hard and dense. A common exostosis is 
spavin, and it is analagous to the structure of bone, from which it 
sprung. It is in our patients generally the result of injury. Splint 
is perhaps a better example of exostosis than spavin. 

Caries is analagous to ulceration in the soft tissues — death of bone 
in small particles. It is decay of bone, the result of inflammatory 
action. It is molecular death of apart. Caries is more common in 
some bones than others. In spavin, where the animal has been lame 
for some time, the bone presents a carious condition ; also in ringbone, 
navicular disease, etc. It seldom in such cases affects the soft tissues 
to any great extent, and is called dry caries. The laminal layer under- 
goes absorption and ulceration, and the articular cartilage is destroyed, 
and is never renewed. Inflammation is set up in the bone from some 
cause or other ; nutrition is interfered with ; a change takes place 
between the vascular elements, and the salts are removed to a certain 
extent, and there appears a small spot upon the articular surface. If 
it attacks other parts, as from injury to facial bones, or in connection 
with the atlas, withers, etc.,:.then it is somewhat different; matter is 
formed and cannot escape, and it burrows down and sets up irritation 
in the periosteum and bone, and so produces caries of the bone. If 
there is a discharge, and it continues for some time, it is generally 
fetid. There may be caries of the lower jaw, which may be caused 
by the action of the bit. If the inflammatory action throws out 
ossific matter sufficient to fasten two bones together, it is called 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 87 

Anchylosis. — This is classified under bone diseases, but it is the re- 
sult of long union ; but it may be due to fibrous structures thrown out 
from the ligaments, tendons, etc. But if it involves the hock or pas- 
tern joint, then it is generally from ossific matter thrown out between 
the articulations. If the bone becomes inflamed, causing the articu- 
lar cartilage to be destroyed, nature endeavors to repair this by throw- 
ing out ossific matter, and the two bones become united, until it is 
sometimes difficult to see any point of union. The changes were 
similar, but to a greater extent. In some cases the bone dies and 
irritates the surrounding tissues, which ends in suppuration, or a dis- 
charge of matter. The matter becomes somewhat fetid and ichorous. 
It destroys the hair over which it flows and smells of sulphureted 
hydrogen. If you press upon the matter from a fistulous opening, 
you may find small hard particles, which are small particles of bone 
which have become detached. The treatment is different in this 
case from spavin, ringbone, etc. Find and remove the diseased part, 
scrape the bone with a small bone spoon, or in other cases take a 
small portion of bone off with chisel. The action of certain acids will 
bring about a healthy action, as hydrochloric or sulphuric acid, but 
you must be careful in using them. If you cannot excise the bone, the 
use of sulphuric acid and water — one part of acid to one of water, 
or one to four, will bring about a healthy action. As well as local, 
there is benefit from constitutional remedies, as good food, tonics, etc. 
If in a debilitated condition, the healing process wilJ be assisted by 
giving a dose of iron. In ringbone, spavin, etc., the treatment is 
different. We do not scrape the bone, but we arrest the action by a 
generous diet and counter-irritation. It is difficult to tell how these 
act, but they tend to produce inflammatory action and hasten the 
process of exudation. If the articulations are destroyed, then noth- 
ing can be done to cure or reduce the enlargement. When a portion 
or whole of a bone dies, then it is called 

Necrosis, and it is analagous to gangrene in the soft tissues. By 
this we understand death, or mortification of a bone, the result of 
inflammation. It is not very common in our patients — that is, total 
necrosis of any large bone. It may be in the bones of the face, or in 
some of the smaller articulations. We have it in sore shins, but not 
often. In the human patient it is a common disease, and causes 
intense pain. It is not only dead but literally buried. It shows the 
wonderful reparative powers of nature. A large bone may die and 
its place be taken by new bone, which presents much the same 
appearance as the former bone ; but a horse is not often allowed to 
live long enough to reproduce an entire large bone. We frequently 
meet with this in open joint. When a part of the bone dies it stim- 
ulates the surrounding parts, and there is thrown out more new bone, 
and the dead bone is carried off by exfoliation, but this is very 
tedious, and as a general thing it must be removed by surgery. 
Necrosis is frequently met with in the lower jaw, from the action of 
the bit. It causes more or less swelling of the soft tissues; suppur- 
ation results. Notice, if you open an abscess in this part, and you 
may find small portions of bone in the matter. If this takes place in 
the shaft of some of the large bones the process is more complicated. 



88 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

DISEASES OF BONE. 

Osteo Sarcoma. — This is a non-inflammatory disease of bone, 
and is by no means uncommon in cattle ; and I believe it sometimes 
occurs in the horse; but I cannot recollect of such a case. It is gen- 
erally due to some constitutional diathesis, of a scrofulous or tuber- 
cular character. The cavities found in the bone, if examined, will be 
found to contain deposits — tubercular deposits. It usually attacks the 
bones of the head, particularly the lower jaw ; but sometimes attacks 
the upper jaw, or almost any bone. If animals, having this scrofu- 
lous tendency, are exposed to any exciting cause, the disease is easily 
set up. It usually makes its appearance upon the side, or lower por- 
tion of the lower jaw. You would, perhaps, think it was a slight 
fibrous tumor at first, but it enlarges, becomes irritated, and matter 
may form and discharge, and it goes on until it may destroy the en- 
tire jaw, destroying the alveolar cavities, and allowing the teeth to 
fall out. It is of a malignant character, to some extent. There is no 
well-marked line of demarcation between the healthy and unhealthy 
parts. It is said to occur more frequently in well-bred cattle. A con- 
siderable change takes place in the bone ; it grows. Spicula are 
formed, and also these cavities. 

Treatment. — Very little can be done for it. If you meet with a tu- 
mor in this region, which tends to extend forward and inward, and 
involving the bone, it is generally an early stage of osteo sarcoma. 
It grows rapidly in some cases perhaps, assuming the condition of the 
specimen in some twelve or fifteen months. Or, it may remain about 
one size for a considerable length of time. If you attempt to treat it, 
use biniodide of mercury, iodine ointment, etc. It has been recom- 
mended to use the knife, but by looking at the specimen present, you 
can see that it would be absurd to attempt to remove it If an ani- 
mal is in good condition, I do not think it interferes with the flesh as 
food, but if in poor condition, and much discharge of matter, it 
would not be very desirable as food. It is likely to cause death soon- 
er or later. 

Rickets Richitis. — This disease may occur in all young ani- 
mals, but oftener it is seen in dogs than in any others. I think it is 
due to a deficiency of the lime salts of the bone, and possibly the nu- 
tritive powers of the bone tissues are also impaired, so that it cannot 
take up the salts necessary for its nutrition. It generally appears at 
an early age, and is more likely to occur in a weak, sickly animal, es- 
pecially one of a scrofulous diathesis, and it may be produced by a 
scarcity of milk from the mother. If milk is withheld, the animal 
does not receive the proper constituents for the tissues and the build- 
ing of bone. I have seen some cases from a horse doing too much 
serving, which tends to weaken the colt to a certain extent, and may 
be the exciting cause of rickets. It may result from anything that 
will tend to weaken an animal, especially if of the scrofulous diathesis. 

Symptoms are well marked. As the bones do not contain the 
proper amount of earthy matter they bend readily. In the horse the 
bones of the leg generally bend outwards ; they do not fracture, but 
bend. In the dog the bones bend both ways, and the bowels are more 
or less affected ; the head may be enlarged to a great extent. 

Treatment. — Examine the case carefully, and if you think the 
digestive organs are out of order, it is in some cases advisable to give 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMAiS. 89 

a slight laxative, as linseed or castor oil, and attend to the matter 
and see that your patient gets a regular and proper supply of good 
milk, or your treatment will be of little use. If the mother is in 
poor condition or is overworked, see that the opposite takes place. 
Use alkaline salts in very small doses, and you may give a dose of 
sulphate of iron to build up the system. The great secret is to give 
plenty of milk, as it has all the ingredients needed ; or you may as- 
sist the strengthening of the limbs with a starch bandage or a porous 
bandage (a preparation for broken limbs, etc.) — anything that will 
tend to straighten the leg. Keep either in a comfortable box or in a 
small pasture, and do not allow it to run around too much. Oatmeal 
porridge is excellent for this in dogs and man. Bone filings are recom- 
mended, or give the dog a bone to gnaw — it is excellent for dogs. 
Cod liver oil is of benefit in dogs. 

Fragilitas Ossium is a fragile condition of the bones. It is seen 
as an animal advances in life. As an animal becomes older, the bone 
loses the animal, or organic matter, to a certain extent, and has too 
much earthy or morganic salts But this may occur in an earlier pe- 
riod of life. Where. a fatty matter is developed, instead of a cartil- 
aginous basis, or there is fatty degeneration in anchylosis of the ver- 
tebra, this condition is present. After performing neurotomy in 
navicular disease, fracture may occur from this condition, the animal 
using the limb more after the operation, as there is no pain. But it 
may come from something that interferes with the proper nutrition of 
the bone, sometimes associated with the vertebral column, and is called 
softening of the vertebra. If an animal is affected with spavin, and 
is stiff in the back, there is, perhaps, anchylosis, due to this condition 
of the system, and in such cases it is not best to cast an animal, 
for you may fracture the vertebra. I had one case of this kind. The 
animal is unthrifty, tucked up in the belly, etc. If you meet with a 
horse, say twelve years old, with a stiff back and a spavin, tucked up 
in the belly, as if in extreme pain from systematic affection, nothing 
can be done for it. 

Mollities Ossium is just the opposite, and is present in rickets 
to a certain extent, but a change takes place differing from rickets 
in certain cases. 

Enchondroma a cartilaginous growth upon a bone, or more fre- 
quently met with on the ribs and sternum. It may gain a great size 
and the animal be in good condition. It may occur in the stifle joint, 
the result of some irritation ; but it generally comes from some consti- 
tutional disturbance. It may occur in the hands and fingers to such an 
extent that the person can hardly raise the hand. More likely to oc- 
cur in cattle. ..Judicious counter-irritation may remove these deposits 
to a considerable extent. These tumors are composed of the elements 
of cartilage — cartilaginous cells. There is seldom any ulceration, 
and it does not seem to affect the animal to any great extent. It pos- 
sibly involves the bones of the head, but more likely the ribs and 
sternum. 

FRACTURE. 

Fracture is a solution of continuity of bone, and it is common in 
all domestic animals. There are several varieties of fracture, called 
simple, compound, comminuted and complicated. 



90 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Simple is that in which a bone is broken, and the muscles and skin 
not much injured, and is the most desirable. 

Compound, in which the bones enter the muscles and perhaps pass 
through the skin, and is a pretty severe fracture. 

Comminuted, in which the bone is broken and shattered. 

Complicated, in which an important vessel or an articulation is in- 
jured. 

Some imagine that the bones of the horse will not unite as quick- 
ly as the bones of a man. But I think they will unite more 
quickly, the great difficulty being in keeping the animal quiet, and 
the bones in the proper position. And you must restore the animal 
so as to be of value. In the human being the limb is frequently con- 
siderably altered in condition If such would occ ir in a horse, it 
would depreciate his value to a great extent. Fractures occur in dif- 
ferent ways, and receive various names, according to the way in which 
the fracture occurs— transverse, oblique and longitudinal— and it is 
astonishing how easily they will occur in some cases; and in other 
cases an animal may receive a great injury and fracture not occur. 
They occur from external violence, operating directly upon the bone, 
as falling, receiving a kick, etc., or by external violence, causing a 
strain not sufficient to break the bone receiving the injury, but breaks 
in some other part. This sometimes occurs in the long bones. Or if 
a horse falls back and strikes the occipital bone, it does not fracture 
the occipital but the basilar process. A fracture may occur from in- 
tense muscular exertion. This sometimes occurs in operations, how- 
ever careful they are performed. This is mere likely to occur in young 
animals, breaking the union between thediaphysis and epiphysis — the - 
union between the points of ossification. Fracture may occur from 
concussion. Without anv weight upon the back, the animal falters, 
becomes suddenly lame, and an examination reveals fracture of the 
os-sufTraginis or ossa-innominata. 

General Symptoms. — Generally easily detected. The bones may pass 
each other, and so show it. The part may lose motion, or, in other 
cases, you may have to detect by crepitation, and you may find it in 
parts where you will have great difficulty in detecting it, for great 
swelling may take place, and then you can not hear any crepitation. 

General Treatment— Theve are certain general and certain special 
rules applicable to our cases. A compound fracture can not be treated 
with any degree of success in the hor^e, especially those of the tibia, 
humerus, etc. The parts should be brought into proper position as 
soon as possible -however, in a simple fracture they are not separated 
to any great extent — and keep them in position by some means, such 
as a starch or plaster of paris bandage, and use slings. A starch ban 
dage is just factory cotton starched and applied around the parts Or 
use nice light splints, leather or anything of that sort. But if you 
use some cumbersome appliance you will do more harm than good. 
There is a new kind of splint used in human practice — a kind of por- 
ous felt. It looks very nice and light, and by immersing it in hot 
water it becomes perfectly pliable, and will take the perfect shape of 
the part ; then apply cold water and it becomes solid. It is astonish- 
ing how reunion will take place in some cases, even without anything 
being done. I saw a case where pretty good recovery had taken place 
after fracture of the femur, without any treatment. Reunion takes 
place more quickly in young animals. In some cases, although ev- 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 91 

erything is done properly, reunion will not take place. We also find 
false joints by the production of fibro-cartilage. 

The Period of Union, and the manner in which bones unite, depends 
upon the structure of the bones and the manner in which they are 
kept together. There is effusion of blood around the fractured ends, 
and between the periesteum and the bone, and, by and by. this extra- 
vasation becomes absorbed and reparative material is deposited be- 
tween the fractured ends. This is called callus. At first there is an 
effusion from the vessels of the bone and periosteum. This becomes 
converted into bone — at first spongy, but it gradually becomes firmer 
and firmer, and leaves but little mark, and it usually goes on in this 
manner. If the bones are properly placed, and the animal kept quiet, 
this callus will form in eight or ten days. In dogs (the healing pro- 
cess is more difficult and complicated where there is a certain amount 
of motion,) there is a ring or sheath of bone around the ends of the 
bone — a provisional callus — which tends to keep the ends of the bones 
in position ; there is al»o a plug in the medullary canal. There are 
various stages. The first is extravasation of reparative material be- 
tween the bone and periosteum; second, this exudation acquires a 
character of fibro-cartilage to a certain extent; third, internal and 
external callus; fourth, this sort of spongy bone becomes harder, lime 
salts are developed, but the ends of the bone are still distinct from 
each other; fifth, the permanent or intermediate callus forms between 
the broken ends. The provisional becomes absorbed to a certain ex- 
tent. This change goes on for some time, perhaps for years These 
reparative materials make the parts as strong, or stronger, than before 
fracture. 

INJURIES TO THE VERTEBRAE. 

Caries and Exostosis. — The atlas, the first cervical vertebra, 
is so affected in poll-evil. If poll-evil has been present for years, the 
matter cannot get away; it burrows deeper, and irritation is set up 
and the periosteum destroyed and caries set up; and if caries is ex- 
tensive, nothing can be done for it; but if only slight, touching the 
parts with dilute Sulphuric acid may bring about a healthy action. 
The parts may heal up and remain stiff; in such a case there is more 
or less exostosis. This may result from an injury lo the parts, or 
from poll-evil of an ordinary cause. The bone is liable to fracture 
from casting the animal, or from striking the back part of the head, etc. 
It is sometimes necessary to remove small spicula of bone, in cases of 
anchylosis, or they may become detatched, and act as an irritant, 
giving rise to swelling of the tissues, and perhaps poll-evil ; the symp- 
toms are generally very plain. There is a discharge of offensive 
matter; you lay open the sinuses, and perhaps find a foreign body or 
a part of a bone. If you remove this the irritation will cease and 
the parts heal. 

The Axis is also liable to injury ; the odontoid process acts as a 
pivot, upon which the atlas moves, and is more liable to be fractured 
than the body of the bone. This is usually the result of violent 
injury. A horse running fast, falling and striking the nose, or from 
slipping, etc. Death is almost instantaneous, although there is a 
possibility of an animal living for some time. I never noticed it in 
the horse, but have known it in man. If the injury is anterior to the 
diaphragmatic or phrenic nerve, instant death is usually the result. 



92 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OP 

Other vertebrae may become diseased; there may be caries, necrosis 
and ossific growths, and it is hard to say what may be the cause of 
these ossific growths. Fractures of other cervical vertebrae may occur 
from being halter-cast, getting the foot into the halter and struggling 
violently. The transverse processes of the bones are occasionally 
fractured. This, as a general thing, is not attended with any very 
serious results. It may occur from the animal getting under the 
manger, or other such injuries. 

Symptoms. — There is sometimes difficulty in detecting this, but if an 
animal has been halter-cast, the neck swollen, there is a tendency to 
carry the head to one side, and if you examine along the neck you 
may be able to find the seat of injury, and you may be able to detect 
crepitation. If you suspect a fracture, keep the animal as quiet as 
possible; bathe to allay the irritation of the soft tissues, and keep the 
feed-box pretty high, and keep the animal from moving the head 
much, and you may keep him tied up and not allow him to lie down 
for twenty-four or thirty-six hours. Bandaging is of little use. You 
may meet with a case where the animal was not attended to, and 
reunion did not take place, and there is necrosis of the parts ; they 
become detached, and set up irritation ; there is a discharge — perhaps 
heals up and then breaks out again, etc. There is some cause, some 
irritant, and the probability is that a piece of bone is the cause of the 
irritation. Cut down and remove the particle of bone. Sometimes 
there is partial dislocation, and the animal may live for some time. 
In such cases wry neck is the result. The spine or nerves sometimes 
becomes impaired from being halter-cast, and if you attempt to 
straighten the neck, the animal falls down. 

Irjuries to the Dorsal Vertebra. — Caries and anchylosis 
are not uncommon. Anchylosis is most common in aged horses, 
especially those used for heavy carting, and old military horses, from 
carrying heavy weights. But we find it in young horses, and it may 
be the result of an ossific diathesis. And if you have to cast an aged 
horse, that has a tucked-up appearance, somewhat stiff' in his move- 
ments, a fracture is liable to be produced. There may be anchylosis 
of the transverse or superior or spinous processes, it is not easily 
diagnosed, but if you notice an old animal with a peculiar motion 
and hollow in the back, and you find nothing the matter with the feet 
and limbs to produce it, it is likely to be anchylosis. Nothing can be 
done for it. The superior spinous processes may be fractured. The 
withers differ in formation in different animals, some being high, and 
others low; and it is a good point to have good withers, but they may 
be so high as to be objectionable. Injury is usually produced in a 
very simple manner — by an ill-fitting saddle; sometimes by a cart 
saddle, but usually by a riding saddle, especially if the horse has 
high withers. It may occur suddenly, and produce fistula of the 
withers. 

Symptoms. — There is an offensive discharge, characteristic of caries, 
and it possesses active properties. If but a small portion of the bone 
is affected, scrape with a bone spoon, or touch with hydrochloric or 
sulphuric acid ; but if a greater portion is affected, you may use the 
bone forceps, and take away a portion of it, or even use the bone saw. 
So the treatment varies according to the extent of the injury. Frac- 
tures sometimes occur in the bones of the withers, but rot often, and 
if produced, it is generally from rolling violently, or from external 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 93 

injury. If the animal is kept quiet, reunion takes place quickly ; but 
if allowed to run, or compelled to work, a large abscess may form and 
caries takes place. Kemove the detatched parts. It is not very com- 
mon, but may occur. There may be fracture of the bodies of the 
dorsal vertebra. This is known as broken-back. It generally 
occurs from severe injury, if from about the middle forward; 
but if from about the middle of the region backward, from muscular 
contraction. If fracture of the dorsal vertebra occurs pretty well 
forward, you will have paralysis of both hind and fore extremities; 
but if further back, paralysis of the hind extremities only. You 
may possible see some motion in the tail, after there is complete 
paralysis of the other parts. Fracture well back may occur in differ- 
ent ways— from getting the hind legs in the mud and trying to get out; 
from running away and running against some obstacle; or from being 
thrown for an operation — from the fall, or from struggling while on the 
ground. Symptoms vary. There is either partial or complete paralysis. 
There are cases where there is slight paralysis and the animal re- 
covers, if it is a fracture without displacement. There is a kind of 
a straddling action of the hind quarters, difficulty in getting up when 
down. Keep the animal very quiet, and use slings — although some 
would object to the use of slings — I would recommend them, but not 
unless the animal is able to bear a part of his weight, for if he would 
throw his entire weight on the slings it might cause separation of 
the parts. If the case is severe, you are told that the animal has 
received some injury ; he can perhaps get up on the fore legs, but not 
on the hind ones; there is paralysis. You move the hind leg, there is 
no resistance; prick him with a pin, there is no sensation. It is best 
to recommend the destruction of the animal. In some cases there 
will be great pain, in others but little. 

Injuries to the Lumbar Vertebra.— Anchylosis is very 
common, both in the transvers processes and bodies, and it may be 
due to an ossific diathesis. Fracture occurs in the same manner and 
presents the same symptoms as in the dorsal region. If fracture 
occurs to the transverse processes, and the animal is kept quiet, re- 
union takes place quickly, but a slight motion may prevent this, and 
produce a fistula, and if you explore the sinus you will find a de- 
tached portion of bone. 

Fractures of the Sacrum.— Most likely to occur in the 
transverse processes, where they are in connection with the sacrum, 
and usually from some severe injury, violent exertion, or from falling 
violently. 

Symptoms are not very clear in all cases. If the fracture is but 
slight he may go tolerably well, but if severe there is great difficulty 
in moving, and from the great weight the bones are brought down, 
and vou may locate by examination per rectum and having the limbs 
moved. 

treatment. — Just keep him quiet and allow nature to effect a cure. 
(You can take the credit for it if you like). He may always be 
slightly down in the hip, but may be able t<> do hard or even fast 
work. If there are constitutional symptoms, use constitutional treat- 
ment, fomentations, laxatives, febrifuges, etc. The superior spines of 
the sacrum may be fractured ; it usually occurs from some heavy 
body falling upon the parts. It is more likely to be met with in 



94 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

heavy cart horses, from the cart falling upon them, or in railroading 
horses, from something falling upon them. It may occur from run- 
ning away. It is likely to be followed by caries or necrosis, generally 
caries. A portion of the bone is apt to become detached. If you 
have an abscess which heals, forms again, etc., then sinuses form. 
There is some cause for it. Cut down and remove the parts. This is 
sometimes difficult to do, as it may become necrosed deep down. 
The anterior and superior spines of the pelvic bones are liable to 
fracture, usually from the animal coming in contact with some hard 
body, as running through a doorway. 

Fracture of the Pelvic Bones.— Fracture of the anterio-su- 
perior spine, generally from direct injury, from falling violently upon 
the ground, or from running through a doorway, or from running 
through a stumpy field and striking against a stump. It does not 
often occur from slipping. It 'does not interfere much with the horse's 
action. Keep him quiet in a box. There is great difficulty in get- 
ting reunion here. There is frequently a fibro-cartilagino is deposit 
forming a reunion by what is known as false joint. It may be neces- 
sary to remove a large portion of the bone, and is the only method of 
saving the animal. The muscles will regain their natural condition 
to a considerable extent; but the animal will be down in the hip, 
which is best detected by standing behind the animal. It is necessary 
to watch for this in examining for soundness. The ilium may be 
fractured right through the dorsum. It usually occurs from slipping 
or falling, and, if severe, it is easily diagnosed. Owing to the weight 
of the muscles the haunch is pulled down. There will be well marked 
crepitation, and if the bone is much shattered, and there is constitu- 
tional disturbance, as fever, the pulse running up to one hundred or 
more, the animal sweats freely, the blood vessels injured, etc. It is 
generally advisable to destroy the animal. I generally make up my 
mind from the amount of constitutional disturbance. The 

Ireaiment is to keep the animal quiet, and place in slings. It will 
get well in from six to ten weeks. He will be down in the hip. 

The Posterior Iliac spine is also liable to fracture, and the 
treatment is the same. 

Fracture of the Shaft of the Ilium is pretty common, and a 
simple fracture of it usually occurs from slipping, but may occur from 
falling or from severe muscular contraction. 

Symptoms. — If you are conversant with the parts it is easily diag- 
nosed. There is difficulty in bringing the limb forward, but it is as- 
tonishing how well they can walk, in some cases, but will not do so 
unless compelled to. If in the winter, and you are told that an ani- 
mal slipped and became suddenly lame, you move the limb, and in 
most cases you can detect crepitation, or you may examine per rectum, 
and it may be a slight fracture, and the bones held in their places by 
the periosteum. Your prognosis should be favorable if iri a young, 
healthy animal ; but in an old animal reunion does not take place so 
leadily. Keep quiet and place in slings. Although he can stand 
pretty well, slings assist him considerably. If the muscles are swollen, 
use fomentations; or, some use a plaster, to keep the parts in a fixed 
position. Attend to the constitutional treatment. Give a slight lax- 
ative, if the bowels are costive, and an animal may be able to do fast 
work. I knew one to pace in three minutes after such a fracture. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 95 

Fracture of the Acetabulum. — This is a very serious lesion r 
and sometimes there is dislocation of the hip joint, in connection with 
such a fracture. This fracture may be produced in the same way— from 
slipping — more likely from slipping and coming in contact with the 
ground. The animal can not mark the limb at all in most cases. 
There is severe constitutional disturbance, quick pulse and great pain. 
It is advisable to examine per rectum, and if you find it is fractured 
in different places, it is advisable to destroy the animal. But there 
may be exceptional cases, as in a brood mare or stallion ; but if it is 
a complicated fracture, it is likely to set up inflammation, caries, ex- 
ostosis, etc. 

Fracture of the Pubes and Ischium is common. It occurs 
in the same way, as slipping, or slipping and falling, but, in three 
cases out of four, just from slipping, and a very slight slip may pro- 
duce it. The symptoms are just about the same, but the hip does not 
descend quite so far as in other cases. The horse can not get up, when 
he lies down, without assistance, and in some cases you are able to 
detect crepitation. You can locate by examination per rectum. It is 
likely to extend right through the foramen ovale, but if it is just 
through the shaft, and there is no displacement, recovery may take 
place. All you can do is to keep the animal quiet. A spiculum of 
bone may puncture the obturator artery, causing death by internal 
hemorrhage. In such cases the animal sweats profusely, the pulse 
runs down, etc. 

Fracture of the Symphysis Pubes usually occurs from 
slipping, and I think this is the only way it does occur. It is difficult 
to diagnose; there is difficulty in extending both limbs, but perhaps 
more in one than the other. He endeavors to keep the limbs out. 
There is generally no crepitation If an animal acts in this way, and 
you know it has slipped, examine per rectum. Press gently upon the 
bladder until it is emptied of its contents, and you can feel it. Keep 
the animal quiet, and a bandage around the limbs to keep them to- 
gether. It may do good. 

The Tuberosity of the Ischium is fractured. It generally 
occurs from slipping upon the haunches, or rearing and falling upon 
the haunches, coming in contact with some obstacle, etc.; rarely, if 
ever, from muscular contraction. If but a small portion is detached, 
reunion is apt to be of a cartilaginous deposit, or necrosis. It is nec- 
essary to cut in and remove the part, but it is more difficult in this 
than in some other parts. But unless this is done nothing can be 
done. Down in the hip is the result of these injuries. 

Fore Extremities. — The cartilage of prolongation occasionally 
becomes diseased in fistulous withers. It gives rise to irritation, 
sinuses, caries, etc. Remove the diseased portion and scrape with a 
spoon. The scapula is liable to fracture in any part of it. This 
occurs from violent injury, but it is possible for it to come from 
violent muscular exertion. The symptoms vary according to the 
part injured; easily detected, especially if seen soon after the acci- 
dent. He cannot move the limb ; perhaps goes on three legs, and 
there is crepitation. If swelling takes place, as it is apt to do, then 
there will be some difficulty in diagnosing. Crepitation is always 
conclusive evidence of a fracture. If the swelling is but slight, there 
may be crepitation. It is not often necessary to have recourse to 



\)b CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

treatment, unless in a blood mare or stallion — keep quiet, use slings, 
reduce the irritation by fomentations, etc. The spine is sometimes 
fractured by a kick, or some hard body ; there is apt to be separation 
of a small part from the bone. There is discharge of pus of an 
offensive character, so it is extremely liable to be followed by necrosis. 
The shoulder joint is liable to caries and exostosis, sometimes from 
open joint, or severe strains, etc. 

Fracture of the Humerus occasionally occurs, from violent 
concussion, a kick or fall, and may be either simple or compound. 
If it is simple and it is in a young animal it may be treated, but if it 
is compound it is not necessary to treat. .The animal cannot extend 
the limb, nor throw any weight upon it ; if oblique one part of the 
bone passes the other, and there is great swelling. There is crepita- 
tion in most cases. 

The Olecranon, or point of the elbow is liable to fracture; it 
may occur in various ways, usually from slipping and coming in con- 
taclfwith the ground. If the case is not severe it is difficult to 
diagnose. There is no crepitation. The joint may be completely 
detached, and drawn from the body of the bone. We judge from the 
action of the animal. It bears no weight upon the limb; stands with 
the limb in a semi-flexed condition. There is considerable swelling. 
It has been recommended to place your knee against the knee of the 
injured leg, and by continued pressure straighten the affected limb, 
and direct an assistant to lift the opposite limb, and if it is fracture 
the animal will fall. The treatment is not attended with any degree 
of success, but if attended to immediately reunion may take place. 
There are also both caries and exostosis in the elbow joint, from 
strains and punctured wounds. The matter burrows down, causing 
open joint. The body of the radius is liable to fracture; this may be 
produced in the ways I have mentioned, and if compound or commin- 
uted, it is better to destroy the animal, but if simple it may be 
treated. Use splints, the lighter the better; place in slings. A frac- 
ture may occur here and be overlooked. If a horse has received a 
kick puncturing the skin and muscles, he suffers much pain ; cannot 
throw any weight upon the limb ; the chances are ten to one that 
fracture has occurred, and the bones not displaced. The animal 
might move around for some time, lie down, and in getting up dis- 
place the parts ; therefore, if you have any suspicion of fracture, 
keep the animal quiet for about ten days, after which there is no 
great danger, as a general thing. 

Knee-Joint is occasionally fractured ; may be from falling upon 
the ground, but it is rare that it occurs in this way. It is generally 
from concussion from galloping upon uneven ground ; stepping 
upon a cobble stone, etc., or from carelessness in turning a horse 
out to run, after having been stabled for some time. The knee 
bones may be literally shattered to pieces. The animal cannot 
mark the limb; stands with it slightly flexed, and after a while 
extensive swelling takes place. In such a case destroy the animal; 
but if only one bone is fractured, it is not so easily detected. If 
you flex the joint, the animal shows pain. It may be treated with 
some success. Use a starch or plaster of paris bandage, splints and 
slings ; but if more than two bones are fractured, there is likely to 
be anchylosis, and treatment is not attended with much success; 
but the animal might do some work if the joint is anchylosed. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 9/ 

Humerus fracture of the external tuberosity, of from receiving 
a kick, or from falling. If a small portion is detached, remove it. 

Metacarpal is usually fractured from direct injury, or from 
concussion. It is generally easily diagnosed. If it is compound, it 
cannot be treated ; but if simple, it may be treated with success. 
Keep quiet and place in slings. The small metacarpal bones may 
be fractured, and set up considerable irritation; but reunion will 
generally take place, if the animal is kept quiet. There is no 
necessity for putting in slings. It may be caused by striking with 
the hind foot. The animal is extremely lame; in some cases you may 
detect crepitation. There is a tendency to a bony deposit in such 
cases, and if it attains any great size, you may apply a blister, but not 
as treatment for the fracture. Sesamoid bones act as levers, and are 
sometimes fractured, transversely. It usually occurs from muscular 
contraction, and is most likely to occur in race or steeple-chase horses. 
In cases of transverse fracture, the limb decends very much, similar 
to break-down. It might be necessary to treat in a mare or stallion. 
Get the parts in position as well as you can, keep quiet, etc., and be 
careful in applying a starch bandage, for great swelling will take place, 
and may produce gangrene. A fracture here may occur without dis- 
placement, when reunion will take place. There is necrosis of the 
sesamoid bones, from injuring or cutting the tendons. It is very dif- 
ficult to treat, as there is great swelling, and sinuses are formed. 

Os-Suffraginis is frequently fractured. It may occur from direct 
injury, but not so likely as in other bones. It is usually from concussion. 
It may be produced in a horse just trotting or cantering along. It may 
be treated with success, if simple ; but if compound or comminuted, 
it is best to destroy the animal. You may have difficulty in diagnos- 
ing. There will be extreme lameness, but slight swelling and crepita- 
tion, but in some cases you cannot detect crepitation. Keep quiet and 
remove the shoe ; bandage with a starch or plaster of paris bandage ; 
apply carefully, and then perhaps a splint on both sides of the bone 
keeps it from turning to the sides ; but if it extends down in an 
oblique direction, into the articulation, it is likely to produce anchy- 
losis and ringbone ; but this does not seriously interfere with the 
action or work. 

Oscorona is rarely fractured, but fracture may be produced in 
the same way as those given, and may be treated in the same way. 

Ospedis. — Any part of this may be fractured, and it is possible 
for reunion to take place. The superior process is sometimes fractured, 
especially if the horse has side bones. It is difficult to diagnose, and 
you must judge from the manner in which the accident occurred. 
Keep quiet. There is extreme lameness and great pain. He can not 
mark the limb. This might occur from a nail passing through a por- 
tion of the bone. If so, it is likely to be followed by intense inflam- 
mation, and, perhaps, gangrene. It is frequently an act of mercy to 
destroy the animal. 

Navicular bone may be fractured, and it is difficult to diagnose. 
However, you might surmise it from the extreme and continued lame- 
ness. There is a tendency to an osseous exudation and ringbone. It 
is most likely to occur in an animal that has navicular disease, and 
after neurotomy has been performed, as he will not be careful in using 



98 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

the limb, and nervous influence affects the nutrition of a part to a cer- 
tain extent, and as there is no sensation it is difficult to detect the 
lesion in such cases. Inflammation and suppuration are the results, 
or reunion may take place. 

Femur. — Any portion of it is liable to fracture, the body being 
the most liable. It occurs from severe exertion or direct injury. It 
is rare that the neck is fractured, in comparison with the body. 

Treatment is not successful, but there may be exceptional cases. 
There is great inflammation. It is generally easily diagnosed. The 
limb is short-ended. He can not throw any weight upon it ; and there 
may be crepitation, but the swelling may be so extensive that it can 
not be heard. 

Trochanter Major. — This may be fractured, usually from the 
animal falling upon the haunch. There is difficulty in moving the 
limb, but he may throw some weight upon it. It is followed by ex- 
tensive swelling. It may be treated with success. 

The External Tuberosity may be fractured from a kick, but 
not usually, but is rather common where carts are used, from falling 
over the cart shafts. The animal is externally lame — can scarcely 
move the limb at all. Manipulation of the parts will detect tender- 
ness. Reunion may take place, and there may be necrosis, as in frac- 
ture of any of the small tuberosities. 

Condyle. — Fractured, and extends right into the articulation. 
Not treated with success. 

PateUa. — It is occasionally fractured ; possibly from severe 
muscular contraction, but most likely from direct injury. It may be 
either transverse or longitudinal. If the parts are separated there is 
but little chance of recovery; it is very difficult in the human patient, 
and is worse in the horse. The only chance is for nature to throw 
out a large deposit, and this produces anchylosis; but if there is no 
displacement it may be treated successfully. It is difficult to diag- 
nose ; you know that an animal has received an injury, and there is 
extreme pain, but no great amount of swelling ; you may suspect 
fracture. 

Tibia is fractured in a majority of cases from direct injury. The 
antero-external face is not much covered with muscles, and is liable 
to fracture from a kick. If the bones are displaced, even in a simple 
fracture, it cannot be treated with much success in old animals, but it 
is different in young animals. It is very important, as I stated in 
regard to the radius, to watch closely any injury to this bone, for it 
may be fractured and not displaced for several days. The periosteum 
being very strong tends to hold the parts in position. The animal 
stands with the limb flexed ; pressure upon the parts produces pain. 
If there is no displacement it may be treated. Tie the animal up so 
he cannot lie down, and it is best to place in slings, for if it is an 
injury this is the proper treatment anyway. I had a case under 
treatment ; the owner came and took him, and drove him some dis- 
tance to the wagon, and the bones separated. Placing in slings is 
usually sufficient, but some recommend the use of splints and band- 
ages. It is also recommended to use a tar cord : wrap it around the 
limb from the foot up over part injured. It must be watched, and if 
swelling takes place, do not allow it to produce gangrene. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 99 

Fibula. — This may be fractured from falling, or from a kick. It 
is difficult to detect ; you must judge by the great pain, difficulty in 
extending the limb, and the lameness, which you must locate by the 
action, the swelling, etc. It is covered well with muscle, and so 
crepitation is difficult. It generally terminates favorably. Place in 
a nice box if he can get up, or if he cannot get up place in slings. It 
generally takes about three months for it to get well. 

Hock. — Fracture of these bones occur occasionally, especially^ of 
the cuniform bones. It may result from a kick, and have open joint 
with it, and it may be the result of concussion or sprain. In this 
case there is usually laceration of the ligaments. You may detect 
crepitation ; keep quiet, etc. There will generally be a bony deposit, 
which you may call a spavin. 

Astragalus. — If it is fractured there is little use in treating. 

Os-Oalcis is sometimes fractured ; from severe exertion, gen- 
erally. It is difficult to treat, especially if separated. Place in 
slings, keep quiet, etc. Fractures below the hock occur in the same 
way as in the fore extremities, and are treated just the same way, but 
the treatment is more difficult in the hind limb. 

Lower Jaw. — It is frequently injured by the action of the bit, 
either from pulling on it or from the driver jerking, etc. The inferior 
portion is injured by the curb, the superior by the bit, or the jaw may 
be fractured by the action of a curb and bit. But it is not generally 
fractured, but irritation is set up, and the inflammatory action is kept 
up, and caries and necrosis are usual. The symptoms are very well 
marked ; if the irritation is kept up for some time on the outer part, 
there may be necrosis. In such cases there will be extensive swelling, 
exudation, etc. 

Treatment. — Cut in and remove the diseased parts, or it may be nec- 
essary to trephine, but it is generelly pretty easy to break down the 
exudation without trephining. Remove any detached particles, or 
the superior portion may be affected, giving rise to a flow of saliva 
from the mouth. The treatment is just the same. There may be 
spicula of bone coming out from necrosis, and not be the result of 
fracture, but of the inflammation followed by necrosis. Remove the 
particles, bathe nicely, feed upon soft food for a few days, and it may 
be necessary to touch the parts with hydrochloric acid to bring about 
a healthy action. 

Nasal Bones. — These are occasionally fractured, usually from an 
animal coming in contact with some obstacle, as in running away,, 
falling, or colliding with another animal, etc. The treatment must 
vary according to the injury. If but slight, and the bones not de- 
pressed to any extent, just keep the animal quiet for a few days ; but 
if the bones are depressed so as to interfere with respiration, raise the 
bones by means of a probe, and then use an adhesive plaster of bur- 
gundy pitch. Or the bones may be literally shattered and not dis- 
placed to any extent, and are easily put in position; but if not put 
in position, necrosis is apt to take place. 

Frontal Bones are liable to fracture in the same manner as the 
nasal bones. It looks like rather a serious injury, but as a general 
thing it is not so serious as it looks. The treatment varies according to 



100 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

the character of the fracture. As a general thing the bones are not dis- 
placed to any great extent ; they may be shattered ; the symptoms are 
plain ; in respiration and expiration, the bones may be raised and 
lowered, and there may be hemorrhage from the nose, but is not gen- 
erally very serious. Keep quiet and use an adhesive plaster over the 
frontal bones, either longitudinally or transversely, to keep the bones 
in position ; but if the bones are fractured and displaced, and there is an 
opening into the frontal sinus yet, there is no cause for alarm. The 
treatment is to remove any detached parts, and at first there may be 
difficulty in getting every piece, but in a day or two there maybe some 
pieces that can be removed. Apply a plaster, leaving a small hole at 
the inferior part, to allow the matter to escape. In six or eight days 
there may be diffuse suppuration, and it may be necessary to examine 
closely and remove any pieces, or it may cause nasal gleet. The inner 
plate of the frontal bone may be fractured, when it is more serious, 
and generally gives rise to more or less cerebral disturbance. The 
animal is dull, but can be easily excited. Keep quiet and attend to 
the cerebral symptoms, and recovery may result ; or he may do tol- 
erably well for some time, and then show cerebral symptoms, and 
death result. You cannot be too careful with such cases. 

External Orbital Process.— It may be fractured, but it takes 
a pretty violent blow. Inflammation is set up, and necrosis is very 
apt to result, and is likely to affect the eyeball, followed by slight 
inflammation and opacity of the cornea. Bring t'he bones in position ; 
keep quiet, and perhaps give a dose of physic, and endeavor to re- 
move the irritation of the eyeball by poulticing, opium, etc. 

Zygomotic Process, when fractured, is very likely to be fol- 
lowed by necrosis. Reunion may take place. Keep quiet for two or 
three weeks ; if not, necrosis is likely to take place, giving rise to an 
abscess, sinuses, etc.; and necrosis is often the result of inflammation 
without fracture. 

Parietal Bones. — Fracture of these is very liable to injure the 
brain. It is possibld for it to occur and not seriously injure the brain, 
but not very probable. These bones are not very strong of themselves, 
but they are protected by muscles, which prevent fracture to a great 
extent. Fracture of these bones is generally the result of violent in- 
jury, and there is generally more or less concussion of the brain ; the 
animal falls, gets up again, but is in a semi-comatose condition; ex- 
hibits cerebral disturbance now and again. Treatment is not attended 
with much success ; it is usually followed by inflammation of the brain. 
It has been recommended to cut down and remove the portion that 
presses upon the brain, but it is not attended with much success in 
the horse; but there may be cases where it is advisable to do it. A 
fracture may occur and produce cerebral disturbance, and the patient 
recover, but it is not a general thing. 

Occipital Bone — the occipital crest. Fracture of this usually 
occurs from the animal raising the head and striking it against some- 
thing, or from falling back and striking the ground. If a slight frac- 
ture, reunion may take place. An animal may fall or strike this, 
stun himself, get better and nothing is thought of it; but irritation is 
set up ; there is swelling between the ears, suppuration, etc., showing 
that there is caries and necrosis ; treat as such. I have met with cases 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 101 

where it was necessary to remove a great part of the crest ; or scrap- 
ing will do in some cases You may have this irritation without frac- 
ture. 

Basilar Process of the occipital bone. Fracture of this occurs 
from striking the occipital crest, which fractures not the crest, but the 
basilar process. As a general thing it is speedily followed by death. 
But it is possible for it to occur and produce concussion, and the animal 
recover. It is not uncommon to find an animal killed from rearing 
and falling back, and striking the occipital crest. By opening the 
mouth you can perhaps detect it. 

Lower Jaw may be fractured in various ways— from being 
kicked, getting fast, etc. It is a serious injury ; but we meet cases 
where reunion will take place if it is a simple fracture. Feed 
upon sloppy food, just enough to sustain life without calling 
the muscles into action. Use any means of keeping the bones 
in position. Some advise what is called a cradle, which is just 
made to fit the jaw. It may be made of gutta percha or of bass 
wood. It is necessary to apply it to the sound side as well as to 
the affected one. Pad the cradle nicely with tow or cotton. The 
porous substance, I think, is preferable, as by heating it can be 
Drought to the exact shape of the jaw. It is necessary to keep the 
cradle in position, which is done by straps, one behind and one in 
front of the ears, and an elastic one lower down, so as to allow the 
action of the muscles, and exercise your ingenuity the best you 
can. If the bones are not displaced, treatment is not so difficult. 
In fracture of the nasal bones, it is sometimes necessary to insert a 
plug, but only on one side, as the horse can breathe only through the 
nose. Either of the maxillary bones may be fractured, in about the 
region of the incisors, possibly, but rarely, from falling, but it may be 
done from getting fast. If it is but simple, keep the bones in position, 
keep quiet, feed upon sloppy food, and give but little food for a few 
days, and apply a small bandage around the under jaw. A piece may 
be almost detached, in which case it is generally best to remove it, 
even two or three alveolar cavities. 

Head of the Ox. — It differs in arrangement of the bones. The 
ox uses his head for offense and defense, and the bones are stronger. 
The crest is formed of the frontal in the ox, and in the horse it is 
formed of the occipital. There are numerous sinuses, and the brain 
is more protected than in the horse. Extending from the frontal 
bones are the supra-orbital processes. Fracture may occur in. connec- 
tion with these parts, or of the frontal bones, but it is extremely rare. 
But the flints are often injured. The first appearance of a horn or 
flint is about the fourth or fifth month of gestation, and about the 
ninth month there are small protuberances, which puncture the skin, 
and they grow until the animal is about three years old or more, and 
in some cases gain a considerable size, and are absent in some cases. 
It is supposed that at one time all breeds had horns, but by certain 
modes of breeding the poll cattle were produced. Texas cattle have 
enormously developed horns. In Abyssinia they gain a great size, 
and some cattle are raised for the horns. The growth of horn inter- 
feres with the development of the body. The food taken goes to de- 
velop horn. The horns are largely supplied with blood vessels, so 
that in examining we place the hand at the root of the horn to ascer- 



102 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

tain the state of the circulation. It is a very tender part. A slight 
blow upon the horn produces great pain. The horn may be com- 
pletely knocked off, and this may be followed by considerable hemor- 
rhage, which can be reduced by bandaging and using styptics, as iron 
or acetate of lead. A tar bandage is recommended, but it may inter- 
fere with the development of the new horn. A new horn is sometimes 
pretty well developed —blood is extravasated, and, by and by, absorbed, 
and horn is produced. There may be fracture and no displacement. 
In fracture, get the parts into position, and keep them in position. 
There may be abnormal growths upon the part, attaining a consider- 
able size. It is generally best to prevent this by caustics, or cut it off 
completely, especially if it attains an unsightly mass. Saw it right 
off, and exclude the air by putting tow in the place, which may be 
saturated with carbolic acid. There is connection from the nasal 
chambers right up almo.-t to the tip of the horn. Sometimes, when 
cattle have catarrh, it is apt to be followed by chronic inflammation 
of the lining membrane of the horns, giving rise to nasal gleet. This 
is more likely to occur in poorly kept cattle. The animal carries the 
head to one side, and in some cases the horn will literally fall off. 
This has given rise to what is called hollow horn. However, the 
horns are naturally hollow — more hollow in old or debilitated animals 
than in young healthy ones. If matter accumulates in the horn, make 
a hole and let it out; but if it accumulates to a great extent, I think 
it is better to saw the horn right off. When the horns are shapiog, it 
is possible to make them almost any shape desired — being directed by 
means of tubes — and gutta percha horns have been so placed as to 
puzzle some good judges until the award had been given. In the horse 
we detect the age by the teeth. The same applies to cattle, but in 
cattle you can form a very good idea by the horns. The first ring 
forms when the animal is between three and four years old, and one 
ring each year after. If there are three rings, the animal is six years 
old. But this is not eutirely correct. The rings may be filed or sand- 
papered down, and it is well to look at the teeth. Other bones of the 
head may be fractured, but it is not very common. 

Osteo Sarcoma is very common in cattle. It is found in either 
the lower or upper jaw, mostly in the lower jaw. Th2re are some- 
times grubs in the sinuses of the head ; they get in the same as the 
warble ; the larvae is deposited, and it gives rise to the grub. This is 
different from the hydatid, which gets into the circulation by way of 
the food. 

Osteo Porosis may be described as a non-inflammatory disease 
of bone, and is more common in some localities than others ; com- 
paratively rare in Canada, Britain and Europe. It is found prin- 
cipally in the United States, but it may be found in Mexico, etc. It 
may be characterized as a disease of growth, as it rarely attacks an 
adult animal, and if it does perhaps the disease was there in early 
life. It attacks them from several months until three or four years 
old. I think it has been noticed in the human being. It is due to 
an excessive development of the tissues which occupy the canals and 
cells of the bone. The walls of the cavities become thinner and 
thinner, until the cavities communicate with each other. It is due to 
development of the vascular and fibrous structures without a cor- 
responding increase of the osseous and cartilaginous constituents ; 
although the bone is increased in size it is lighter ; in this it differs 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 103 

from osteo sarcoma, in which it is increased in weight, In csteo 
porosis the bone becomes brittle ; it generally shows itself first in 
connection with the cancellated tissue. Big head is a Dame applied 
to it, from its attacking the head, and the bones increasing in size. 
It is not confined to the bones of the head, but it also attacks the 
long bones, and lakes on just the same form ; the least injury will 
break the bones, from their fragile condition. It is sometimes diffi- 
cult to give the distinction between osteo sarcoma and osteo porosis. 

Causes. — It is difficult to say what are the causes; there are various 
opinions; some say it is from animals grazing upon land deficient in 
salts of lime, but it is common in Kentucky, and that is a limestone 
country ; there is lime in the water to such an extent that the animals 
frequently suffer from urinary calculi. I think it is due to grasses 
on low lying swampy lands. The grass grows luxuriantly, but does 
not contain the constituents for the proper development of bone. 
Grain is also liable to produce it; it is possible that there exists a 
slight difference in corn grown in different localities It is enzootic. 
In early days some places produced this disease, and as soon as the 
country was cleared and drained it was not so common ; in Canada 
this is the case. I have known some affected in the South, and 
brought north to Canada, and a great improvement was the result. 
Horses that suffer from miasmatic influences in the South come north 
and become valuable. I have seen two cases, both of which were fed 
on grasses grown on low lands. 

Symptoms are perhaps not very well marked. The animal is occa- 
sionally dull, the appetite impaired, but not gone. The colt does not 
ramble and frolic about as in health ; it slowly loses flesh. The mus- 
cular system becomes soft. It shows itself more in the head, and the 
long bones containing much cancellated tissue ; the belly is tucked up. 
These symptoms may exist for some four or six months before the 
true nature of the disease shows itself, then there is enlargement of 
the bones of the head ; a close examination showing one side larger 
than the other, perhaps the bones of the jaw just thickened slightly; 
but there may be considerable change without enlargement. The 
superior maxillary is generally the first affected; but the limbs be- 
come affected; the animal moves with difficulty, with a sort of stiff 
action (not a real lameness), and is not well marked until the disease 
reaches a certain stage ; as the disease advances, the symptoms in- 
crease ; the bones enlarge until they sometimes interfere with respira- 
tion, and I believe there is more or less discharge from the nose; and 
you might think the auimal was suffering from matter in one of the 
sinuses, but it is not confined to one place; the whole of the bones is 
enlarged; the humerus shows an enlargement, if closely examined. 
There is no great harm in trephining the sinuses, which is easily 
done. The circulation is very weak, but not quickened to any great 
extent. These symptoms continue, and the animal may die from 
anaemia or from fracturing some of the bones, perhaps just while walk- 
ing along ; or, it may die from exhaustion. 

Treatment is not generally attended with much success, and if the 
disease goes on to any great extent it is best to destroy the animal ; 
but if in the early stage, change the food, and if possible remove the 
animal from the place where it has been, and recovery may take place. 
Give food of the very best quality; use mineral acids; or, you may 
try just the opposite — alkaline salts, which some recommend ; try 



104 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

tonics, such as iron, and if one does not benefit, try some other ; hut I 
think the great secret is in a change ef food and locality. In sum- 
mer turn on pasture, and give some oats. 

Splint: — An inflammatory disease of bone. It is an exortosis or 
bony enlargement, between the inner small and the large metacarpal 
bones, usually about the lower part of the upper third, but it occurs 
in different places, lower or higher. Horses used upon the hard road 
are perhaps oftenest affected. It does not often prove very detri- 
mental, but according to its situation is productive of more or less 
harm. If it is close to the knee, it is apt to set up more or less irrita- 
tion in the knee joint. 

Pathology. — It is due to circumscribed inflammation of the perios- 
teum and bone, and a slight irritation may produce this in the inner 
layer of the periosteum. It is sometimes due to inflammation of 
the periosteum without the bone being affected. It is oftener met 
with in young animals, owing to the periosteum being more vascular, 
the exudation more abundant, and more readily converted into bony 
material, but it may occur in old animals. 

Causes are predisposing and exciting. Certain breeds are more 
liable to splint, spavin, and ringbone ; a small limb below the knee 
is more liable ; it is hereditary or predisposed ; the mode of usage, 
as irregular usage ; a very fat animal, especially if light limbed, is 
liable to a splint. The exciting cause: fast riding or driving upon 
hard roads. It is oftener found in these than in race horses, because 
their work is upon hard roads. Perhaps one-third or one-half of the 
young horses coming into the city of Toronto have splints, from the 
character of the streets. The mode of shoeing has a tendency to pro- 
duce it. A heavy shoe, which subjects the bone to concussion, a blow 
or striking with the foot, etc., at first gives rise to a slight serous 
abscess, and afterward to a well marked splint. It may occur on the 
outside of the limb, even in a well formed limb, but it is more apt to 
come if the animal is slightly intoed, or as the result of direct injury. 
They are sometimes seen on the metatarsal bone, and may give rise to 
lameness which is difficult to locate until a deposit is thrown out. 
It will be nearly the lameness of spavin. Splints sometimes attain a 
great size without the horse showing much lameness; in other cases 
the lameness is severe. Lameness is, in most cases, due to an inflam- 
mation in the periosteum and bone. It is said to come from the 
deposit coming in contact with the ligaments, but the hard parts gen- 
erally give way to the soft tissues. A splint may extend right across 
the metacarpal bones, affecting both sides of the limb, and is called 
a double splint. 

Symptoms. — It is easily detected after it attains some size, and by its 
great size it is sometimes taken for the cause of lameness when it is 
not. A small splint oftener produces lameness than a large one. It 
is most common in young horses up to three, four, or five years old. 
The action of an animal with splint is peculiar, and after seeing one 
or two cases you can then recognize it. When walked he will go 
tolerably sound ; will not flex the limb as much as natural. If 
trotted at a moderate pace he drops extremely. This dropping is 
symptomatic of splint lameness ; if it is present examine carefully ; 
run the hand carefully down the inside of the limb ; press carefully 
with the fingers ; if a slight enlargement is felt, and the limb is lifted, 
then press more, and then trot him, and if the lameness is more it 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 105 

assists you in determining the disease. The foot is not hot. It is a 
very good plan to take a small piece of wood and tap upon the bone, 
just gently. The animal lifts the foot and exhibits considerable pain, 
and you can judge much by the age of the animal. 

Treatment is, as a general thing, successful. Give rest, if you can, 
but you will sometimes be able to treat without laying off work. If 
in a horse three or four years old, give a laxative diet or a dose of 
physic. Cold applications are beneficial, and cold water applied for 
an hour at a time, two or three times a day, will cause the exudation 
to become consolidated, and complete union of the two bones takes 
place, and the tenderness and lameness are removed. Hot applica- 
tions are also useful ; but you can, in most cases, get rid of a splint 
quicker by a blister than any other way. Use one part of biniodide 
of mercury to four of lard. Seatons are useful, especially if the 
splint is near the knee. Insert it and leave it for three or four weeks ; 
take out and then apply a blister. The firing iron is recommended, 
but I do not recommend it unless it is the bunting iron. As a general 
thing they will give way to the treatment I have given you. Perioste- 
otomy is useful in a case suddenly developed in a horse in good con- 
dition — five, six or seven years old — but if it has a tendency to attack 
both sides, it is not attended with much success. Just make an in- 
cision through the skin; insert your knife and make an incision 
through the periosteum, then foment and poultice, and, perhaps, in 
some days after, blister. Some recommend a seaton instead of a 
blister. There is no necessity for blemishing an animal for splint. 
Such a cure is often worse than the disease. There may be cases where 
it is necessary to use the bone forceps, or the bone saw, or if a spiculum 
of bone projects, cut down and scrape it. There are different opinions 
as to whether splint is or is not an unsoundness. If I find a splint in 
the usual place, with no pain nor lameness, and not likely to become 
lame, I would pass him as sound; but if a splint is well marked, I 
might mention it to the party, and say it is not likely to ever lame 
the animal. But if you find a splint close to the joint, in a horse four 
or five years old, although he is not lame, I would not pass him as 
sound. Take into consideration the form of the limb, the place of the 
splint, etc. 

Sore Shins — Inflammation of the periosteum of the metacarpal 
bones. The inflammation more of a diffused character than in splints. 
It is common in some parts of the country, and is becoming more 
common in racing horses. It is rarely met with in horses used for 
ordinary purposes. 

Pathology. — Inflammation is set up in the periosteum. The re- 
sult is an exudation between the periosteum and the bone, and not 
only this, but between the periosteum and the areolar tissue, with 
which it is in close connection ; thickening of the periosteum ; and if 
the exciting cause is kept up, it may cause partial necrosis of the 
metacarpal bone ; but this is rare. 

Causes are violent and continued concussion, to which horses are 
subjected in training, particularly young horses, in which the perios- 
teum is very vascular. It may occur in old horses, but usually in 
young animals. Predisposing causes— taking a colt in a heavy gross- 
condition ; putting him to work without first getting in condition for 
it, by a dose of physic or exercise. The concussion sets up this- 
irritation. 



106 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Symptoms arc very plain after a time, but at first it is hard to account 
for the lameness The lameness is seen sometime after the exercise. 
The inflammatory action becomes more severe if the exciting causes 
are kept up. He drops very much the same as in splint, and you can 
notice an enlargement on the front of the bone. Pressure upon it 
causes pain. There is increased temperature of the parts. If the 
exciting cause goes on, the exudation increases more and more, and the 
animal suffers great pain. I have seen some so severe that, after being 
handled once or twice, if you but pointed at it, the animal would run 
back. Sometimes one and sometimes both limbs are affected. There 
is a peculiar action. I have seen horses severely blistered upon the 
shoulder when nothing was the matter but sore shins. By and by the 
exudation becomes organized, producing a well marked case. This 
exudation will always remain, which can be detected by examining ; 
but the lameness ceases, and it is not counted an unsoundness. 

Ireaiment. — If taken in the early stage, it is easy to reduce the in- 
flammatory action. Give rest; give laxative medicine in some cases. 
If the animal has been fed upon stimulating diet, change it. Apply 
cold to the parts. Give nitrate of potash, one ounce ; sal-ammonica, 
one ounce, in water. Use acetate of lead, and if there is much pain, 
combine it with opium ; or use equal parts of the tincture of opium, 
camphor and arnica. After the pain and imflammation are relieved, 
apply a blister, which will relieve it better than anything else — arid I 
cannot recommend any better blister than biniodide of mercury, one 
part, to four, five or six of lard, according to the case, and rub in well, 
and let it extend up the limb for some distance. Keep it on for a day 
or two, and wash off and blister again, as the case demands. Give 
gentle exercise, and in the summer use plenty of cold water. It may 
be necessary to make an incision into the part, but such cases are 
rare, but if there is great'exudition it might prevent it from becoming 
organized. You may meet with a case in the hind limbs from other 
causes, as in jumping fences and striking with the limbs. The result 
is extensive swelling, and benefit is sometimes derived by making an 
incision. There is no specific for sore shins. It is hard to say how 
blisters act, but they are attended with benefit. We find also a slight 
inflammation set up in the upper part of the fetlock joint, and again 
it may be right above the knee — the result of concussion — and a large 
bony deposit may be the result. The symptoms are nearly the same; 
it is difficult to locate the lameness. For some time he can walk tol- 
erably well, but drops much if trotted. It will disappear after a 
while, and if allowed to stand it returns. 

Treatment. — Give rest, fomentations, cold applications, and blister, 
and it might be advisable to make an incision, but be careful, 
especially if in the neighborhood of articulations. What is called 
obscure lameness is often inflammation of the periosteum of the fore 
leg. 

Ringbone. — This is a common disease; it is an exostosis sit- 
uated in the region of the pastern joint, the articulation between the 
oscorona and ossuffraginis. Ringbone is applied to any exostosis in 
that quarter, but if it is just upon the bone and does not involve the 
articulation it is not very serious. It may affect any limb, but 
oftener the hind limb. Inflammation is set up — it may be in con- 
nection with the cancellated structure at the extremities — and grad- 
ually extends and destroys the articular lamella and articular car- 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC AN] MAES. 107 

tilage. Nature, in endeavoring to overcome this, throws out material 
which becomes converted into bone, and anchylosis is the result. At 
the same time there is an exudation thrown out between the perios- 
teum and the bone, and there may be exostosis without the true joint 
being affected. Complete union of the pastern joint is the result of 
ring bone in some cases. The exudation extends around the articula- 
tion, hence the name ringbone. 

Causes. — I believe it is hereditary, and comes by breeding from 
weak, sickly animals, predisposed to ringbone. Certain grasses may 
have a tendency to produce it. The exciting causes are hard and fast 
work, especially in young animals; direct and indirect injury ; injury 
to the articulations. An injury to the foot may produce it — a nail 
in the foot, causing the animal to stand on the sound foot for weeks 
and weeks, may produce it in the sound limb. Another is farmers 
allowing foals to run after the mothers while at work. 

Symptoms. — If of any size it is easily detected. When it is form- 
ing the animal is more or less lame ; but sometimes a deposit takes 
place of a soft character, and this becomes converted into bone with- 
out much lameness. The lameness precedes the enlargement for some 
time, and it is difficult in such cases to say just what the irritation is. 
There is heat around the hoof. You may, after some time, detect an 
enlargement, and flexing the articulation gives pain. If it involves 
the articulation of the ospedis in the fore foot, the animal will walk 
on the heel, similar to chronic laminitis, and the hoof, stimulated by 
the inflammation, has a tendency to grow in rings. 

Treatment is not very satisfactory in many cases. The treatment 
must varv according to the disease going on in the bone. If in a 
young animal, and the articulation is affected and the hoof out of 
shape, bring the foot in shape the best you can ; allay the irritation 
by hot or cold applications, and then blister. Seatons and firing irons 
may be of benefit, and you may be justifiable in performing neuro- 
tomy. The firing iron is generally the most potent. Now these reme- 
dies act by setting up a new inflammatory action, the result of which 
is reproductive material thrown out, producing anchylosis of the 
articulation; after which the irritation ceases, and the enlargement 
may be reduced to a certain extent, but not completely. Cutting the 
"feeder " of a ringbone, as some say, may prove beneficial from the 
irritation set up, not from taking away the food of the bone. Even 
blistering and firing in some cases have but little effect. 

Side Bones. — This is ossification of the lateral cartilages. This 
is different from and more simple than ringbone. It is oftener met 
with in heavy breeds. As well as being ossified, they become enlarged,, 
producing an osseous tumor. This is not uncommon in the heavy 
Clyde horses, and in them it does not so seriously.interfere with their 
usefulness. It is more apt to set up irritation and cause lameness in 
light driving horses; and if you are examining such, and side-bones- 
are present, condemn him ; but in a heavy horse, just acquaint the 
parties with it, as it sometimes gives rise to lameness. Such an ani- 
mal may become affected with corns, and if so, the irritation is 
severe. 

Treatment. — Cut the under portion of the hoof well down under the 
side bones ; reduce the irritation by poulticing ; use hot or cold appli- 
cations, and follow by a blister. It is not often necessary to have 
recourse to firing. Use a bar or three quarter shoe. 



108 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Osteophytes — A slight exostosis involving the upper part of the 
fetlock joint. It is at first merely inflammation of the periosteum. 
It is common in race horses. The symptoms are peculiar. If the 
horse gets a hard ride, there will be great lameness and heat in the 
parts. You might almost think some of the ligaments were ruptured. 
So long as used for moderate work, he seems almost sound, and you 
may have difficulty in diagnosing. Although extremely lame, he will 
be much better after standing over night. After a few days, having 
hard work, it will again show itself. These enlargements may attain 
a considerable size. Give rest, foment, etc., and follow by a blister. 
Splints that have to be treated while the animal is at work may be 
treated by cold water or a mild ointment of mercury, not a blister, 
but a stimulant. There are bony deposits in connection with the liga- 
ments and tendons. These osteophites may appear in other parts of 
the body — deposits, such as a tooth, may be found in various parts of 
the body. 

Spavin. — When we speak of spavin without any distinction, we 
mean bone spavin. It is an exostosis or bony growth, situated on the 
antero-internal part of the hock joint, and may or may not be accom- 
panied by caries of the internal structures. There are two kinds — 
one from inflammation of the periosteum, which is confined to the 
external part of the joint ; the other arising from the internal parts, 
giving rise to caries. A slight blister applied in one case will relieve ; 
in another it will not. The one case was external, the other internal. 
The hock joint is complicated and beautiful ; the bones are so ar- 
ranged as to give great power; yet by the great strain, they are fre- 
quently diseased. There are different articulations — the true joint 
and the gliding motion between some. If the joint is much affected, 
action is also affected. Spavin occurs on the inner side of the limb, 
as it is near the center of gravity. It is found in connection with the 
cuneiform, magnum, medium, and parvum. 

Pathology. — If it is high up, it is not so easily treated as if lower 
down. A low spavin is in the small articulations. A high spavin is 
about an inch higher up — not very large, and generally associated 
with caries. If it occurs when the horse is five or six years old, low 
down, there is a chance for successful treatment; but if higher, and 
there is much heat in the joint, it is much more tedious to treat. It 
may be produced by inflammatory action set up principally in the 
periosteum, and in some cases a comparatively trivial cause; but if 
the lameness is more severe, it is likely the inflammatory action is set 
up in the internal part of the bones. There is an exudation thrown 
out between the bones, and also between the periosteum and the bones, 
and sometimes complete anchylosis of the articulations is the result. 
Spavin may involve more or less of the entire gliding articulation, or 
even the entire articulation. You may have anchylosis of the cunei- 
form bones without any external deposit. 

Causes are predisposing and exciting. The first are either constitu- 
tional or local. There may be an ossific diathesis, or from the forma- 
tion of the hock. A narrow hock from before back, and a long 
metatarsal bone, predisposes to it. The exciting causes are hard and 
fast work ; driving a young horse fast upon hard roads, especially if 
not in a fit condition ; or a severe strain, setting up irritation in some 
of the little inter-osseous ligaments, extending and involving the en- 
tire joint; and it is sometimes the result of undue weight upon the 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 109 

limb. Anything that will set up concussion will produce it. Shoeing 
is said to be a cause, as with high-heeled shoes extreme flexion causes 
irritation of the cuneiform bones, and proves an exciting cause. Re- 
ceiving an injury to the foot, causing the weight to be thrown on the 
sound limb for eight or ten days, produces concussion, and spavin re- 
sults. Hence the necessity for using slings in cases of injury. 

Symptoms — If it is large it is easily detected. But we sometimes 
meet a case of lameness where the inflammation is going on and there 
is no enlargement. Look at the natural hock ; look at the bones in 
their natural condition — at their natural prominences — and endeavor 
to become conversant with the natural appearances of the hock in a 
healthy animal. There are certain prominences under the malleolus, 
and they vary in size during health — in some small, in others larger 
— and it is not a bad sign to see them well developed. The lameness, 
in m<,st cases, precedes the exostosis. The lameness is characteristic, 
and is best seen when the animal is first brought out of the stable. 
After driving for some distance it will, perhaps, disappear, and will 
show no more lameness during the day. And sometimes there are 
cases where the exostosis attains a considerable size without the horse 
being much lame. A pretty good way of detecting it is by the eye, 
(but this will not do to rely on in all cases). Make him stand square 
upon the limb, and throw his weight upon it, and stand just to one 
side of the horse in front, and take a look from the internal malleolus 
down, and look through between the fore legs from behind, etc. But 
just standing about eighteen inches to one side the horse's head is a 
very good position, and then draw the hand carefully over the hock. 
If it is the left leg, just pass the right hand down over the hock, and 
you may detect a bony enlargement and heat in the parts. If the 
animal is standing, he will flex the limb to some extent. In a case of 
long standing there are other changes. The whole nutrition of the 
limb is affected, and there is wasting of the muscles of the haunch ; 
and this may mislead and cause you to think this is the cause of the 
lameness. He walks upon the toe to a great extent. Turning the 
horse from side to side will assist you in determining the seat of lame- 
ness. If it is slight you must judge, to a great extent, by the action of 
the animal, and you must be careful if a horse has a very large spavin, 
and becomes suddenly lame, for it may be that the animal has picked 
up a nail, and in such a case you may overlook the true seat of the lame- 
ness — more especially if he is extremely lame. It is a good practice, 
in many cases, to take a look at the foot, for I have known blisters 
applied to the hock when the trouble was in the foot. 

Treatment— It is difficult to say whether you can en re or not ; you 
cannot restore the limb to its natural condition ; so far it is incurable, 
nevertheless if the animal can be got to go sound it is what we call a 
cure. We cannot take off a spavin, but hydrochloric acid will take 
off the enlargement to a certain extent, and it acts beneficially as a 
counter irritant. The best treatment is to give rest, and if the feet 
are out of shape bring them into shape the best you can. Some 
recommend a certain kind of shoe— a high heeled— but I think it is 
best without any shoe. Keep in a box or stall in preference to turn- 
ing on pasture. Those who have become proficient in treating spavin 
have become so by devising means to keep the articulation quiet. If 
there is acute inflammatory action use hot and cold applications, and 
follow by counter irritation with mercury or cantharidies, or you 
may use eupherbium. or the firing iron. If there is an exostosis, and 
10 



110 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

the articulation not much affected, you may use the small bunting 
iron ; just make one or two points, but not too close together, and 
blister after a day or two, but not very severely. If the whole artic- 
ulation is affected, fire clear around the articulation. Seatons are 
also good. Some object to a blister ; then use a seaton. Some recom- 
mend dividing the tendon of the flexor metatarsi, and this might be 
advisable. Punching was at one time practiced to a great extent ; 
take a punch and strike it in with a mallet. Caustics have also been 
recommended, but they are hard to control, and are likely to cause 
extensive sloughing. In examining for soundness you must look to 
the hock, and if you suspect anything wrong, before giving an opin- 
ion allow him to stand quiet for an hour or two, and notice whether 
he flexes the limb. Make him stand from side to side, then bring 
him out and notice his action, and take plenty of time in giving an 
opinion. If the bones are larger than ordinary, or larger in one 
hock than the other, it is a little suspicious. 

The peculiarity of the lameness of spavin is dragging the limb to 
some extent. If trotted, there is well-marked raising and dropping 
of the haunch, and it takes practice to locate this lameness, and often 
a person of experience may be mistaken. Walk him. back and forth, 
and when so doing, watch the haunch rise and fall. The affected limb 
will be flexed when the animal is standing. There is wasting of the 
muscles in cases of long standing. Inquire how long the animal has 
been lame, for it takes some time for wasting to occur in spavin ; but 
it may occur from severe injury quite quickly. In some cases there 
may be a thickening of the skin, which looks much like spavin. The 

Treatment consists in a counter-irritation in some form or other. In 
treating, when you have plenty of time, keep the animal quiet for a 
few days before applying counter-irritation ; also, get the foot in shape 
and keep the shoe off in a majority of cases; however, some recom- 
mend shoes. The firing iron is generally the most potent ; its action 
is not only superficial, but extends and involves the bones to a certain 
extent. Fire entirely around the joint in some cases, and pretty se- 
verely, if necessary. We do not fire to get rid of the enlargement, 
but to set up an inflammatory action and hasten anchylosis. In firing, 
you may make the strokes in any direction you like, but not too close 
together, as it might cause sloughing. It is a question whether it is 
best to apply the blister immediately after firing. The blister will not 
act so readily as ii would after three or four, or even six days. I 
think it is best to wait ; it has a better effect, I think. But if you 
only fire one or two lines, then you may blister immediately; but if 
you fire extensively, wait some time. If you use the pointed iron, 
endeavor to insert it right into the exostosis, and as a general thing 
it does not blemish. There are other irons with a number of points, 
which may be used, but it is likely to cause sloughing. The punch is 
also used, and it is better to knock it in with a block of wood than 
with a hammer. A seaton is another form of counter-irritation. It 
is beneficial, and sometimes preferable to the firing iron, for the firing 
iron will blemish if you fire severely ; and if you fire only slightly, 
you might as well blister. In inserting a seaton, you may or may not 
have to cast the animal ; just make an incision with the scissors, and 
insert the seaton, and keep it stimulated with a weak solution of 
biniodide of mercury. Take into consideration the animal, and also 
the owner of the animal ; if seators have been used in that locality, 
use seatons. It is recommended to cut the tendon of the flex or metarsi. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Ill 

This would be successful if it was due to pressure of that tendon ; but 
if it comes from the internal parts, it will, of course, do no good. You 
may often feel perplexed in examining for soundness. If a horse is 
eight or nine years old, though spavin is present, it does not interfere 
much with his work, yet it is an unsoundness ; but in a horse three or 
four years old, it is likely to produce more or less lameness. 



WOUNDS. 

A "Wound is a solution of continuity in soft parts, and wounds 
are of various kinds — as incised, lacerated, punctured, contused, gun- 
shot and poisoned. 

Incised. — An incised wound is where the tissues are smoothly di- 
vided with a cutting instrument, and its length exceeds its depth. If 
it is parallel with a large muscle, it does not, in some cases, prove 
very serious ; but if across the muscle, a great, gaping wound is the 
result. A 

Punctured wound is produced by a sharp or blunt-pointed instru- 
ment, and the depth exceeds the length ; and this is more dangerous 
than an incised wound, for the tissues are pierced to some depth, the 
matter which forms does not escape freely, and sometimes results seri- 
ously, and, as a general thing it requires to be carefully looked after. 
In a lacerated wound the skin is torn as well as cut, as in one horse 
kicking another in the haunch with a sharp shoe. 

Lacerated and Contused. — In these the hemorrhage is not so great as 
in incised wounds, for the parts cause coagulation of the blood. Con- 
tusion is where the parts under the skin are injured without the skin 
being cut. A horse, in traveling, strikes the limb, and affects the tis- 
sues but not the skin. It is often seen in man, as a black eye. There 
^ay be effusion or laceration of a vessel — ecchymosis is the result. 
It may run to effusion of serum, or to suppuration. 

Gun-shot wounds are seldom seen, except during war. 

Poisoned wounds are caused by some poisonous substance. The 
mineral acids act in this way, and, if freely applied, are apt to set up 
extensive irritation. I saw one case where there was extensive slough- 
ing from binding a toad to a splint. 

Treatment of wounds of course varies to a certain extent, but ther e 
are certain general principles necessary. If the wound is extensive, 
and hemorrhage is present, first arrest the hemorrhage, and the most 
surgical way is to apply a ligature to the artery. But we sometimes 
find this difficult, especially in wounds about the feet, and we are able, 
in many cases, to arrest it by other means. Compression, in many 
cases, will do, the result of which is coagulation of the blood. Or 
styptics may be used — an excellent one is the tincture of the chloride 
of iron. Moderately warm water will answer in some cases — in others 
cold water will do. Or use acetate of lead and tow, and allow the 
blood to coagulate in the tow, and then it will coagulate in the ves- 
sels ; and there are many other styptics. After arresting the hemor- 
rhage, carefully cleanse the wound with cold or tepid water, and, if a 
lacerated wound, endeavor to find how it was produced, and if by a 



112 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

sharp piece of wood, it may be that some of the wood has been left 
in the flesh, which must be removed. The next thing is to bring the 
parts together. If the wound has been produced for some time, per- 
haps the hemorrhage has ceased. Some say it is not best to bring the 
edges together immediately, but leave alone and allow all dirt, etc., 
to escape ; but, as a general thing, sew it up immediately, using a 

Suture, of which there are different kinds, the interrupted, uninter- 
rupted, quilled, twisted, and false. Use a needle to correspond with 
the size of the wound. You may use the metallic wire, silver wire, 
silk thread, or catgut. The metallic wire answers very well. Catgut 
is useful, especially in abdominal wounds, and it is useful to saturate 
it with a solution of carbolic acid. The interrupted, or glovers' 
stitch, is generally the best. If a large wound, look at the manner in 
which it took place, and determine where to make the first stitch ; 
leave a small part near the most dependent part, for if stitched up 
closely serum accumulates and irritates it. 

The Twisted Suture. — This is done by inserting pins and wrapping 
thread on them in the shape of a figure eight ; you can use a pin 
director, passing it through with the pin in its groove. Again, we 
have the quilled suture, which is used in an injury to a large muscle, 
where the skin is injured to a great extent. It is done by laying 
quills or pieces of wood on either side, and the sutures are tied over 
them. It requires some practice and some nerve to sew up a large 
wound, I find, as a general thing, that if the horse is irritable it is 
good to lay good pressure upon the part, and take a good hold on 
the skin, and if the animal jerks you are not so liable to let go ; and 
pass the needle quickly, as the irritation causes the animal to jump. 
Bandages are also used. Plasteis may be used in some cases. Band- 
ages are apt to do more harm than good. There is another method 
which is used, which does not look well but is not a bad plan : take a 
strong piece of ticking and attach it to the skin, back from the wound, 
by means of Burgundy pitch, or other adhesive plaster, and bring the 
parts together by means of this. The stitches do not generally stay 
too long, but come out of their own accord, and the trouble is to get 
them to stay long enough. If the wound is around the eye, the 
smaller the needle the better, and I like silk thread for a suture very 
well. There is a great difference of opinion with regard to the after- 
treatment, even among eminent surgeons. Some recommend exclusion 
of the atmosphere and antiseptic dressings ; some say they do better 
exposed to the atmosphere; some think water dressings are the best, 
others think not. In our patients it is difficult to exclude the air, 
but in human practice this is invariably done. I do not believe the 
atmosphere interferes with the healing of a wound in most cases. In 
some cases we can and do cover up, and find the healing process re- 
tarded instead of expedited. We hear of applying turpentine or 
black oil to wounds, but if you apply anything to a wound use some 
slight astringent. The white lotion is used more perhaps than any 
other reme <y. It is made of six drachms of sulphate of zinc, one 
ounce aerate of lead to one quart of water, or it may be applied 
stronger. Carbolic acid, one part to forty of water, or some recom- 
mend oil with the carbolic acid, but water is better, as oil causes dirt 
to adhere to the wound. I do not recommend oleaginous prepara- 
tions. It may be advisable to use an ointment, but that is the excep- 
tion and not the rule. A good preparation for certain seasons of the 
year is tincture of benzoin, oil of tar and linseed oil. It forms a coat, 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 113 

keeps out the air, etc., and seems to be of benefit. In a iacerated 
wound, where there is extensive suppuration, use astringents; and 
sometimes you find granulations or proud flesh, and sometimes the 
wound becomes indolent. The white lotion, sulphate of copper, 
tincture of iron, butter of antimony and carbolic acid of moderate 
strength, are of benefit; after this treat as a fresh wound. It is 
necessary to attend to the constitutional treatment in some cases, as 
well as the local. If the animal is in high condition administer a 
laxative, restrict the food, etc., while in others feed well on the best 
of food. In moderate weather hot or cold baths are often attended 
with benefit. 

Modes of Healing. — These vary according to the wound and the con- 
dition of the animal. First, by immediate or direct union ; this can 
take place only in an incised wound ; the parts come together; a 
slight exudation is thrown out, and healing takes place very quickly. 
This sometimes takes place in pinning up an incision. In bleeding, 
this little exudation glues the divided surfaces together; but in a 
wound of any size it does not take place. This may take place in 
twenty-four or thirty hours ; but there must be certain conditions, or 
this cannot take place; there must be absence of inflammation, heal- 
ing by adhesion or first intention. Incised wounds frequently heal in 
this way. In such cases a small amount of blood is extravasated. It be- 
comes converted into new tissue, and the divided edges of the wound 
adhere together. The irritation is not very extensive. Again, there 
is healing by the second intention; this is more tedious. In a lacera- 
ted wound or a large incised wound, when there is motion, this is the 
mode of union : the edges of the wound are brought together ; in a 
short time serum is discharged profusely, and there will be a coat of 
this serum over the wound, and it is supposed that the leucocytes 
going to form new tissue are converted into pus corpuscles, and pro- 
fuse suppuration is the result; little red eminences appear, and 
if removed or hurt, are found to be extremely vascular ; they 
bleed readily. These are the granulations, and this is the mode of 
healing in lacerated wounds. In this manner loss of structure is 
repaired. There is also healing by scabbing; it is well noticed in 
our patients. In case of a slight wound, the parts are brought to- 
gether; a little fluid exudes and covers it over, which will perhaps 
remain and form a scab, and it is very favorable fn many cases. This 
shows the necessity of allowing the blood to remain ; and we some- 
times form an artificial scab of collodium or carbolic acid and oil, 
which, in some cases, favors healing. 

INJURIES AND DISEASES IN THE EEGION OF THE HEAD 
AND NECK. 

The first I will notice is 

Poll-evil, so called from its occurring in the region of the poll. 
It is not a constitutional disease, but comes, no doubt, from well- 
marked causes — from inflammatory action set up, involving the mus- 
cles of the region of the poll, and perhaps the ligamentum nucha?. 
Owing to the low vitality of the parts, and the motion of the head in 
taking food, etc., the matter is apt to bur#ow deep in the muscles. The 

Pathology is just inflammatory action, set up in the region of the 
poll. Such an inflammation may terminate in resolution, but it is 



114 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

very likely to terminate in suppuration, and anchylosis and necrosis 
of the bones are frequent. 

Causes. — It is usually the result of direct or indirect injury. A com- 
mon cause is striking the head against a low doorway ; another is an 
ill-fitting head halter or bridle, or a yoke put on to prevent him from 
jumping, or any foreign body puncturing the muscles, or fracture of 
the superior spinous processes, which are likely to become necrosed, 
and set up inflammation; unnaturally tight reining is said to be a 
cause. 

Symptoms. — There is more or less swelling ; the animal stands with 
the nose out ; slight heat in the parts ; pressure upon the parts causes 
pain. In the first stage it is merely inflammatory action. The second 
stage is suppuration, and there may be great swelling in some cases, 
when there is but little matter formed. In other cases there is diffuse 
suppuration, and the matter makes its way out and discharges to the 
surface, and sinuses are formed extending in various directions, and 
sometimes the exudation becomes organized and produces an enlarge- 
ment. Any abscess in this region is called poll-evil. 

Treatment. — If called before suppuration has taken place, while in 
the inflammatory stage, just apply remedies to bring about resolution ; 
foment and keep the animal quiet ; keep the head tied up and poultice 
with linseed meal, bran, boiled turnips, etc., but do not apply a heavy 
poultice, but just enough to keep moisture and warmth to the parts. 
Use a mild liniment — the camphorated is good. Sometimes the in- 
flammatory action ceases, and the skin remains thickened; then use a 
blister. One part each of iodine and iodide of potassium to four of 
lard, is of benefit. But after the inflammatory process has terminated 
in suppuration, the treatment is different. It should be to make a 
free incision, and allow the matter to escape freely, and if this is done 
in proper time the sinuses will not often form ; tie the head lip, and 
prevent motion. If an animal is turned on pasture, the sinuses are 
more likely to form from the continued motion. Syringe the parts 
out well with tepid or cold water. Use carbolic acid — one part to 
twenty, thirty or forty of water ; or corrosive sublimate — five grains 
to an ounce of water. But if sinuses are formed it is still more diffi- 
cult. It may be treated by caustics, corrosive sublimate, nitrate of 
silver, etc., but I recommend the free use of the knife. It is generally 
advisable to throw the animal, and, in cutting, follow the course of 
the sinuses, and open them up well. (Sometimes a seaton does very 
well.) It is sometimes necessary to divide the ligamentum nuchse, 
and when you do a great gaping wound is the result, and there may 
be new tissue formed, and you may have to cut out some of this. 
After using the knife, use caustics. I generally use corrosive subli- 
mate — five to ten grains to one ounce of water. Saturate some cotton 
or tow and put this in the place. Devise some means to allow water 
to run upon it for an hour or two each day, and feed from a high 
trough, and feed pretty well, which will benefit the healing process. 
Use tonics, diuretics, etc., especially if the limbs swell. You may 
have to remove part of the bone. There may remain a stiff neck, but 
it does not interfere with the animal much. 

Injuries from being halter-cast. There may be very alarming 
symptoms. Perhaps, after the animal is released, he cannot raise the 
head, and if allowed to remain in this position there may be conges- 
tion, the result of the irritation, or mechanical congestion, giving rise 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 115 

to alarming symptoms. The muscles or the transverse processes may 
be injured, and produce wry neck ; the nose may be almost to the 
ground, the lips and nose swollen to a great extent. 

Treatment — You will be apt to look upon such an injury as being a 
very serious affair, but if the spine or large nerves are not affected you 
may expect recovery. If he is unable to raise the head, the lips and 
nose swollen, and interfering with respiration, scarify the lips and 
sides of the nose; apply fomentations to relieve congestion, and en- 
deavor to support the head, which may be done by means of a bag 
put under the head, which is better than to tie up with a halter, which 
interferes with the passage of the blood and increases the swelling. 
Give a slight laxative, and persevere, and you may be successful. If 
it is very difficult to raise the head, he lies or falls down, then elevate 
the head by a bag of straw, and keep up the same treatment. Give 
purgatives and diuretics, and, after bathing the parts, use a mild stim- 
ulating limiment — the camphorated — or you may make it anodyne by 
adding opium. If the spine is injured, it is more difficult, and is 
.likely to terminate fatally. Endeavor to straighten the neck and stim- 
ulate the parts. When he carries the head to one side, and falls down 
when you endeavor to straighten it, the nerves are generally affected. 

Phlebitis — Inflammation of a vein. It is sometimes found, after 
blood-letting, and it is oftener seen in the jugular vein than in any 
other, as it is the one from which blood is generally drawn; but it 
may occur from other causes. There is diffuse phlebitis. It may oc- 
cur from constitutional causes, but I will refer to that which comes 
from blood-letting. 

Causes. — It may be due to the manner in which the operation was 
performed, as in a case where there is difficulty in striking the vein, 
or as bleeding in laminitis, even if performed correctly; so the opera- 
tor cannot be blamed in all cases. It may result from the way the 
wound was treated, or from the horse irritating the part; so it is some- 
times best to tie him up for some time. It usually appears in from 
three to six days after the operation. 

Pathology. — In the first place there is congestion, followed by in- 
flammation of the little vessels (vase vasorum) that supply the coats 
of the vein with blood. Another cause is coagulation of the blood 
in the vein above the part where the operation was performed, and it 
extends towards the head, and not toward the heart. It may extend 
until the circulation is arrested. Obliteration of the vein is frequent. 

Symptoms are plain. I think it is ushered in by rigors or shiv- 
ering — though this is often overlooked — then swelling takes place 
around the wound ; matter is formed, the swelling extends toward 
the head, the vein is hard and corded; the formation of an abscess 
is the result, which is no doubt due to the irritation in the vein, 
aggravated by the manner in which the animal uses the head and 
neck. There is generally no difficulty in diagnosing, as it runs to 
some extent before you are called. 

Treatment must be varied according to the inflammatory action. If 
noticed in the early stage, keep the head well tied up, and keep up 
fomentations for some four or five hours at a time; and it may be 
advisable to give a moderate laxative, diuretics, etc.; but I do not 
think arterial sedatives are of much use. If the veins have been hard 
and corded for some eight or ten days, I would recommend fomenta- 



116 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

tions and then blister right over the region of the vein and towards 
the head ; use mercury or cantharides. In most cases it terminates in 
obliteration of the vein. When the vein of the opposite side and the 
small veins enlarge to a certain extent, and perform the function of 
the one destroyed, if abscesses are formed, open and allow the matter 
to escape, then bathe and poultice ; use any stringent lotions and then 
blister, but do not rub the blister into the abscesses or in the wound; 
feed from a high surface. It is perhaps a good practice to tie him up 
during the day, and allow him to lie down at night, or even keep him 
up for two or three days, and keep the head up until the other veins 
accommodate themselves to carry the blood. He should not be turned 
on pasture for some time ; swelling of the head is apt to result, due to 
mechanical congestion, as the blood cannot get back to the heart in a 
proper manner. Obliteration of a vein is an unsoundness ; so, in 
examining for soundness, place the ringer on and try to raise the vein. 
If it is obliterated, it will not raise. 

Thrombus is sometimes mistaken for inflammation of the vein. 
It is owing to the manner in which the pinning was done. It is 
swelling and irritation between the skin and areolar tissue. It is trivial 
in comparison to phlebitis. You can easily distinguish these. If it 
extends and is painful to the touch, it is suspicious. A thrombus is 
movable and circumscribed. 

Treatment. — Kemove the pin and carefully squeeze out the matter, 
and apply liniments, followed by mild lotions, and keep the head up, 
and you may apply a poultice — linseed meal, boiled turnips, etc. 

Stiffness in the Muscles of the neck and back may come from 
various causes — from influenza in the spring and fall, due to a rheum- 
atic tendency or neuroses. There is lumbago in human practice, and 
perhaps horses suffer in the same way. He may have great difficulty 
in raising the head, and will groan with pain if pulled around sud- 
denly. If it occurs after strangles or influenza, it is best treated with 
heat to the parts, with camphorated and anodyne liniments, or apply 
heat by wringing a blanket from hot water, and put this on and cover 
with a dry blanket, and attend to the general condition of the animal ; 
give nutritious food, etc. Give iodide of potassium and colchinni, 
one drachm each, and, if debilitated, give tonics. 

Injuries in the Muscles of the Neck, caused by one horse 
biting another, bruising the muscles to a great extent. The skin may 
or may not be lacerated. Be very careful in such a case for a day or 
two. Although it may appear very trivial at first, it may turn out 
very serious. Even if the skin is not lacerated, the fascia and the 
muscles are bruised, causing inflammation of the head and neck, fol- 
lowed by suppuration, gangrene and sloughing of the parts. 

Treatment. — Keep quiet, apply judicious fomentations, just a little 
more than lukewarm. Stimulate with mild stimulating liniments, and 
watch closely; especially if there is great pain in the parts, and if likely 
to terminate in suppuration you may make incisions, which, if done 
in time, will prevent slouging in many cases. Make the incisions so 
the matter can escape when formed. Keep the head tied up. Some- 
times sloughing will take place and extend right through the liga- 
mentum nuchas, involving the large muscles on either side. In most 
of these cases this can be prevented if closely watched for one or two 
days. If suppuration occurs make the incisions, then poultice. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS- 117 

Fistula, or Fistulous Withers. — It is a solution of continuity 
to a greater or less extent. Fistula proper is where there are two 
openings — one external and one internal, opening into an internal 
cavity. There is no particular difference between fistula and sinuses. 
If there is but one opening, it is called incomplete ; if two, it is com- 
plete. 

Causes. — An ill-fitting riding saddle is the most frequent — being rode 
a mile, or even less, it will produce it. Inflammation is set up, fol- 
lowed by suppuration. It burrows down, often getting behind the 
scapula. Even the bearing of a rein will sometimes produce it. 

Symptoms. — Swelling, more or less— just the same state as in poll- 
evil. It can scarcely be called fistula until sinuses are formed. If you 
apply poultices before sinuses are formed you may prevent them from 
forming. The matter discharged, if the bone is affected, is fetid. 

Treatment is just the same as in poll-evil. Use the knife freely. 
Caustics and blisters will sometimes effect a cure, but they are gener- 
ally mild cases. But the knife is best, and you must sometimes cut 
out some of the tissue. If you can give a dependent opening, it is 
not hard to treat, and if it extends outside of the scapula, it is simple ; 
but if inside, it is difficult. You may insert a seaton, and you should 
cleanse it thoroughly, and a good way in summer is with a hose, or 
place a large pail above the horse and allow the water to trickle upon 
the part. Use corrosive sublimate, ten, fifteen or twenty grains to an 
ounce of water, or use carbolic acid. 

Saddle Galls are best treated by removing the cause. Foment 
and poultice. Use white lotion, corrosive sublimate, sulphate of cop- 
per, etc. This may result in a sit-fast. This is produced by constant 
action of the saddle, setting up inflammation, and destroying a part 
of the tissues which stimulates the healthy tissue; matter is formed, 
the dead part becomes detached from the living, to some extent, but a 
small part retains its vitality, and is attached to the healthy tissue in 
the center, but turns up at the edges. The best remedy is to use the 
knife. You might get rid of it by caustics, but the best way is to cut 
it out, and then you may apply caustics, poultices, lotions, etc. 

Muscles of the Groin Lacerated.— If the hemorrhage is 
great, first control it, then cleanse the parts, and then bring the di- 
vided edges together, but leave a small opening at the lower edge, to 
allow the matter to pass off. A punctured wound in this region is 
very likely to be followed by severe inflammation. Sometimes a seem- 
ingly trivial injury, if not attended to, produces very alarming symp- 
toms, and perhaps death. Such injuries may occur in different ways, 
as by stepping on the end of a stick, which may fly up and produce 
it, or coming in violent contact with any such obstacle, or the horn of 
an ox. You can not be too careful in your prognosis of such cases. 
If the wound is inward or downward, endeavor to make it an incised 
wound. Make an incision in the sound tissue, which looks cruel, but 
it is the best in many cases, unless there is likely to be great hemor- 
rhage. But if the wound extends upward, then this is unnecessary. 
Have recourse to constitutional treatment. Give a good dose of purg- 
ative medicine, if the animal is in good condition, and give diuretics,, 
or a good dose of hyposulphite of soda. . Cold or hot applications, as. 
the season requires, continued for some time, and if used in time may 
prevent the symptoms of a phlegminous character. It is good prac- 



118 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

tice to examine such wounds carefully. It may be done with the fin- 
ger, or you may have to use a probe. Endeavor to find what caused 
the wound, and you will be able to judge whether fragments remain 
in the flesh or not. 

Symptoms. — If phlegminous inflammation takes place, they are quite 
plain. If you are called to see a horse wounded in this region, which 
has been suffering for some two days, it is much swollen, the animal 
refuses food, the limb is swollen, not only in the region of the wound, 
but both outside and inside, there is increased respiration, the pulse 
perhaps eighty, ninety or one hundred, and weak, the chances are ten 
to one that it will terminate fatally, but still keep up treatment. Fo- 
ment for hours at a time, and endeavor to support by stimulants — 
beer, whisky, etc., and hypo-sulphate of soda is said to be good. Fo- 
mentations are applied with a view of bringing on suppuration, for res- 
olution is scarcely possible in such a case ; and if it terminates in sup- 
puration, it is generally diffuse, and of an ichorous character. Some- 
times, instead of forming pus, it goes on to gangrene, the swelling con 
tinues, the limb below the parts is cold, the pulse quick and weak, etc., 
and death is the result. However, an animal may receive a very deep 
and severe wound and recover, and if there is a large opening, and con- 
siderable hemorrhage, it generally terminates better than if the contra- 
ry is the case, and I think, in cases of a large wound and scanty hem- 
orrhage, bleeding may be of benefit. 

Muscles of the Abdomen.— A punctured wound in this region 
is very dangerous, as it is likely to penetrate the abdomen and injure 
the peritoneum, or perhaps the intestines; but you may meet with an 
apparently severe wound, allowing the bowels to protrude, and a good 
recovery take place if the bowels are not injured. If you are able to 
get them back nicely, there are pretty good chances of recovery ; but 
if the bowels are injured and bruised, although you may return them, 
it is not attended with good results, for inflammation is likely to be 
set up in the peritoneum and bowels; but if the bowels are lacerated, 
you may recommend the destruction of the animal. I saw a case 
where ten or twelve feet of the bowels protruded, and was in the snow ; 
the pulse weak ; the bowels were not injured ; they were put back 
and the animal recovered. The animal generally lies down soon af- 
ter such an injury as this, and you must secure him, wash the bowels 
nicely with tepid water, and then return carefully, and then bring the 
edges of the wound together — the inside first. You may use silk 
thread, or what is better, carbolized cat-gut ; then bring the skin to- 
gether. It is best to keep the ends of the sutures out, so you can re- 
move them. Keep quiet and give but little food. A purgative is not 
necessary, and be careful in giving sedatives. 

Perinseal Region. — A severe wound in this region, if the rectum 
is uninjured, may be treated with success. Hemorrhage is sometimes 
excessive, which you can usually arrest with a plug pressure, etc., if 
the artery cannot be tied. 

Pectoral Region. — The result is apt to be the same as that of 
the groin. A deep-seated wound is apt to be followed by phlegmonous 
inflammation. Arrest the hemorrhage. The proper way is to take 
up the artery or vein; but this is not easily done (it is not good 
practice to take up a vein, but it is sometimes necessary, if it is a large 
one). But you can generally stop with tow saturated with iron or 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 119 

other styptics. In a case where the hemorrhage has been excessive 
and has been arrested, it is best to leave the plug in for forty-eight 
hours, unless there is great pain. I have taken it out in twenty-four 
hours, and slight hemorrhage was the result; the blood coagulates 
first in tow, and stops the flow. If a severe injury, make a careful 
examination. If it does not heal for a long time, then there is likely 
some piece still in ; or, it may heal just to break again in a few days. 
You may remove this, and after some time another absce t s form, show- 
ing that some piece still remains It is sometimes necessary to en- 
large the wound, if there is no danger of injuring any vessels. 

Muscles of the Fore-Extremities.— The belly of the muscles 
are liable to sprains, as well as the tendons ; but this is not so serious. 
The fore-extremity is held to the body by muscles, which are liable to 
injury — those on the outer part more liable than those on the inner. 

Shoulder-Slip, or Sweeny, is a common occurrence. It is 
called shoulder-slip in most of our works, because there is a bulging 
or slipping out of the joint. The muscles affected are the antea and 
postea spinatus, teres extcrnus, and sometimes the flexor brachii. 

Pathology of shoulder-slip, as a disease; and not as symptomatic of 
disease, is injury to the muscles in some way or other — a sprain, com- 
pression, or a jar, setting up inflammatory action, perhaps not severe, 
but interfering with nutrition ; the sarcons elements become changed ; 
the muscles cannot assimilate material for their growth ; they waste 
or drivel until a hollow is seen in the scapula; all the elements of the 
muscles are there, but are wasted to some extent. The 

Causes are various. It is most likely to occur in young animals, from 
a sudden jerk from a plow striking a stump or stone, or from the wheel 
of a wagon striking against some obstacle, or it may occur from 
the animal rolling about the stall or box, or from jumping about ; but 
in most cases it is the result of work, and the horse going in an awk- 
ward manner. 

Symptoms are very well marked. In the early stage there is, I be- 
lieve, more or less swelling, but is not often noticed. The first thing 
generally noticed is the wasting of the muscles ; or, the animal may 
be stiff to a certain extent, the action somewhat impaired, yet you 
could not call it lameness ; but in some six or eight days the true 
character of the disease shows itself. If the outer muscles are se- 
verely affected, those on the inside of the shoulder are affected to some 
extent, and when the animal throws weight upon the limb, the joint 
bulges until you would think there was partial dislocation of the 
shoulder. In the very worst cases a cure may be effected ; but if 
kept at work, it may be a long time before the muscles will attain their 
natural size. Keep the patient quiet for two, three or four, weeks ; 
turn loose in a box or stall ; it is better than turning on pasture. 
First use fomentations and follow by mild stimulating liniments, as 
tincture of camphor, opium and arnica — equal parts. The treatment 
should be such as would hasten the reproduction of the muscular 
fibre, by keeping the animal quiet, feed moderately well, stimulate the 
parts and apply a blister occasionally ; or you may use seatons, and if 
you do, use three ; but there is no necessity for using very severe 
remedies. There is no particular specific for it. Judicious exercise 
after some time is beneficial. He may be used for light saddle work, 
.but not to the plow. Incisions are sometimes made and .air blown 



120 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

into the areolar tissue. Those who practice it say it separates the 
skin from the muscles, and hastens reproduction. This can easily be 
detected by the crackling noise. In giving your opinion, you may 
give it that a cure can be effected, but it will take some time, and 
take plenty of time. 

Enlargements on the Shoulder are common in farm horses,, 
a common cause being an ill-fitting collar. They vary very much in 
their character, and it is necessary to make a careful examination 
and find the true character of the enlargement. When they are soft 
and movable or fluctuating, and have made their appearance suddenly, 
they contain serum, and are called serus abscesses, and are very com- 
mon in the shoulder by the muscles being injured ; irritation and in- 
flammation are set up, and an exudation of serum is the result. 
Some are well defined, others are not. In some cases they may be 
hard around their circumference and soft in the center, and the hair 
begins to fall off. This shows suppuration, and it may be a deep- 
seated abscess, and if there is a large exudation surrounding this pus, 
which may have been there for some time, then blisters, etc. would 
not reach it. 

Treatment. — If a serus abscess make an incision and allow the serum 
to escape. After treatment use fomentations or cold applications 
according to the season of the year, and use pressure — place a bag of 
bran over the part and apply pressure. These are troublesome to 
treat; in some cases you open it up and the contents are evacuated,, 
and in twenty-four or thirty hours serum is again formed ; then use 
a digestive ointment on a piece of tape, or something of the kind,, 
saturated with a mild stimulant. The best knife for such is Sime's 
abscess lancet. There is another mode which looks rather rough,, 
but it is pretty successful: if you have opened it up and used the 
digestive ointment and matter continues, it is good practice to cut it 
right open with the knife, and then treat as a wound, or you may 
insert a seaton through it and attend to the constitutional treatment. 
If in good condition give a dose of purgative medicine, if in poor 
condition a generous diet. If you have some difficulty in determin- 
ing whether pus exists or not, get the history of the case. Notice 
whether the hair is falling off or not, and you may feel the fluctuating 
of the pus ; or you may use an exploring needle, or make an incision 
and insert a seaton needle, and if pus is there then enlarge the open- 
ing, foment, poultice, etc. They sometimes take on an indolent char- 
acter, and if it does not assume the character of a fibrous tumor use 
stimulants, blisters, seaton-, etc. If you find this upon the anterio- 
internal part of the joint in a horse three or four years old, that has 
not been doing much work, is unthrifty, the appetite impaired, con- 
stitutional irritation, pulse quick, some difficulty in extending the 
limb, etc., it is generally the result of irregular strangles. The local 
treatment is the same, but the constitutional treatment is different ; 
do not give a purgative if it comes from strangles. You may find 
tumors of a vascular or malignant character, which are more difficult 
to remove, but the only chance sometimes is to remove them, but 
there is apt to be considerable hemorrhage. The ecraseur is the best 
instrument for such cases, and it may take a pretty powerful instru- 
ment; there is no great damage generally in dissecting these out. 
The top of the neck is sometimes injured from the action of the col- 
lar; it is easily treated if the exciting cause is removed. Clip off the 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 121 

hair, use tepid water and mild astringents. But sometimes they be- 
come very troublesome, a small abscess forms and bursts, heals, forms 
again, etc., and there is a great tendency for the matter to extend 
downwards. If you examine you will notice a hole extending down 
the side of the ligamentum nucha?, which you must cut out ; caustic 
may do, but it is tedious. After cutting, bathe, poultice, etc. It is 
good practice to tie the head up for some time— keep it well elevated. 

Shoulder Joint. — The bones of this joint are held together by 
muscles, and not ligaments — the only ligament being the capsular. 
Injuries to this joint are very rare iu the horse. Dislocation of this 
has been noticed but very rarely, indeed, but the joint may be diseased 
in various ways. Inflammation may set up affecting the joint and car- 
tilages, and, if allowed to run on, anchylosis may take place. It maybe 
due to a sprain or constitutional disturbance — a kind of rheumatic in- 
flammation. This may come in the bicipital groove. I think the prin- 
cipal seat of shoulder-joint lameness is in connection with the flexor 
brachii muscle, which passes over the bicipital groove, in connection 
with stratiform and articular cartilage. It is generally suddenly pro- 
duced, and readily gives way to treatment, but you may have all the 
changes found in other joints— inflammation of the synovial mem- 
brane cartilages, etc. — giving rise to porcelaneous deposits. Animals 
were at one time blistered for shoulder lameness, where they were con- 
firmed cripples from navicular disease. It is not very difficult to tell 
shoulder lameness from foot lameness, by one familiar with the parts. 
It must be distinguished by the action, from certain parts being affected. 
Shoulder lameness may lie produced by the animal running away, 
falling violently, or rough handling in breaking in. Cavalry and 
artillery horses are subject to it, or it may be caused by the horse be- 
ing cast in the stall, or going through deep snow, or by direct injury 
from a stroke upon the parts. There is some difficulfy in locating it, 
if slight, but not if severe. 

Symptoms. — There is difficulty in extending the limb, but not what 
you would call great difficulty. It is brought forward in a kind of 
rotary manner. This is better marked in trotting than in walking, 
but if he is warmed up it will disappear to some extent. The limb is 
flexed when standing, but not pointed, as in foot lameness — perhaps 
parallel with or just behind the other foot. You may, in some cases, 
be able to detect swelling, especially if in the flexor brachii, and man- 
ipulation may assist you. If you exttnd the limb the horse will rear 
up, or if you pull it back and then trot off, the lameness will be in- 
creased. Negative symptoms are useful. Look at the other parts of 
the limb. The best time to examine is after a hard ride or drive of 
four or five miles, and then stand in the stable until cooled and bring 
out and examine. There is a tendency to strike the toe in turning, 
and you are liable to think he is lame in the shoulder, when he is not. 

Treatment— It makes little difference, so far as treatment is con- 
cerned, whether it is in the flexor brachii or in the articulation; but 
it helps you in your prognosis if you know which it is. In one it is 
curable ; in the other it is not. Give rest ; stand in a box. Some rec- 
ommend a high- heeled shoe in severe cases; I usually prefer taking 
the shoe off. If severe, and the limb can scarcely be moved, if there 
is great difficulty in getting up when down, it is good practice to 
place in slings ; foment, use anodyne liniment, or a newly-flayed sheep 
skin, etc., followed by a blister, and invest a considerable surface. 



122 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Apply around the articulation, and allow it to extend down the limb. 
Cantharides is as good as anything. Seatons are sometimes useful. 
Put in about three. Do not turn on pasture, but give rest and quiet. 
Another way of detecting lameness is putting a stick of wood for the 
animal to step over. If anchylosis takes place, it is best to destroy 
the animal, unless it is a brood mare or stallion. 

Collar-Galls are easily recognized, and if treated in time are 
easily gotten rid of. Kemove the cause; bathe with warm or cold 
water; use the white lotion, etc.; irritating dressing should not be 
used Sometimes the result is a sit-fast, which you must dissect out, 
then stimulate gently. A great deal may be done to prevent collar 
galls, by having the collar fitted nicely, and exposing it to the sun or fire, 
to dry up the sweat. There are swellings between the fore legs, which 
may be produced in various ways, and may be of a formidable char- 
acter, the result of irritation from martingal or breast strap, or in- 
jury direct or indirect, or they may be ol a constitutional character. 
In hydrothorax, disease of the kidneys, liver, etc., you will find these 
swellings. If they are from injury, remove the cause; apply heat or 
cold ; if matter is present, open it up ; or, there may be extensive 
irritation inside of the legs, which, in some cases, is difficult to treat. 
It is best treated by constitutional treatment. It may result from the 
horse being slightly out of condition. Give purgatives, tonics, diure- 
tics, etc., and use the white lotion. I have found benefit from dusting 
the parts with charcoal. Keep quiet, for the folds of the skin rub 
upon each other and keep up the irritaticm, especially in the fall of 
the year. 

Pectoral Region.— Injuries here o«cur in different ways, and 
sometimes do exceedingly well if the sternum and large vessels are 
uninjured ; a punctured wound being the most dangerous. Endeavor 
to find what caused the trouble, and it will assist you in determining 
whether there are any pieces in the wound or not. 

Elbow Joint. — Is formed by the radius and ulna and humerus, 
and there is considerable motion to it. It is occasionally diseased ; 
sometimes there is an abscess of a serous character, or fracture of 
the ulna, exostosis, anchylosis, etc.; or, there may be inflammation 
of the joint or synovical membrane. It may result from the animal 
slipping and falling upon the elbow, or from constitutional causes, 
and is an annoying source of lameness. It is hard to find the exact 
seat of the disease. In other causes there is sprain of the ligaments, 
or some of^ the lateral ligaments may become completely ruptured. 
The caput muscles, especially the magnum, tend to bring up the leg, 
and are liable to injury. The symptoms vary according to the 
severity of the case, and is sometimes difficult to detect. We make 
up our mind from both negative and positive symptoms — by negative, 
when there is no disease in any other part of the limb. If there is 
rupture of the lateral ligaments, or fracture, the animal points the 
limb and knuckles at the fetlock. The elbow comes down to a certain 
extent, if walked. Sometimes, by placing the limb pretty straight, he 
can bear weight upon it pretty well. If it is the result of a sprain, 
there is more or less swelling and heat ; but sometimes you do not have 
these symptoms. Some say there is a tendency to place the foot as in 
laminitis, but I have not seen this ; but in backing there is difficulty 
in bringing back the limb. Wasting of the muscles in the region of 
the joint will assist you in determining it. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 123 

Treatment. — Give rest; allay the irritation ; use hot or cold to the 
parts ; blister— seatons are perhaps preferable to a blister, one inside 
and one outside— and stimulate them with cantharides, or anything 
of that kind. If it is a severe injury to the caput muscles, then place 
in slings. 

Capped Elbow. — The most common injury in this region is a 
little enlargement appearing on the point of the elbow, caused by the 
action of the shoe when the animal lies down, causing irritation and 
the formation of serum or an abscess. A heavy belly band may pro- 
duce it, or it may be due to the manner in which the animal lies 
down, even producing it without shoes, and it is necessary to wear a 
boot on such, although shod with very short shoes. It is easily de- 
tected ; there is first irritation, and then a slight exudation; some- 
times just an ordinary exudation, and sometimes it is of a serous 
character. Remove the cause — remove the shoe — apply fomentations 
and stimulate with any mild liniment, such as the camphorated, and 
in from three to six days it will disappear, if attended to in time. A 
moderate dose of physic is of benefit. If the cause is kept up and 
serum accumulates, it is best to open it carefully at the most depend- 
ent part, then foment and stimulate; or insert a small piece of tape 
with the digestive ointment, carbolic acid, etc , to prevent the wound 
from healing, or you may insert a seaton through it for the same 
purpose. This exudation may become of a fibrous character, and 
also fibrous pus is secreted, and it makes an ugly sore. The remedy 
is to dissect it carefully out. In some cases, where the exudation is 
becoming organized, you might arrest it by using iodine ointment, or 
biniodide of mercury, but if once organized then remove it. There 
may be considerable hemorrhage in cutting these out, but it can gen- 
erally be controlled, after which bring the divided edges together. It 
will take some time for it to heal up, owing to the motion in the 
parts. When you think an inflammatory action can be set up and 
cause the absorption of this exudation, try counter-irritation. The 
elbow may be injured by slipping and cutting the point of the elbow, 
especially in winter. In such cases when the animal stands up you 
will see that the cut or incision is below the elbow ; these set up great 
irritation. Treat with cold or hot water, lotions, etc. If the animal 
is driven for some distance air passes and extends right around the 
joint, and perhaps up the shoulder, giving rise to great swelling, 
which is not the result of inflammation; bring the hand over the 
part and you will find that it contains air — there will be a crackling 
noise. Foment and use slight pressure. It might be advisable to 
make incisions in the parts, but this is the exception. I saw this 
occur from trachetomy, where the air got in and extended over the 
entire body ; the operation was performed in a bungling manner. 

Injuries Below the Fetlcck. — The flexor muscles are bound 
down by fascse. These muscles are liable to injuries, punctures, 
wounds, etc., and when you notice an injury of a chronic character, 
and successive abscesses form and discharge, open up and examine for 
a foreign body. These muscles are also sprained. The belly is not 
sprained so often as the tendon ; but this does occur. It may be done 
by violent action, as galloping, jumping, etc. The symptoms are well 
marked. There is difficulty in flexing and extending the limb, heat 
and swelling in the parts. Use fomentations, liniments and a mild 
blister. There are incised, punctured and lacerated wounds as well. 



124 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

If a horse receives a pretty deep puncture in the region of the elbow 
joint, with a small external opening, and the animal is kept going for 
a day or two, matter forms, diffuse suppuration takes place under the 
fascia. It can not get away, but extends around the limb, causing 
great suffering and swelling. The matter may penetrate and destroy 
the capsular ligament, and cause open joint, and if you are called two 
or three days after the accident, and the parts swollen and tender, and 
perhaps you can detect fluctuation, then relieve the parts of pus by an 
incision, foment, etc., which will often prevent excessive sloughing. 
Watch such cases closely. The muscles become tendons as we proceed 
down. The extensor metacarpi obliques passes obliquely over the 
anterior portion of the region, and nature has supplied it with a bursa 
to enable it to move smoothly. And you often see little swellings just 
above the knee, which are distentions of this bursa, which has become 
diseased, possibly from a sprain, but generally from injury by striking 
the manger, or from jumping fences and striking the parts, or from a 
pole upon the neck to prevent jumping. Give rest, use hot or cold, 
water, judicious blister, etc. It is an eye-sore only, and is very dfffi- 
cult to remove. Endeavor to cause absorption by setting up inflam- 
mation, then use cold water to the parts. You may sometimes open 
them, but, as a general thing, be careful unless it contains serum. 
You may treat with the asperator, but it is not what it is said to be 
in veterenary practice. 

Knee Joint. — The arrangement of the bones prevent concussion, 
to a great extent ; still it is affected by concussion, and sometimes of 
a complicated character. Inflammation generally results from injury, 
but not invariably. It may be from hereditary tendency, or a rheum- 
atic inflammation. There is lameness and swelling in some cases. He 
may walk tolerably well, but, if trotted, he drops the same as in splint, 
to some extent— stands with the limb slightly pointed. If you flex 
or rotate the limb it gives pain. If the cause is kept up, it is likely 
to end in anchylosis, which may be due to a bony deposit, or to a 
fibrous exudate, and the animal may be destroyed. The prognosis is 
more difficult than the diagnosis. 

Injuries to the Knee Joint. — There may be stiffness, but not 
lameness, from the formation of fibrous tissue, or there may be a little 
deposit in connection with the ligaments,giving rise to more or less lame- 
ness; or anchylosis may result from carpitis. You can detect this by 
flexing the limb, and if the limb is in a healthy condition, you can bring 
the little pad, at the back of the fetlock, against the elbow ; but if dis- 
eased, you cannot. Examine in this way for soundness. 

Treatment — There is no articulation that requires more rest than 
the knee. Devise some means to keep the limb quiet. Take off the 
shoe in most cases; bathe with cold water, and use anodyne liniments, 
and bandage nicely ; and I have found benefit from a starch bandage. 
If there is but little irritation, and if the animal is extremely lame, 
use slings. Use counter-irritation, and apply around the whole 
articulation, but do not rub it in too hard at the back part, for it 
would destroy the skin and produce a sore that is difficult to heal. 
We sometimes apply a blister to set up inflammation ; sometimes to 
hasten, and sometimes to arrest, same process. Seatons and firing are 
recommended, but I think blisters are best. 

Speedy-Out is sometimes a very troublesome enlargement, and 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 125 

may appear inside of the joint. It is produced by striking; it may 
come gradually, and be full, hard and tense, or come suddenly and be 
soft. In some cases it is just contusion, just from one strike, which 
bruises the tissues internally ; possibly there is extravasation of blood, 
and serum forms; or, from striking slightly, irritation is set up to a 
slight extent ; this goes on, and a tumor comes on gradually. 

Treatment. — If the cause is kept up, it is likely to end in a serious 
abscess. Eemove the cause. Use hot or cold applications ; if there 
is much pain, hot is preferable. But I think if cold is applied in 
time, when there is not much pain, it prevents the bad results. There 
is benefit in bandaging. Use acetate of lead and mild stimulating 
liniments. If serum forms, open carefully after allaying the irrita- 
tion (Sime's abscess lancet is perhaps the best), then apply pressure; 
for if you do not, it is likely to collect again. But do not be rash in 
opening while there is irritation. The irritation can be reduced to a 
great extent by cantharides or biniodide of mercury. There are 
various methods of preventing striking : attend to the shoeing, and in 
many cases it is necessary to apply boots, sometimes from the foot to 
the shoulder. 

The Tendons of the Knee are sometimes cut, especially the met- 
acarpi magnum, from falling or from a kick, or coming in contact with 
some sharp instrument. The tendons will reunite, but in injuries here 
it is sometimes difficult to get reunion. In laceration of these tendons, 
bring the divided edges of the skin together, keep the limb as straight 
as possible — by splints, in some cases, and keep the parts quiet. If 
you are not called for some time after the accident, the horse has been 
moving around, the ends of the tendons recede from each other, and 
there is a kind of fungus growth thrown out inside of the wound; 
when the animal moves, this either protrudes or disappears, which 
shows it is in connection with the tendons. Cut the diseased portion 
out; apply caustics and considerable pressure. Good caustics are 
sulphate of copper, nitrate of silver, carbolic acid, etc. Perfect re- 
union will not take place, but a growth is thrown out by which the 
two ends are united, and there will always be an enlargement. 

Open Joint is a very serious result in any articulation, and 
sometimes there are severe constitutional symptoms set up, and it 
may cause death by the constitutional fever. The joints most ex- 
posed are most liable — the stifle, hock, fetlock and knee— but almost 
any joint may be laid open. What I mean by open joint is where 
the skin, ligaments and synovial membrane are opened up. It is one 
of the most serious injuries to which the horse is liable, and varies 
much in its results. A series of pathological changes takes place 
unless the discharge of synovia is arrested very soon. I think if it 
occurs in a horse of a phlegmatic temperament, it is more easily 
treated than in one of the opposite condition ; the constitutional 
fever does not run so high. Notice the character of the discharge. 
It is not so serious if opened with a sharp instrument, as if done in a 
more violent manner, for if done by a kick, or from falling, there is 
inflammation as well as open joint. It is sometimes a punctured 
wound produced by a pitch fork. In a case where a capsular liga- 
ment is punctured or injured, and not done in a violent manner, 
there is not very severe suffering for some time, but the synovia 
escapes and the air gets into the wound, sets up irritation, and then 
the animal suffers greatly. At first the discharge is pure synovia — if 



126 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

injured in a mild manner — but a change soon takes place ; in one or 
two days there is active inflammation, and the nature of the disease 
alters, there is more or less pus, and three or four days the integrity 
of the joint is somewhat destroyed, the cartilages become destroyed, 
and in a severe case partial or complete anchylosis is the result, and 
necrosis of the joint may occur. The tissues also become implicated, 
and tumefaction in many cases comes and extends around the joint, 
and the pus is sometimes mixed with red streaks, giving it a kind of 
muddy appearance, showing that the cartilage is destroyed. The pus 
is fetid also, the bones become carious or ulcerated, matter is thrown 
out, and anchylosis is the result. Sometimes the appetite is gone, the 
pulse quick, there is intense fever, sweats bedew the body, there is 
great emaciation, and death may result in from two to six days; or 
the surrounding tissues become infiltrated with pus, and extensive 
sloughing follows, or there are sinuses formed, etc., and the case is 
hopeless. This occurs especially in the hock joint, but if you are 
called in the early stage, while the discharge is pure synovia, no 
great fever, the wound made with a sharp instrument, and the tissues 
not lacerated, it stands pretty good chances of recovery. 

Treatment. — Endeavor to promote the healing of the wound, and if 
of any size, insert a suture. Some bind with collodium, which ex- 
cludes the air, keeps the wound together and prevents the discharge ; 
or, take a small piece of cotton and saturate with one part of carbolic 
acid to eight, nine or ten of lard ; apply it over the wound and keep 
it there by means of a bandage. Bandage, foment, and attend to the 
constitutional treatment. Keep as quiet as possible, and sometimes 
give a moderate dose of purgative medicine. It may heal by the first 
intention, or almost heal, then break, and synovia be discharged and 
prove fatal. Do not attempt to explore a wound of this kind. If it 
is a later stage, and pus is formed, it would not do to stitch it up and 
thus prevent the escape of it, but keep quiet and place in slings, after 
the animal has become tired. It is sometimes good practice to use 
splints, if in the knee joint, to keep the limb as straight as possible; 
and in fomenting be careful not to wash or wipe away any coagulum 
that may have formed. Poultice; and the poultice I recommend is : 
equal parts of flour and oatmeal — the flour tends to coagulation, and 
the meal soothes. Granulations spring up, and are sometimes not bad 
signs ; but if they are too profuse, you can use caustics, or the ordi- 
nary lotion, but do not use any irritant dressings, nor inject the wound. 
Some recommend blisters in the early stage ; others do not. They are 
recommended for various reasons — to produce stiffness in the joint, or 
to arrest the discharge, etc. — and in a case of some standing they may 
be of benefit. If it occurs in the knee or hock joint, to any extent, 
you may expect anchylosis. If the pulse is full and bounding, you 
may use arterial sedatives — aconite, in ten drop doses, every four or 
five hours, for two or three days. 

Bruises of the Knee. — Although they look very formidable, 
are very trivial in comparison with open joint, and you may mistake 
the flow of the bursal fluid for open joint. Cleanse with cold water, 
bring the edges of the wound together and secure them ; keep quiet 
and subdue the inflammatory action; use the ordinary white lotion, 
etc. Sometimes the hair bulbs are injured, and the growth of the 
hair is white, or even no hair at all is produced, and if the hair bulbs 
are destroyed, then hair cannot be reproduced ; but so long as they are 



. DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 127 

not destroyed it will grow, but it may be white. Treat with any mild 
ointment to lubricate the skin ; hand-rub, etc. 

Sprain of the Flexor TendoDS, so called, is not, in many 
cases, a sprain of these tendons, but of the 

Metacarpal Ligaments. — This is very common in race-horses, 
and in horses pulling heavy loads, especially if they have high-toed 
shoes. It is not common in ordinary driving horses. It is produced 
by violent exertion of some kind or other; the most prolific cause 
is fast galloping, or in pulling up hill with a heavy load. 

Symptoms are generally tolerably plain. An exudation takes place 
between the fibers of the ligament or around the ligament; there is 
more or less swelling; the horse is lame to a greater or less extent; 
after standing, lameness disappears more or less. Although it involves 
the tendons, it will be found to be anterior to them ; and there is pain 
upon pressure, and flexing the limb increases the pain, and this may 
be overlooked if there is much hair upon the legs. If the animal is 
kept at work, the exudation increases and the animal endeavors to 
relieve itself by flexing the limb. The exudation becomes organized 
and the tendon shortens, and the animal walks upon the front of the 
hoof. This is more likely to take place in a heavy work horse than 
in a light, as a light horse would be laid off work and a heavy one 
would not. 

Sprain of the Back Tendons takes place in the same way, 
and is also more likely to occur in fast or heavy work horses. It is 
frequent in race horses. It is usually produced by violent exertion. 
Horses having a bound-down formation of the limb, as it is called, 
are more liable to it. An animal long and weak below the knee, or 
standing unnaturally back — calf-kneed, as it is called — is more liable 
than spring-kneed. I would rather have ahorse knee-sprung than 
calf-kneed. These sprains may be slight or severe, and may be sud- 
denly produced. There will be more or less exudation around and in 
between the fibers, and if the cause is kept up it will become severe. 
The fibers will give way and give rise to thickening of the tendons, 
and they will contract and cause the horse to walk on the toe. 

Symptoms. — More or less swelling; and flexing or extending the 
limb will increase the pain and cause more lameness when trotted out. 

Treatment is just the same, whether it is the ligament or the tendon, 
and must vary according to the time you are called. If called im- 
mediately, apply cold water and refrigerants, and bandage judiciously 
to prevent the exudation. Keep up the applications for one or two 
hours, and watch the bandage closely, for if swelling takes place, it 
may interfere with the circulation. After some time apply a blister, 
but in some cases just cold water and bandaging will do. The animal 
will be able for any kind of work, but if for fast work, give a long 
rest. If you are not called until the exudation has taken place, and 
great pain is present, then use hot applications, bandage and use ano- 
dyne liniments ; and, after the irritation subsides, blister, and repeat 
in perhaps two or three weeks. It requires not only weeks, but months, 
or even a year, to recover so as to undergo severe work. You would 
better recommend a valuable animal rested for six months or a year, 
than to put him to work in two or three weeks. You may derive 
benefit from the firing iron, and it is neces3ary now and again, but it 



128 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

can generally be treated without it. The lesult of the injuries I have 
mentioned is 

Contraction of the Tendons, in which the horse walks upon 
the toe, allowing the foot to grow out of shape. The only chances of 
bringing the parts into their natural condition is tenotomy, that is 
if the contraction is the result of disease of the tendon, but if it comes 
from some disease of the fetlock joint it would be useless. In per- 
forming tenotomy apply cold water to the parts for a day or two, to 
reduce any inflammation and get rid of the exudation. Cast the 
horse, take the limb from the hobble, and make your incision inside 
of the limb, taking care not to injure the artery. Some recommend 
introducing a scalpel first down between the tendons and ligaments. 
The ordinary director does very well, as well perhaps as the scalpel. 
First make the incision and then use a tenotomy knife — the best is a 
probe-pointed bistouri, and it is best to cut through both tendons, 
but sometimes cutting one will do — then treat as a common wound. 
Sometimes the animal will stand with the limb flexed, and it is in 
some cases necessary to apply a high- heeled shoe, but in all cases 
bring the foot as near the natural condition as possible before 
operating. 

The Sheath of the Tendon is injured, but it is trivial in 
comparison with injuries to the fibres of the tendons. It may be done 
by striking with the hind foot, or if in the hind leg by some other 
animal striking it. You might at first think it was sprain of the 
tendon, but it is well back, there is swelling, and the animal is not so 
lame as in sprain. It is best treated by -hot or cold applications, re- 
frigerant lotions, anodyne liniments, etc., and you may find benefit 
from a blister; when you are called make a careful examination. 
The suspensory ligament is the great mainstay of the limb, and very 
powerful, and one upon which there is great stress; sprain of this is 
common, and sometimes its fibers give way completely, giving rise to 
what is called 

Break-down. — This is more serious than sprain of the back 
tendons or metacarpal ligaments. In a case of this the fetlock de- 
scends and may almost touch the ground, even if there is not much 
weight thrown upon it. It is more common in race or hunting 
horses, and occurs in trotting horses, but not often. It occurs to a 
•certain extent in very heavy horses, especially if weak limbed. 

Symptoms vary according to the extent of the injury. It is not gen- 
erally in a perfectly healthy condition when the fibers give way com- 
pletely, but, in a majority of cases, there had been a slight sprain of 
the ligaments, showing a slight swelling anterior to the tendon, and a 
little thickening of the tendon. The animal is laid off work and 
treated, and again put to work, and the same thing occurs, treated the 
same, etc., and when put to work there is complete breakdown. If 
there is complete rupture of the two bifurcations, the fetlock descends ; 
if but one, then one side descends more than the other. 

Treatment is the same as that already mentioned. Give a long rest, 
and, unless rested a long time, he will not stand the same amount of 
hard work as if rested a long time. If it is complete breakdown, the 
limb will never regain its natural condition, but may be able to un- 
dergo a considerable amount of fast work. When there is descent of 
the fetlock and severe pain, the animal lies down; let him lie. Apply 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 129 

fomentations and camphor, laudanum and arnica, or perhaps a little 
chloroform ; or if you use water, acetate of lead or opium may be 
added. Bandage and bring the parts as near their natural position as 
possible. A high-heeled shoe is recommended, and may be of benefit. 
After allaying the acute inflammatory action, although there may 
still be great pain, apply a blister around the fetlock and right up 
where the ligaments are affected. In some cases, where there is ex- 
tensive exudation, possibly involving the bone, bursa, etc., you may 
find benefit from the use of the firing iron. Such a horse can not be 
restored to the natural condition, but there will be a thickening of the 
parts, and the fetlock will descend more than natural. Sometimes 
there is only partial rupture of one of the bifurcations. Then allay 
the irritation, and apply a starch bandage and a high-heeled shoe, and 
slings are sometimes of benefit in such cases. If the animal will lie 
down and take good care of the limb, it is better than slings. 

Inferior Sesanoid Ligaments are also liable to sprain. This 
may give rise to a lameness which is puzzling. It is most likely to 
occur in fast horses — race and trotting horses, the latter oftener suffer 
here than higher up. 

Symptoms. — It is difficult to say which of the three ligaments is af- 
fected. There is more or less irritation, giving rise to lameness, at 
first slight, after fast work. After cooling of! the horse goes lame for 
eight or ten steps and it possibly disappears. The leg is bandaged 
and he is taken out the next morning. There appears to be nothing 
w r rong ; there may be a little pointing of the foot, which shows the 
irritation is low down ; you may detect slight swelling and heat in 
this region; trotting him causes pain. Give rest; hot or cold appli- 
cations and counter-irritations ; but be careful with it in this region * 
it may destroy the skin and hair bulbs. The tendons may be cut — 
usually from the action of the hind feet, or if in the hind feet, from 
one horse running upon another. Bring the parts together with a 
suture, and keep them well bandaged. Keep as quiet as possible, 
and, if practicable, use slings, and take a piece of iron and fasten on 
like a shoe, and let it come up the back of the limb and grasp the limb 
above the joint. Although there is thickening of the tendon, it does 
not seriously interfere with his action ; or the tendons, ligaments, 
nerves, etc , may be cut off below the joint, and the hoof will take on 
a very peculiar growth. If the tendous aloue are cut, then bandage 
nicely and watch closely, for the irritation is liable to extend down 
between the sensitive and insensitive parts of the foot and produce 
extensive suppuration. When it does it is necessary to cut down and 
allow the matter to escape. But if these are entirely cut, you might 
as well recommend the animal destroyed. You might produce reunion 
in a partial manner, but the animal is of no use afterward. 

Sesamoiditis. — Sprain of the back tendons in the legion of the 
fetlock, accompanied by inflammation of the sesamoids and bursa?. 
It is due to a slight sprain of the part, or to rheumatic inflammation 
of the joint, but most likely some injury or concussion. It is not com- 
mon in road horses. 

Symptoms. — On first coming from the stable the animal is slightly 
stiff, but this will disappear to some extent after exercising, and will 
again appear after resting. There will be knuckling slightly, and 
there is a slight puffiness around the bursse. A careful examination 



130 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TKEATMENT OF 

reveals heat in the parts. FJexing cr extending the limb creates pain, 
and the animal will go more lame. There are changes that take 
place, perhaps a cartilaginous deposit, which may be converted into 
bone. In such cases lameness continues for some time, and there is a 
well marked enlargement around the joint, at first puffy, then hard. 

Treatment. — Rest, fomentations, heat or cold, followed by a blister. 
We find other causes of slight sprain, and it is hard to say what is the 
pxact lesion. It is usually produced by hard or fast work upon hard 
roads, or hard pulling. He may extend the limb pretty well, but 
if trotted, there is difficulty in distending the limb. There may be 
anchylosis of the joint. When you see a horse knuckling in the fetlock, 
do not make up your mind that the disease is in the fetlock in all 
cases; but it is symptomatic of disease of the fetlock. Use hot or 
cold applications, and blisters are of great benefit. Cold water may 
cause the horse to appear pretty well, but knuckling may still re- 
main. Cantharides is perhaps preferable just for a sprain. 

Interfering or Striking the fetlock joint while traveling. 
Shoeing with light shoes will generally relieve it. Get the animal 
in good condition, etc. Sometimes the striking is not sufficient to 
bruise the shin to any great extent, but gives rise to contusion, sets 
up inflammation, the result of which is an extensive exudation, 
which usually terminates in suppuration; and the matter is deep 
seated and not very abundant, but from its situation the animal 
suffers intensely. Such cases sometimes puzzle a young practitioner 
to tell what is wrong. This may occur from a sprain, but usually 
from irritation. The animal, when standing, rests the foot, or may lift 
it from the ground, acting much the same as in suppuration of the foot. 
Apply hot cloths and poultices, which will allay the inflammatory 
action or hasten the process of suppuration. Watch it closely, and 
if, after poulticing for one or two days, the swelling increases and 
perhaps fluctuates to a slight extent, then you are sure matter is 
formed ; and when it arrives at a certain stage, open it ; but be 
careful in inserting the lancet if there is extensive exudation. First 
twitch the animal and make a small incision; or sometimes insert 
a probe or director, and then open slightly. If opened in time, it 
will often prevent extensive sloughing. Poultice, etc., after opening. 
If sinuses are formed and matter is discharging, cleanse nicely, 
and then use caustics, as butter of antimony, nitrate of silver, etc.; 
or, there may be thickening, which may be removed by iodine oint- 
ment, or an occasional blister. Do not apply irritants when the 
horse has a tendency to brush, so to speak. 

Knuckling. — This sometimes falls under the head of disease, 
and sometimes you can scarcely call it such, and in examining for 
soundness you may be puzzled to say whether it is sound or unsound. 
There may be jerking forward of the fetlock at almost every step, or 
even when standing still. The joints appear prominent in front. It 
detracts from the symmetrical appearance of the limb, but may not 
interfere with the action at all. Post mortem often reveals nothing 
wrong with the joint. It is oftener seen in the hind than the fore 
limb, hard and fast work being the exciting cause, or working young 
animals before they are able to undergo such exercise. The high 
feeding of colts which are kept in the stable is a cause, or it is some- 
times the result of more or less disease in the fetlock joint, or the 
formation of the limb, a straight fore limb and pastern, etc., tend to 
this. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 131 

Treatment. — If of long standing little can be done for it, but if it 
appears suddenly in a horse three or four years old it may be got rid 
of. Give rest, apply cold water, and afterwards blister, and if the 
horse has been in the stable recommend him turned to pasture for a 
time. 

Knee Sprung is similar to knuckling, and interferes but little 
with the animal's usefulness. It is sometimes the result of formation, 
and sometimes the result of hard or fast work before the animal is fit 
for such work, or standing in a stall, especially if such stall slants 
from before backward. Judges of horses prefer a knee-sprung to a 
calf-kneed horse, as they will stand more work, and a calf-kneed 
horse is more liable to stumble. Some say that knee-spring arises 
from extension of the extensor tendons ; others say from contraction 
of the flexors and ligaments. Another cause is feeding young animals 
highly, as for show purposes, and not giving regular exercise. High- 
heeled shoes also have a tendency to produce this. If in a young 
horse from any of these causes, a little treatment and a little rest may 
restore it. If in a gross animal, give a certain amount oi exercise 
and then physic ; then use judicious counter-irritation ; blister. Keep- 
ing a horse lower in front than behind has a tendency to help it, but 
perhaps a level floor is the best. If the formation is faulty you can 
not bring him to a natural condition. Sometimes it is unsoundness, 
and sometimes it is not. If it is not from faulty formation, it is not 
an unsoundness; if it is from faulty formation, it is unsoundness. 

"Wind Galls will come under your notice almost every day. 
They are puny tumors, situated at the back pavt of the fetlock joint. 
They are of various sizes, so called because they were supposed to 
contain air. They consist in an enlargement of the bursa?, in connec- 
tion with the flexor tendons, where tendons play over each other, or 
over bones. They are supplied with little sacks, called bursa?; these 
are lined with synovial membrane, and secrete synovia. The processes 
of absorption and secretion are going on. When more is secreted than 
is absorbed, the result is a wind-gall, which is a bursal enlargement, 
due to the natural secretion, which secretion may become more or less 
changed if the cause is kept up, and the bursa may become thickened, 
or even a bony or cartilaginous deposit may occur. You may find 
wind-galls in any joint, but they are not called wind-galls unless in the 
region of the fetlock ; if well back, it is in connection with the bursa? 
of the flexor tendons; but if more in front, it is in connection with the 
joint. A slight wind-gall is not looked upon as an unsoundness, even 
in a fast horse. In examining, be careful to scrutinize the condi- 
tion of wind-galls ; if they are soft, and there is no heat in the parts, etc. r 
and they are in the back part, and small, it is not unsoundness. In 
examining, make the animal stand upon the limb; if they are more 
in front, heat, pain, etc., are present, and there is more or less disease 
of the fetlock joint. They may appear very suddenly, as after a drive 
or one day's work. They are due to the excessive demand of the 
drive ; the absorption is not equal to the secretion. I think severe 
exertion irritates the parts and prevents absorption, and the secretion 
goes on as natural. 

Treatment. — If of long standing, they cannot be removed ; but if 
treated in the early stage, they may be reduced. If suddenly pro- 
duced in a plethoric animal, give a moderate dose of physic, and use 
hot or cold applications — cold perhaps is preferable. Pressure is of 



132 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

great benefit. Take a piece of cloth and fold several times, and place 
upon the part, and apply a bandage, keeping it wet ; it causes absorp- 
tion ; or, you might use refrigerants, as acetate of lead, etc., and some- 
times follow with a blister, and put to work gradually. Irritant dress- 
ings and firing are not necessary. It is best not to open them unless 
they contain serum, for the irritation may extend and cause trouble. 
You could drain it off with a small trochar, but it would accumulate 
again. If you wish success, treat in the fall of the year, and expose 
to the cold during the winter; but they will, in most cases, return in 
the spring. Where they come in front, they are a greater eye-sore, 
but are the same, and may be treated the same. These may be pro- 
duced by striking the stall. 

Dislocation of the Fetlock.— I will first mention this in the 
fore extremity. You may be able to reduce it in exceptional cases, 
but if it occurs in a violent manner, the bones thrown back, the liga- 
ments ruptured, etc., it is worse than a fracture. 

Hip Joint. — You may meet with inflammation from some injury, 
direct or indirect, but generally from indirect injury. It may come 
from rheumatic inflammation of the joint ; the round ligament may 
be sprained or ruptured. It usually occurs from slipping — just set- 
ting the foot upon a cobble-stone and slipping, and the horse be 
lame for life — or it may result from violent pulling. If the round 
ligament suffers, there is more or less inflammation set up in the en- 
tire articulation. The nutrition of the eartilages may be arrested, 
and ulceration and anchylosis result. Hip joint disease is not so com- 
mon as disease of spine other articulations, yet it is a favorite seat by 
some who are not acquainted with the structure of the parts, and you 
may experience some difficulty in detecting the difference between hip 
and hock joint lameness. 

Symptoms. — If the injury is -severe, there is difficulty in extending 
the limb in walking, and this is better marked in trotting. When 
walking, he will perhaps flex the hock pretty well. He rests the limb 
when standing, or it may be lifted up from the ground ; but this alone 
is not conclusive evidence. If there is no irritation in any other parts 
of the limb, it will assist you in making up your mind. And per- 
haps he stands on the toe ; there may or may not be slight swelling, 
but after some time you have wasting of the muscles, even if they are 
not themselves affected, as in spavin, etc. In some cases you are as- 
sisted by manipulation ; but you can not always rely upon pressure. 
It is recommended to take a piece of wood and place it over the joint, 
and strike it with a mallet once or twice, and then walk the animal 
out and he will go more lame if this is the seat of the disease. But 
after certain changes take place there is no difficulty in detecting it. 

Gluteal Muscles, especially the maximus, which is attached to 
the prominence on the head of the femur, frequently suffer from in- 
jury. This is more common, perhaps, than hip joint disease. It gen- 
erally occurs just from slipping, more particularly if pulling a heavy 
load. It is more common in pulling than in ordinary driving horses, 
and it may be produced in any by slipping or falling violently. If 
the irritation is kept up, there will be changes in the joint. There 
may be cartilaginous or osseous deposits. 

Symptoms. — There is difficulty in extending the limb — sometimes 
very great. He can scarcely bring the limb forward at all. There is 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 133 

more or less swelling, if it is in the muscle ; but if in that part in 
connection with the bone, it will not be so extensive. Looking from 
behind is the best way to detect the swelling. If you pull the limb 
back, out or forward, it increases the lameness. You may, in some 
cases, mistake fracture for sprain, and spavin for fracture ; but in 
fracture there will be descent of the haunch. But the lameness might 
lead you to suspect fracture. The manner in which the accident oc- 
curred also assists you in diagnosing. After a time, when the swelling 
disappears, atrophy takes place to some extent. 

treatment is just the general treatment of sprains. Give rest, 
foment, use anodyne and camphorated liniments, or you might apply 
a blanket wrung out of hot water and cover it with a dry one, or a 
newly flayed sheepskin, and follow by a blister ; blister a large sur- 
face, extending around the trochanter major and the articulation — 
cantharides is as good as anything. Some like the application of a 
plaster to keep the joint still; slings nre sometimes necessary. If 
caries takes place it is incurable. Keep quiet ; if the animal is kept 
at work there are changes that give rise to a deposit, or a converting 
of a part of the tendon into cartilage or bone. I think there is no 
use in firing ; some recommend cutting through these large muscles 
and applying the firing iron near the articulation, but I think it 
would not be attended with success. Dislocation of this joint seldom 
occurs in the horse — it is scarcely possible without fracture of the 
acetabulum — in other animals it does occur ; in dogs and cattle it is 
frequent. Cattle do not have the pubeo-femoral ligament ; throwing 
them is more liable to dislocation. In dislocation the limb is shorter ; 
the prominence is either higher or lower than natural ; it may be 
possible to get it into position in cattle. 

Stifle Joint. — There may be sprain of some of the straight liga- 
ments. It generally occurs from slipping, jumping, or from the 
animal getting fast in the snow, etc., and exerting himself to extricate 
himself. 

Symptoms. — There is difficulty in extending the limb, both in walk- 
ing and trotting, but it is more marked in trotting, and in extending 
the limb he endeavors to keep it in a fixed position, and does not 
bring it so far forward as natural ; there may be enlargement and 
heat in the parts ; when standing he flexes the limb to some extent. 
You must also judge from negative symptoms — look at the hock, fet- 
lock, foot, etc. Professor Dick told his students to examine the foot, 
although the leg was broken. You can not be too careful in 
examining. 

Treatment. — If it is just a sprain, and is taken in time, it is easily 
treated. Give rest, foment and blister, or apply seatons, one inside 
and one outside, as required. I recommend blisters. 

Dislocation of the Patella is by no means uncommon, and it 
it is never knocked to the inside — however, there is nothing impossi- 
ble—but to the outside. It occurs in many ways, and in some very 
simple ways, just from a false step in traveling, or even while stand- 
ing in a stall where there is an abrupt offset in the floor, from stepping 
off it, or there are things which predispose to it. I have noticed 
some cases after strangles, which occurred very easilv. 

Symptoms are very plain, and after seeing one case you can easily 
recognize the next. The animal cannot extend the limb, and when he 
12 



134 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

does bring it forward, he does it as though there was no articulation 
in the limb, and acts the same way when backed. There was a student 
sent from this college to examine such a case, and there was con- 
siderable straw in the box, and he said the horse had got his foot 
fast in a hole in the floor. The symptoms are much like this, as 
though the foot was nailed to the floor. 

Treatment. — Get it into position as soon as possible, and the best 
way to do this is to place a soft rope around the foot, and have 
an assistant pull the leg forward while you take hold of and 
manipulate the parts. It will generally go in quite easily, and it 
is possible to do it just by taking the leg in one hand and the parts 
in the other; but the animal may fall and injure himself, so it is 
best to have some help, and keep the animal supported, to prevent 
this ; then elevate the hind quarter slightly, or extend the limb, 
and keep it so, by having it kept there, or tie it to a collar. But 
I find a batter way, and I recommend it : it is a little gentle ex- 
ercise upon a smooth place; and in turning, it is perhaps best to 
turn to the side from the injured limb. If the muscles have lost their 
power of contraction, a little exercise brings them in tone. Invariably 
advise this, after perhaps bathing with a little cold water and rubbing 
well. But you may meet with a case where the muscles are relaxed, 
until it is necessary to stimulate with some stimlating liniment, or even 
a blister. 

Partial Dislocation is where it just slips slightly, impairing 
the action to some extent ; and I think this usualty occurs in very 
young animals, and is due to weakness or certain exciting causes, as 
allowing weakly colts to run on a rough hill-side. This is likely to 
become habitual. Changes take place in the cartilages, and perhaps a 
porcelaneous deposit occcurs. It usually occurs in colts up to fifteen 
months old, and may affect one or both limbs. There is slight diffi- 
culty in extending the limb, and there is a peculiar clinking sound at 
every step, which you can hear for some distance, and a peculiar 
stilty action. 

Treatment. — Feed well; stimulate the joint, and after giving a cer- 
tain amount of exercise, blister ; keep it in a nice level box. You 
will often find the result is distention of the bursse, which, although 
it does not seem lame, is a great eye-sore. Sometimes there is a tend- 
ency to go upon the toe. When heels grow very long, and it is nec- 
essary to bring the foot into position and apply a stifle shoe, apply it 
to the affected limb, and not, as originally applied, to the sound limb, 
to cause the weight to be thrown upon the affected limb. There is a 
little projecting piece to the toe of such a shoe. 

Semi-lunar Cartilages Become Injured. — This is very 
troublesome, and generally gives rise to permanent lameness. The 
lameness is similar to other diseases of the joint — difficulty in bring- 
ing the leg forward ; wasting of the muscles ; some swelling appears, 
at first soft, but gets harder and harder, and a sort of cartilaginous 
deposit is the result. It is generally hopeless, but you might try coun- 
ter-irritation. 

Vastus Muscles are also sprained, and in just about the same 
way as sprain in the stifle joint ; there is great difficulty in extending 
the limb, as great almost as in disease of the patella. These symp- 
toms disappear, and then wasting takes place'; the animal drops to a 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMADS. 135 

certain extent. It is easily detected by one acquainted with the 
parts. 

Treatment. — Use counter-irritation. I have seen pretty good recov- 
ery take place, but sometimes this muscle wastes from azoturia. From 
this wasting a hollow sometimes extends from the upper to the lower 
part of the femur, and if there is no disease of the bone or at the at- 
tachment of the muscles to the bone, a tolerably good cure may be 
effected. 

Psose Muscles are injured and it is difficult to diagnose. Azo- 
turia is sometimes mistaken for a sprain of these muscles (and I be- 
lieve they are generally implicated in azoturia \ There may be con- 
stitutional disturbance, and if you can not detect otherwise, you may 
examine per rectum, and you may detect enlargement. Give rest, ap- 
ply heat over the loins, etc. 

Muscles Between the Stifle and Hock. — The flexor meta- 
tarsi, if sprained, gives rise to very peculiar symptoms. The injury 
may be to the belly, the origin, or insertion, but in most cases it is the 
belly. It may occur in various ways — from running, jumping, etc. 

Symptoms. — If in the belly of the muscle, more or less inflammation 
is the result ; it loses the power of contraction, and, it being an im- 
portant muscle, the muscles of the opposite side contract forcibly, and 
in attempting to move the limb, causes it to hang in a dangling man- 
ner, and a person not acquainted with the structure would say that 
the leg was broken. If the leg is straightened it can bear some weight. 
You can see a cut of this in Prof. Williams' work. Just think of the 
action of the muscles, and you will have but little difficulty in diag- 
nosing this. It looks very serious to a person not acquainted with the 
anatomy of the parts, but if the insertion or origin is not injured 
there are good prospects of recovery, if properly treated. 

Treatment. — Give rest, keep in a box stall, and allow him to move 
the limb to some extent. It is not necessary to use slings ; use fomen- 
tations and stimulating liniments, and perhaps a mild blister, and, 
after the limb is getting better, give gentle exercise, if the animal will 
take it. If the animal is gross, give a dose of physic. If the muscle 
is injured at its origin or insertion, there will be swelling in the parts, 
but the symptoms are the same. Injuries to the other muscles in this 
region of the extremity will give rise to symptoms somewhat similar 
— dangling of the limb, etc. 

Hock Joint. — Diseases of this joint are numerous. A majority 
of cases of lameness in the hind extremity are in the hock. It is 
oftener affected than any other articulation. 

Bog Spavin is a soft, puffy tumor, situated at the anterio-internal 
part of the true hock joint, and is due to the distention of the capsu- 
lar ligament with synovia. It bulges out where it is not bound down 
by tendons. It is called bog spavin because it is a soft, while bone 
spavin is a hard, condition of the hock. It is very common and seri- 
ous, and attacks heavy horses most frequently, and in such is not so 
serious. It is comparatively rare in road horses. It is more serious 
than wind galls, from its affecting the true hock joint. It is the result 
of an extra secretion of synovia. Naturally there are about two or 
three drachms of synovia in this sack, but in bog spavin it may be 
two or three ounces. As well as distention, there may be more or less 



136 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

irritation. The capsular ligament in some cases becomes thickened, 
and if of long standing, or if the cause is kept up, the cartilages be- 
come affected — perhaps destroyed — and a porcelaneous deposit is the 
result. But in many cases it will remain in just the same distended 
condition for some length of time, and then these changes take place, 
and perhaps caries, anchylosis, etc. 

Causes are predisposing and exciting. Horses having round, fleshy 
limbs, etc., are predisposed. Want of regular exercise, feeding colts 
for show purposes, fast work, sprain of the articulation, etc., are ex- 
citing causes. It may, like wind-galls, appear very quickly. 

Symptoms are very plain. A pufly tumor, as described, involving 
the capsular ligament; but there may be a puffy tumor, and not be a 
bog spavin, but just a bursal enlargement. If there is much irrita- 
tion, there will be heat and pain, and perhaps lameness, which will 
continue as long as the irritation exists. It is even more troublesome 
to treat than bone spavin. 

Treatment. — If in a young horse, and there is no lameness, and you 
are informed it has been suddenly produced, if in an animal in good 
condition, reduce the condition by limiting the food ; apply hot or 
cold bandage judiciously ; and you may find benefit from a combined 
bog spavin and thoroughpin truss, but it is difficult to get it upon a 
bog spavin, and it is a little difficult to bandage :he hock ; and you 
must always leave the os-calcis free. Use judicious counter-irritation, 
and the fall of the year is the best time to treat, for cold has a good 
effect. If those changes are going on which are the result of inflam- 
mation, then blister. Puncturing is not attended with success, for 
the fluid will soon form again. 

Thoroughpin is found in most all well marked cases of bog 
spavin. This is a soft and compressible tumor in connection with 
the bursse of the flex or pedis perforans tendon. It is so called be- 
cause it runs through from side to side. 

Pathology. — It consists in distention of the bursa in connection with 
the flexor pedis perforans tendon, above and in front of the os calcis. 
It is generally caused by more or less irritation, causing extra secre- 
tion of the fluid in the bursa, and may be due to irritation set up 
through bog spavin ; and in a majority of cases of bog spavin you 
will find thoroughpin exists, due to the capsular ligament being 
bulged upward and pressing upon the bursa of said tendon ; but the 
same cause might produce both. 

Causes. — It is most frequent in heavy horses. It may attain a con- 
siderable size, and does not often produce lameness, unless irritation 
is set up; a long, straight hock, especially in a heavy horse, predis- 
poses to it. It is comparatively rare, but is more common in light 
horses. 

Treatment is about the same as in wind-galls. Rest the animal to a 
certain extent ; use hot or cold applications — cold preferable ; counter- 
irritation, and in some cases puncture, but the more seldom you punc- 
ture the better ; but if there is serum or pus, then puncture. If you 
treat such a case, it is better to treat it in the fall of the year ; you 
may reduce it. I have known it reduced, and it never was noticed 
afterward. There is no specific for it, but just use those remedies that 
will tend to cause absorption. You may derive benefit from diuretics. 

Near the side of the os-calcis there is a groove, through which the 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 137 

tendons of the flexor pedis performs, play and sprain frequently 
occur, and various names are applied. It is called 

Spring" Hock, but perhaps a better name is sprain of the tendon. 
A sprain here, even of a slight character, is apt to be attended with 
serious results, and is most likely to occur in horses used for fast 
work, especially if there is a heavy weight upon the back. 

Symptoms. — There is difficulty in extending and flexing the limb ; 
swelling ; and pressure causes pain ; the heel lifted from the ground ; 
there may be constitutional fever, and if so, intense pain. It requires 
a great amount of rest to effect a cure. Hot applications, I think, are 
preferable to cold. Apply bandages ; a high shoe is good, as it tends to 
take the strain off the muscle. A good way to apply heat is to take 
a large sack, and slip it over the foot and up around the part, and 
stuff it with hot bran. If in. a cold stable in cold weather it is pre- 
ferable to poulticff, etc., after a time. Repeated blisters, or a seaton 
in some cases, might be useful. An abscess may be the result — ex- 
tensive swelling, pain and fluctuation — then open, apply poultices, 
etc., and after the irritation goes down, blister. This is rather a 
serious affection. 

Below the Hock. — Injuries here are about the as in the fore 
limb, but the tendons are not so liable to be cut, but they may be cut, 
and a portion of the tendon be removed, and a tolerably good re- 
covery be effected. 

Gapped Hock. — This is a common and not a serious occurrence. 
It is produced by injuries to the tuberosity of the os-calcis. It is a 
little swelling upon the point of the hock. The gastrocnemius inter- 
nus winds around the extern us and forms the cap of the hock, and in 
this place there is a large synovial bursa; there is also a bursa situa- 
ted between this and the skin, and injuries to these give rise to capped 
hocks. 

Causes. — External injury, as kicking, etc , are common causes. Some 
animals have a habit of kicking in the stall. It may be caused by be- 
ing cast in the stall or box, and some will do it in a nice loose box, 
perhaps from the manner in which they lie down, or by standing near 
and rubbing against the side of the stall. Another cause is from in- 
fluenza or strangles ; from debility and slight dropsical tendency, but 
it soon disappears if from this cause, when the animal gets stronger 
and is exercised. It may come in plethoric or gross animals, or from 
some derangement of the system. It is easily produced — it may be 
produced in one night. It is easily detected. There is a swelling in 
the part, and, although not serious, it is an eyesore. It rarely inter- 
feres with an animal's usefulness. Endeavor to find whether it was 
suddenly produced or rot. If it is between the skin and tendons, 
there may be a slight exudation, heat, etc., in the parts ; but the symp- 
toms are more severe when the synovial bursa is affected. It is gen- 
erally violently produced. It extends to the sides of the os-calcis ; 
there is heat and pain, and the animal will go stiff and perhaps lame. 

Treatment. — Remove the cause. If a kicking horse, place him where 
he cannot injure himself, and you may have to pad the stall, and if 
you are called, at first, to a case suddenly produced, give a good dose 
of purgative medicine if the horse is in good condition. If there is 
any irritation, foment, then apply cold ; and hand-rubbing tends to 



138 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

stimulate the parts and produce absorption of the fluids ; use the or- 
dinary liniments and blister ; and there are exceptional cases where 
you may insert a seaton or open. Where it is violently produced, 
and serum is formed, you might use the aspirator, or knife, if in the 
bursa? mucosa?. You will find benefit from iodine or anything that 
stimulates absorption. It is difficult to remove. Do not be led into 
puncturing too freely, although it is sometimes very tempting. Tinc- 
ture of cantharides is of benefit in many cases. 

Curb is an enlargement at the back part of the hind leg, a little 
below the hock, due to sprain or complete rupture of the calcaneo- 
cuboid ligament, or, some say to irritation of the sheath of the ten- 
don ; but in most cases it is sprain of the ligament. 

Causes are predisposing and exciting. Certain breeds are more 
liable than others; also, a faulty conformation; long os-calcis, inclin- 
ing forward, instead of backward, gives rise to what is known as a 
curby hock. The exciting causes are hard and fast work. It is most 
common in fast horses. It is often produced in winter by being driven 
in deep snow ; or, forcibly backing an animal with a heavy load. 

Symptoms. — This is easily detected by viewing from the side. It 
generally produces lameness, but not of a permanet character, and is 
not so serious as sprain ; the parts are hot and tender, and there is 
enlargement ; when standing, he flexes the limb. If the horse stands 
for a day or two, the lameness usually disappears, but returns if used, 
while there are other injuries in which the reverse is the case. In 
almost all cases where it is suddenly produced there has been a pre- 
disposing tendency. Although curb is said to occur on the back of 
the leg, a little below the hock, it varies to a slight extent. It gen- 
erally occurs in young animals, and is more serious than in older ones. 
It is sometimes called soft curb, when there is a bursal enlargement 
with it. It is likely to be associated with more or less irritation. It 
will be a long time before such an animal will be fit to do much work, 
and treatment has but little effect. If it is low down, the animal will 
stand upon the toe ; will be more or less lame — sometimes extremely 
lame. But this soon disappears in an ordinary case, but comes back 
when put to work. 

Treatment. — It can generally be successfully treated without any 
blemish; treat just the same as sprain of any ligament or tendon. It 
is well to give rest; however, you cannot always do this; but if in a 
very valuable horse, give rest; foment when there is pain; use ano- 
dyne applications, and in most cases follow by a blister, which has an 
excellent effect in getting rid of the irritation; cantharides is perhaps 
preferable to meicury ; clip the hair and then rub it in pretty well for 
ten or fifteen minutes ; leave on for a day or two, and then wash ; 
shoe with a shoe a little higher at the heel than at the toe ; it tends to 
take the strain off the part. You may have recourse to the firing 
iron, but I am no great advocate of firing for curb. Caustics are 
sometimes applied, which destroy the hair bulbs and produce a worse 
blemish than the curb. Irritation in the articulation may call for 
firing. If you are called to treat a horse that is in training, two or 
three years old, perhaps there are thousands of dollars at stake, and 
the owner wants him ready for the engagement; perhaps you can, by 
the judicious use of cold water and anodyne liniments, get him ready; 
however, the proper treatment would be to rest, physic, foment, blis- 
ter, etc.; but if there are several thousand dollars at stake, it makes a 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 139 

difference in the case. Use cold water with acetate of lead, powdered 
opium, etc. 

Inflammation, or Sprain of the Hock. — Perhaps there are 
well marked symptoms, or it may be that some of the little ligaments 
are injured and no plain symptoms present, but the animal does not 
flex the hock so nicely as natural, or perhaps he lifts the foot from 
the ground. Manipulation will assist you in diagnosing this. Give 
rest, foment, and in some cases blister. 

Open Joint in the Hock is a very serious injury, and if pro- 
duced in a violent manner, from a kick, etc., the chances are that it 
will result in anchylosis, if it does not destroy the animal by the con- 
stitutional fever. There is intense pain, the foot lifted from the 
ground, the soft tissues swollen, and you are told that the animal re- 
ceived a kick in that region. It is likely that anchylosis will be the 
result. The same applies to open joint in the stifle, and if it occurs 
to a horse not worth more than eighty or one hundred dollars, it is 
generally best to recommend his destruction. Sometimes it looks 
much like open joint when the capsular ligament is not ruptured. 

Bursal Enlargements, just little puffy tumors. In any region 
where there are tendons and prominences of bone, there are little 
bursse, and these maybe enlarged both inside and outside of the hock, 
but they rarely interfere with the animal's usefulness. Treat the 
same as wind galls. 

Gastrocnemius Internus is liable to slip out of its place, 
where it^asses over the joint of the hock, and it is very difficult to 
get it into its place, but nature accommodates itself to the changed 
condition of the parts. It is of course best to get it in its place, but 
if you cannot, then allay the irritation until nature accommodates 
itself to the change. 

Ulceration of the Tibia. — I saw a case; the animal became 
suddenly lame from being ridden hard once or twice; was laid up 
and treated with the ordinary applications ; got better, but afterwards 
died from congestion of the lungs. There are just about the same 
injuries below the hock as are met with in the fore extremity, but 
sprain is more frequent in the hind limb, and break-down more fre- 
quent in the fore leg. 



LAMINITIS 



Laminitis signifies inflammation of the sensitive laminae, and is, 
perhaps, not a good term, as there are other structures than the lam- 
ina? involved, and, in a well-marked and severe case, the whole sensi- 
tive structures are involved — the bone, ligaments, etc. Another name 
is founder — a name, perhaps, applied from the peculiar manner in 
which the animal progresses. AVhen it terminates quickly in resolu- 
tion, then it is principally in connection with the sensitive laminae 
structures. It occurs in the acute, sub-acute and chronic forms. It 
is serious and, perhaps, one of the most painful diseases to which the 



140 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

horse is subject, as the parts are extremely sensitive, and are largely 
supplied with blood and nerves, and enclosed in the hard and resisting 
hoof, which adds to the severity of the irritation, and in inflammation 
of these parts, the same changes take place, to a certain extent, as in 
other parts; but swelling can only take place to a moderate extent, 
making it more severe. But suppuration of the sensitive lamina? takes 
place, and often necrosis of the bone. 

Causes. — Some are said to be predisposed— some breeds, and those 
having weak feet — but it may occur in any kind of feet, and, in an 
acute attack, in a good strong foot it is apt to be more severe than in 
a worse foot. Hard and fast work are exciting causes. It may be 
produced easily, and is more common in the hot months of summer. 
Shoeing is put down as a cause, and perhaps it is in some cases. If 
the shoe bears upon one part of the foot, it may set up irritation. This 
may spread and involve the sensitive lamina?. Any irritation of the 
stomach and intestines is liable to be followed by laminitis, because 
there is a similarity of structure in the laminae, skin and mucous 
membranes, and irritation in any of these, especially the stomach, is 
liable to extend and involve the feet. Some feeds are more likely to 
produce it than others ; even a small amount of wheat, just sufficient 
to set up slight colicky pains ; these pass off and the animal is attacked 
with laminitis. And the same may occur from irritation of any mu- 
cous membrane. The irritation of parturition sometimes causes it. 
An ordinary dose of physic may produce it. Some call this metasta- 
sis; that is, that when inflammation attacks one part, it is liable to 
fly from that and attack some other ; but I think this is incorrect. 
Laminitis may be easily produced by driving an animal eight or nine 
miles on a hot summer day, and then put in a stable where the per- 
spiration is suddenly checked by a draft, etc. 

Symptoms. — It is easily detected if in the acute form. There is 
fever, and a quick, full, bounding pulse, fifty, sixty, or seventy beats 
per minute, and perhaps sweats bedew the body, and it may remain 
in this condition for some time. The horse is stiff and moves with 
the greatest difficulty; the constitutional symptoms are violent, and 
you might think he was suffering from disease of some internal organ ; 
especially if his wind is affected in any way, you might think he was 
suffering from some disease of the respiratory organs ; after seeing 
one case you should easily recognize the next. The horse generally 
retains the standing posture, but sometimes lies down. These symp- 
toms may be present in other diseases, but if you attempt to back 
him then the true character of the disease shows itself. He throws 
his weight upon the heels to relieve the toe, aud if you attempt to 
push him back he drags the feet ; there will be heat around the cor- 
onet and a throbbing of the plantar arteries. If it is only in the fore 
feet, as is generally the case, he walks in a peculiar manner, throws 
his weight upon the hind limbs by putting them well under him, and 
goes in a kind of jumping manner, keeping the weight upon the frog. 
A casual observer might think it was inflammation of the lungs or 
kidneys. When both fore and hind feet are affected, the symptoms 
differ ; he will endeavor to throw weight upon the hind feet, although 
they are affected. He will stand with the feet clcse together, and 
when the weight is thrown upon one foot it is jerked up quickly, 
almost as if suffering from some nervous disease. Sometimes it is 
produced in only one foot, and when so it is generally from some well 
marked cause. It is likely to follow some injury to the foot, in 



DISEASES Or DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 141 

which he cannot mark the limb, and stands upon the sound one, and 
it not infrequently brings on laminitis in the sound limb, as well as 
ringbone, spavin, etc. In such cases watch the sound limb carefully. 
If it occurs in both hind feet only, it is likely it was brought on by 
driving on hard roads without shoes. If it comes fiom the stomach,, 
it is likely to attack the fore feet, or both fore and hind feet. In a 
majority of cases produced in the ordinary way, when it affects only 
the sensitive structures, the sensitive laminae, sole and frog, it termin- 
ates in resolution, but when the exciting cause has been of a severe 
character, great changes take place. The inflammation then involves 
the other structures, causes separation of the sensitive and insensitive 
laminae, and descent of the coffin bone, making the sole convex and 
giving rise to what is known as pomiced foot, or the bone may de- 
scend right through the sole, and the hoof will grow out of all shape. 
A mild attack may produce all this if the exciting cause is kept up, 
or when you are not able to relieve the irritation. 

Treatment. — Although serious, it is, in many cases, satisfactorily 
treated. The constitutional symptoms are generally best relieved 
by sedatives and purgatives ; but it is sometimes the result of 
super-purgation ; then do not give a purgative. In just an ordi- 
nary case, remove the shoes, and have the wall rasped down nicely, 
but not to too great an extent, and then envelope the foot in poul- 
tices, hot being perhaps preferable ; and give a dose of purgative 
medicine ; and I give larger doses than are recommended in our 
works, and as soon as it begins to act the symptoms become less 
violent; but you must regulate your dose according to the size, 
age and condition of the animal. Give injections of soap and water ; 
also, give a good sedative — Flemming's tincture of aconite, fifteen 
or twenty drops every two or three hours, until relief is obtained. 
In some cases you may take some blood, and it is a good thing in 
many cases. As to whether it should be local or constitutional, 
there is difference of opinion. I think it is just as good to take it 
from the jugular vein as any. Some bleed from the toe, but it is liable 
to cause irritation. When you do bleed do not give so much purga- 
tive medicine ; give nitrate of potash freely. Some say, and I be- 
lieve, it can be checked by the free use of nitrate of potash. Give 
two or three drachms two or three times a day ; give it in water„ 
and allow plenty of water — not much at a time, but give it often 
until the physic begins to act, and then be careful with it for some 
time, and when the animal begins to get better, do not push medi- 
cine too far. When there are no signs of relief, you may expect 
that exudation is taking place, and it may be advisable to make 
an opening at the toe and let it out, and if this is done in due 
time it may prevent descent of the coffin bone ; but if in about 
three days the animal is relieved, and moves tolerably well, a little 
exercise is beneficial, and perhaps it is well to again apply the shoe. 
If the animal retains the standing posture, it is good practice to 
lay him down ; some recommend slings, but I think it is better to 
lay him down, which is easily done. Tie up one fore leg, and at- 
tempt to move him, and you can easily lay him over, and in most 
cases he will lie quite well if the symptoms are relieved in three or 
four days. The former shoes will do to be put on, but those without 
heels or toes are best. There is a kind noticed in Williams' works; 
it is a bar-shoe, very thin at the heel, but I do not recommend it in 
the early stage of the disease. A horse that has suffered from this 



142 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

should be carefully used for some time ; if he is put to work too 
soon it is apt to assume a sub-acute form. If you have treated an 
acute case, which has done well, but there remains some heat, a good 
cantharides blister around the corona is of benefit. 

Laminitis, Sub-acute and Chronic. — This may occur in any 
horse, but is most common in aged horses. The symptoms are not so 
prominent as in the acute form. It comes on gradually, and, like 
other diseases of the feet, the great exciting cause is hard work— es- 
pecially irregular work. But it may be from faulty shoeing, which 
sets up irritation, which extends and involves the laminae. Soft, brit- 
tle and small feet are more liable ; that is, if the feet are out of pro- 
portion to the size of the animal — a small horse should have a small 
foot. Another cause is standing in the stable or on board of ships. 
Those horses that are imported frequently suffer from this. 

Symptoms. — There is heat in the foot ; he walks with a kind of stumb- 
ling action ; the laminae are likely to lose their attachment, then the 
animal throws its weight upon the heels, throws the limb up in a pe- 
culiar manner, and tries to bring the heel down first. It may ter- 
minate in pumiced foot, even when the animal showed in great pain, 
and perhaps worked all the time ; yet considerable changes may have 
taken place. The foot may have been slightly tender, but no well- 
marked lameness, and if it continues for any great length of time the 
treatment is tedious and not very satisfactory — not so satisfactory as 
in the acute form. The shoe, in most cases, should be removed ; rasp 
the wall down at the heels, and it may be advisable to take off some 
of the sole in some cases. Then apply poultices, or keep the animal 
standing in a water-bath ; use moistened clay, etc. Cow-dung is rec- 
ommended, but is very injurious, but it might be used with three or 
four parts of clay, and kept moistened, but I do not recommend it. 
Give a laxative ; do not keep the shoes off too long, and in some cases 
it is not advisable to keep them off at all. If the sole is very thin, 
it may be necessary to keep the shoes on. After the heat and tender- 
ness is removed, then use a bar shoe — a shoe thinner at the heel than 
at the toe. If the irritation continues then blister around the corona, 
and well up toward the fetlock, and use such an animal carefully. If 
it is a valuable animal, and in the spring of the year, turning out in 
a soft moist pasture is of great benefit. Such an animal is not usually 
valuable for fast work, but may be valuable for slow work. Another 
symptom is wasting of the muscles of the limb and chest, giving rise 
to the so-called chest-founder. However, there is no such disease. The 
result of laminitis is 

Pumiced Foot. — This is not a very good name, but it is diffi- 
cult to change the name of some diseases. It is a name applied to 
the condition of the foot where the sole becomes convex, due to de- 
scent of the coffin bone. But there are certain conditions seen, 
especially in a flat foot, where the walls have been cut down, etc., 
where the sole is convex and not due to laminitis, but to faulty shoe- 
ing. In this case there will not be the effort to throw the weight upon 
the heel. In pumiced foot the descent is toward the toe of the frog, 
and the wall is thinnest there — so thin it can be easily cut through 
into the sensitive part. Pumiced foot is easily detected by the unnat- 
ural convexity of the sole. This may occur in either the fore or hind 
feet. If in the hind feet, it is generally the result of a severe attack 
of laminitis, and the bone may descend through the sole. If there is 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 143 

irritation, endeavor to allay it by the ordinary means — poulticing, 
water-baths, etc. — then apply a nice-fitting bar or concave seated shoe ; 
then a blister around the corona ; and a run at pasture is of great 
benefit. A horse that has been so affected is not serviceable for fast 
work, but may do upon a farm. 

Villitis is inflammation of the secreting villi, and 

Coronitis is inflammation of the corona. The causes, symptoms 
and treatment are the same as in laminitis. 



CORNS, Etc. 



Corns are generally found in the fore foot, but may possibly come 
on the hind foot, and are oftenest found on the inside of the heel, be- 
cause it is rather weaker, and the animal throws more weight upon 
the inside. They are brought on and aggravated by pressure; they 
are brought on by the same cause, but are of a different character 
from those in man. In the horse it is simply a bruise of the sensitive 
sole, in the angle between the bars and wall, giving rise to extravasa- 
tion of blood into -the horny sole. A change may take place and an 
imperfect growth of horn result, if the cause is kept up. There are 
soft, hard, and suppurating corns; these are just different stages of the 
disease. If it is a soft corn it is perhaps of long standing. Horses 
with weak and flat heels are more liable, but it is quite possible for it 
to occur in any foot, and if in a strong foot it is more severe and 
more difficult to treat than if in a poor foot. 

Causes — Are shoeing and hard work. Shoeing with a seated shoe 
is a prolific cause. Such a shoe bears upon the heel- the weakest 
part of the foot— more than any other. The shoe should be made 
narrow at the heel — paring the foot unnaturally at the heel causes it. 

Symptoms. — The horse is more or lesii lame in most cases, and is 
generally most lame when the bruise is first produced. There is a 
tendency to point the foot if only one is affected, if both are affected 
he shifts from one to the other. He can go pretty well upon soft 
ground, but hard roads or weight upon the back increase the pain. 
Take up the foot and tap it with a hammer, and it causes pain. The 
lameness is great if suppuration has taken place. He knuckles at the 
fetlock, and this may mislead you. You may see redness just by 
cleaning under the shoe, or you may take it off. An animal may be 
lame from a corn, and not show any redness. Just riding a horse 
three or four miles may produce corns if he is not properly shod, and 
suppuration may take place quickly. 

Treatment. — In many cases it is not necessary to lay the horse off 
work, especially if used at slow work. Remove the shoe, cut the heel 
down to a certain extent, and sometimes the sole, but not into the 
quick, unless there is suppuration ; and if he is to work, apply a shoe 
that will prevent pressure — sometimes just the ordinary shoe. A bar 
shoe, in most cases, is preferable. Keep it on for two or three weeks, 
so as to throw the weight upon the frog— something like the Good 
Enough shoes, or that recommended by Prof. Williams. I believe 
that if horses were shod with shorter shoes, and care taken to take 



144 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

the pressure off the heels, corns would not be so common. If there is 
much irritation, alia} 7 it by poulticing, cold water, etc., and if it is 
suppurated, cut down and let the matter out, for if you do not, it will 
make its way to the top of the hoof, and cause quitter. After the 
irritation has been allayed for some time, then blister around the 
coronet. Corns are considered an unsoundness, which greatly depre- 
ciates the value, and may be overlooked in examining for soundness, 
especially in a strong foot. You may have to cut considerably before 
you come to the extravasation, which may be very slight, yet sufficient 
to cause lameness. 

Thrush is an irritation in connection with the frog, giving rise 
to a purulent and offensive discharge, which is characteristic of thrush. 
It is oftenest seen in the hind feet, and is due to a slightly diseased 
state of the venter surface of the frog, particularly in connection with 
the cleft. It gives rise to irritation, spreads, impairs the secretion, 
and gives rise to this discharge. 

Causes. — There are extrinsic and intrinsic causes. It is sometimes 
seen in the fore feet in navicular disease. Any irritation of the foot 
may produce it. The extrinsic cause is wet and filth, allowing dung 
to accumulate, irritating the parts, etc. Heavy horses are more dis- 
posed to thrush, canker, cracked heels, etc. Thrush is not so preva- 
lent in a cold climate. 

Symptoms are plain. The horse does not actually go lame, but goes 
tender, and if he steps upon something hard, he will flinch ; and there 
is a discharge of a peculiar odor, etc. 

Treatment. — It is easily treated. If due to ordinary exciting causes, 
as filth, etc., remove the cause. In some cases take off the shoes and 
pare down the parts— remove any detached parts — and immerse the 
foot in a bucket full of water. Use astringent dressings— the carbolic 
lotion, one part of acid to eight, ten or twelve of water, or chloride of 
zinc five or ten grains to an ounce of water — and apply well into the 
cleft, and then apply some tow or cotton saturated with tar. There 
are other remedies, one is dusting the parts with powdered calomel ;. 
pressure is useful after these. Where horses get frog pressure thrush 
is not so common. Thrush may terminate in canker, but it is the 
exception and not the rule. Use sulphate of copper, butter of anti- 
mony solution, and the tincture of chloride of iron. A change of 
dressings is of benefit in most chronic cases. 



PUNCTURES AND PRICKS. 

Punctures from a nail passing through the sole, etc., may or may 
not be serious, according to depth and direction. If a puncture is in 
the frog, near the navicular bursas, it is liable to be severe, for it may 
injure the tendon, or even the os pedis. When so, the whole limb may 
swell and become gangrenous. If it passes in the frog, and its course 
is to come out above the frog, it is not very severe. Sometimes it only 
just penetrates the sensitive structures, and the animal is not lame,, 
but a little tender, in which case you have difficulty in diagnosing — 
and some of the greatest mistakes that are made by a veterinary sur- 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 145 

geon are in diagnosing lameness. You may imagine there is lameness 
and heat in the hock, and perhaps there is heat there from the irrita- 
tion in the foot. 

Symptoms. — If it is in the hind foot, the animal knuckles ; if in the 
fore foot, it is pointed, and when weight is thrown upon the affected 
foot the other is quickly brought forward. Examine carefully ; take 
up the foot and tap it with a hammer, and he will generally evince 
pain ; and he may show pain when you tap upon the side opposite the 
injury, and not show it when you tap upon the injured side. The 
horse will perhaps knuckle just when starting, for a few steps, and 
then walk all right. If in the frog, and you cut off some of the soft 
part, there may appear a small dark speck; tap upon this and it 
causes pain, then it likely is a puncture. 

Treatment. — It was at one time recommended, although not much 
lame, to cut the sole down and immerse the foot in poultices ; but 
there is generally no necessity for cutting much, but put the animal 
off work for a few days and apply a poultice. But sometimes the irri- 
tation increases instead of subsiding. Then it is necessary to cat 
down thoroughly, and let the matter escape ; if you do not it will ex- 
tend and produce quittor. In some cases of puncture the whole of the 
sensitive and insensitive frogs become detached. Then you must re- 
move the frog, for a new frog has to be produced. The after treat- 
ment is to poultice, use mild astringents, etc. Sometimes a fungus, 
growth results, which, in some cases, is very difficult to remove. You 
may have to use the knife, hot irons or caustics. Suppuration, in 
some cases, is pretty severe, and in other cases is the better termina-' 
tion. If it is in the region of the navicular bursa;, and not followed, 
by suppuration, the inflammation may continue and prove more dif-, 
ficult than suppuration, or the sole may be under-run from a puncture,, 
which did not give rise to suppuration. Then use the knife pretty 
freely, for if you do not, the new sole grows, the old presses upon it 
and keeps up the irritation. In cutting in a puncture do it carefully r 
and do not wound the healthy tissues. There may be irritation and 
riot suppuration, and if you cut down carefully the irritation may 
subside. 

Pricks. — This injury results from shoeing. It may or may not be 
the result of carelessness. It may result from very thin walls, or- 
from the use of improper nails. The symptoms are about the same 
as in punctures, but the nail may have been driven into the quick,, 
and then drawn out, and driven again. In such a case, if the animal 
is kept quiet for a day or two, there will not generally be any bad 
results ; but if worked, irritation is set up, lameness, etc.; or, perhaps- : 
a nail is driven very near, but not touching the sensitive parts, the 
animal may go well for some time, then strike a stone, the concussion 
irritates, and suppuration results, and causes great lameness. Remove 
the nail, and if matter is formed, let it out ; after the irritation sub- 
sides, put on the shoe; use a little tow and tar, or a leather sole* 



CANKER, SAND-CRACK, ETC. 

Canker. — This is of an inveterate character. It is more common, 
in heavy horses. It is a fungus growth. It may involve part or all! 
of the sole and frog. 

13 



146 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Causes. — Perhaps from sulphuretted hydrogen diathesis, or constitu- 
tional diathesis. It may be produced by irritation, as puncture, and 
may supervene a slight attack of grease. An exciting cause is stand- 
ing filth, dung, urine, wet farm yards, etc. 

Symptoms. — A fungus growth appears ; the horse is lame ; the sole 
becomes absorbed to a certain extent, and this growth extends and 
may involve the whole sole and frog. It is very vascular, and bleeds 
readily. It is difficult to treat, if due to a diseased condition of the 
parts. 

Treaiment. — It is necessary to use the knife freely, and remove all 
the horn in connection with it, or cut and then use caustics. Nitric 
acid is as good as any caustic for this. Then apply pressure by means 
of a piece of brass, iron, wood, etc., extending between the sides of the 
shoe ; or, if the horse is not extremely lame, a little exercise may give 
sufficient pressure. Cover the injured parts with tow and tar. Sul- 
phate of copper, chloride of antimony and nitrate of silver are used 
as caustics. Prof. Dick's remedy was sulphuric acid, two drachms ; 
verdigris, two drachms, and sufficient amount of tar. Prof. Williams 
says to remove the whole sole, even in an ordinary case (I would not 
recommend this unless the greater part of the sole is impaired), and 
then use chromic acid, covered with tar and tow. To treat this re- 
quires patience and perseverance, and you may subdue the fungus 
growths and produce a healthy growth. 

Sand Cracks, or Quarter Cracks. — Called quarter perhaps 
because the quarter is most likely to be affected. The crack extends 
down the wall, parallel with its fibers. It is called sand cracks, be- 
cause it is common in horses kept upon hot sandy soil — a horse raised 
upon moist land has a larger and flatter foot than those raised on dry 
land. Sand crack is oftenest seen on the inside quarter of the fore 
foot, and in front of the hind foot, but may appear on any part. 

Causes. — Some breeds and certain usage predispose to it, and shoe- 
ing with high heels and toes, high condition and irregular exercise, 
dry weather, etc., before the crack makes its appearance. I think 
there is impaired secretion and a slight irritation, but it may appear 
in a healthy foot. .At first it is generally just a small crack at the 
top of the hoof, and extends into the sensitive parts, or it may only 
extend through the horny part and not into the sensitive parts. The 
crack contracts when stepped upon, and expands when raised. This 
bruises the sensitive parts, and causes irritation, inflammation, and 
suppuration, and, if the animal is still kept at work, severe conse- 
quences may result. The hoof will not reunite, but must grow from 
the top, and takes a long time. It is, generally speaking, unsound- 
ness, but if properly used it does not interfere much with his useful- 
ness. 

Treatment. — When lame remove the shoe. Cut down the wall im- 
mediately under the crack, then allay the irritation. Bathe or im- 
merse in warm poultices, etc., then endeavor to promote the growth 
of horn — a blister around the coronet stimulates the growth — and 
when it grows down about an inch then a little exercise is beneficial. 
CoJd water is also a stimulant for the growth of horn. If the horse 
must work, cut down the parts; and endeavor to keep the sides of the 
crack together by means of clamps, using the necessary hot iron to 
give a hold, and if in a strong hoof there is but little trouble — in thin 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 147 

walls you might wound the sensitive structures — or, a nail may be 
inserted in the form of a clinch in a heavy hoof, or a brass plate put 
on with screws. The firing iron is often used, and is sometimes ben- 
eficial. If the crack extends half way down, then you must bottom 
the crack, as it is called, then fire in a sort of a V shave to weaken 
the attachment. Some strip off the horn entirely, and allow new 
horn to grow. Shoe with long shoes, and give frog pressure. The 
cold of winter as well as the heat of summer predisposes to it. In 
examining for soundness it is generally easily detected, but if the 
hair is long it may be overlooked, and some honest (?) people fill the 
cracks with gutta percha. A bar or round shoe is a good kind of 
shoe for sand crack. 

Tread, Over-reach and Calk are common in winter, especially 
when high, sharp shoes are used. Even if very trivial, and neglected, 
they may prove very serious. 

Treatment. — If it penetrates some little distance, the horse is kept at 
work and suppuration results. The animal will be very lame ; tap- 
ping slightly gives pain. It is sometimes advisable to remove the 
shoe ; cleanse the parts ; rasp the wall down ; cut down carefully m r 
remove any hair, etc. Then apply a nice light poultice, and then as- 
tringents. If not attended to the matter burrows and it becomes a 
serious trouble, and may even result in a quittor. Do not use any 
powerful remedies. Equal parts of oil of tar, tincture of benzoin and 
linseed oil is a good application. The lateral cartilages may be cut 
in over-reach, and if so, it takes a long time to recover. Bring the- 
parts together, if there are any chances for reunion, but if not, thei> 
remove the detached parts ; use luke-warm water, astringents, etc., and 
if any little growths spring up, subdue them by the usual means. If 
there is great pain use an anodyne— opium and water, or even chloro- 
form. Sometimes, after the irritation, a new growth of horn com- 
mences, and takes a long time for it to grow out, and, perhaps, when 
it extends about one-third way down it comes in contact with the old, 
and irritates it. This is more serious right in front. The result of 
all these injuries may be quittor. 



INJURIES AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. 

The Feet. — In injuries to the feet, from calks, etc., there is some- 
times profuse hemorrhage, and the best way to arrest it is by pressure. 
The surgical way would be to take up and ligature the artery ; but 
this is difficult to do, and it is tolerably easily arrested by pressure 
and styptics, as the tincture of the chloride of iron, acetate of lead, 
and perhaps a tourniquet will be needed. Apply pads over the arteries 
and then bandage, and keep up the pressure for twenty-four or thirty 
hours if the hemorrhage is profuse. The hemorrhage may weaken 
the animal, but there is no great danger of fatal hemorrhage, although 
there are exceptional cases. 

Quittor is a fistulous opening between the sensitive and insensitive 
laminse, and may result from the various injuries to the feet, as punc- 
tures, bruises, pricks, corns, treads, etc., which end in suppuration^ 



148 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OP 

and the matter does not get a dependent opening ; it extends, destroys 
the tissues with which it comes in contact, and finally bursts and forms 
a sinus at the head of the hoof. A swelling first appears at the top 
of the hoof, which is hard and painful, and then bursts. Is is more 
serious in a heavy horse and in the hind foot. It may extend around 
the greater part, or entirely around the coronary band, forming a se- 
ries of abscesses and finally sinuses. 

Treatment should be energetic and careful. Look carefully and en- 
deavor to find the original cause. Generally take off the shoe; cut 
down the sole and wall immediately below the abscess or sinus. If 
from acorn, and the sinuses are not formed, this treatment may arrest 
the irritation. If it is from a corn, or injury to the parts below, treat- 
ing a little abscess at the head of the hoof is not always successful, but 
use the knife and rasp pretty freely, and if sinuses extend down, fol- 
low their course. Endeavor to remove the wall and allow the matier 
to escape; and the bone may be injured, when it is very serious, but 
the symptoms are just the same. Cut down and expose the bone, and 
touch with hydro-chloric acid, or scrape it. Necrosis of the os pedis 
may result from quittor. After laying the sinuses open, inject with 
corrosive sublimate, one ounce ; alcohol, one ounce ; and water, one 
ounce. Inject every day for three or four days. This causes slough- 
ing and brings on a healthy action. Caustics have been recommended,, 
just the same as for fistula or poll-evil, and in some case^ it is good 
practice to use them. When there is difficulty in opening up, you 
may take a few grains of corrosive sublimate, roll it up in tissue 
paper, and insert to the bottom of the sinus. Sloughing will take 
place in three or four days, and a healthy action results. It requires 
dressing every or every other day. Prof. Williams refers to a treat- 
ment which was a secret, but he thinks it was the tincture of the 
chloride of iron which was used. After you arrest the discharge, and 
some tenderness remains, then a blister is of benefit — and a blister may 
be of benefit, although there is a sinus present. 

Bruises. — The sensitive sole is liable to bruises, especially upon 
macadamized roads, where there are rolling stones. This causes more 
less lameness, and it is difficult to say just what part is affected ; and 
there may be extravasation of blood in the sole, somewhat like a corn. 
A tap with the hammer causes pain ; if more severe, it may be fol- 
lowed by inflammation, suppuration and extreme lameness. Then 
remove the shoe ; cut down and give exit to the matter. The pincers 
also aid in finding the seat of lameness in the foot. 

Seedy Toe. — So called because it is generally found in the toe, 
and the horn breaks or crumbles in small pieces, something like a 
millet seed. It is due to an impaired secretion, the result of some 
slight irritation or other, some predisposition, or to some direct cause, 
as large clip in shoeing, which presses upon the sensitive parts, caus- 
ing an abnormal secretion. The hoof is easily broken down ; you can 
even break down the connection between the wall and sole. 

Treatment. — In many cases the horse is not lame, but it is an un" 
soundness, which may be overlooked. Kemove the shoe, cut down the 
wall and diseased sole, and endeavor to remove the diseased parts. 
Apply a pledget of tow, saturated with carbolic acid, oil of tar, etc. 
Overcome the irritation by poultices, hot or cold baths, etc.; and it is 
good practice in some cases to blister around the coronet; or, if you 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 14# 

have plenty of time, use cold water. It is not very serious, but it re- 
quires some time for the healthy growth to take place. 

False Quarter. — This term is usually applied to any condition 
where there is an abnormal condition of horn, and it is the result of 
an injury to the coronary substance. It secretes the horn, and if it is 
injured, it does not secrete properly. And in some cases there is no 
secretion from the coronary substance, but from the sensitive lamina? 
only ; or, it may secrete, but there will be a ridge on either side. This 
does not do any great harm, but if the only secretion is from the 
laminae, it is more serious. It may come in any part, most likely to 
come in the heel. Treatment is not often required. You may rasp 
it, if necessary. This may come from a calk. 



NAVICULAR DISEASE. 



Navicularthritis, Coffin Joint Lameness, etc.— This is 
common. The parts involved are the navicular bone and the bursa 
in connection with the perforans tendon. 

Pathology. — There has been some difference of opinion among emi- 
nent veterinarians about the pathology of this. Contraction o£ the 
foot was supposed to be a disease, and we still hear of it, and it is 
quite plausible to a person not acquainted with the parts. But the 
so called specific for this disease will not stand the test when put into 
practice. Contraction is not a disease, but the result of disease, and 
especially of navicular disease. Some thirty-five years ago navicular 
disease was said to be inflammation set up in the navicular bone ; then 
it was thought that it began in the tendon — Prof. Dick advocating 
that it began in the tendon. Prof. Williams says it commences in the 
cancellated structure or in the cartilage of navicular bone. Flem- 
mings thinks it commences in the tendon. I believe it may commence 
in either of the three, and if it comes on slowly, it begins in the bone 
or bursse; but if it is suddenly produced, it begins in the tendon; for 
we find that after a punctured wound in the foot, it is sometimes the 
case that the animal always remains lame from navicular disease. It 
is then in most cases the result of inflammation in the cancellated 
structure of the navicular bone, which extends and interferes with the 
nutrition of the articular cartilage, giving rise to caries. The bursa 
is destroyed and the tendon becomes attashed to the bone. The ten- 
donous fibers may become destroyed to some extent, which accounts 
for the tendon giving way after neurotomy. Contraction of the foot 
may be caused by a slight irritation of the sole, and sensitive lamina?, 
and it is difficult to say whether it is this or navicular disease, until 
after a time the symptoms become plain, if it is navicular disease. 

Causes. — Hard and fast work are the exciting causes. In some animals 
there is a hereditary tendency — a short upright pastern, with a stubby, 
imperfect action, and a very high action, which pounds the ground; 
allowing the toes to grow too long, cutting down the heel at every shoe- 
ing, etc. We find it is rare in racing, hunting, and even in the trot- 
ting horses, so long as they are used upon the turf, although they are 
subject to hard and fast exertion, for they are shod so as to keep the 



150 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

feet in a natural shape. But when they are shod with high heels and 
toes, and are driven upon hard roads, then they are liable to have 
navicular disease. Injury to the perforans tendon and irregular 
exercise tends to produce it. 

Symptoms. — There is usually more or less lameness— very sudden 
•and severe in some cases, in others slight and gradual — and perhaps 
for weeks or months it may be somewhat transient before it becomes 
permanent. Just when brought out in the morning he goes lame for 
a few steps, and then it disappears. He may be used in this manner 
for some time, and then grow very lame, then navicular disease is 
well established, the foot is pointed, etc. This may only be a habit, 
but when a horse has been used moderately, and is in good health, 
pointing is suspicious, and it may be present for some time before 
there is any well marked lameness or tenderness. If both feet are 
affected and he is suffering pain, then he throws the weight first upon 
one foot and then the other, and when brought from the stable he 
goes with a kind of groggy action, hence it has been termed grog- 
giness. Another well marked symptom is atrophy of the muscles of 
the limb, which extends and involves the muscles of the shoulder. 
This is not sweeney, as it is called, but is the result of navicular dis- 
ease. There are generally well marked changes — atrophy of the foot 
and contraction of the hoof — and is easily noticed if but one foot is 
affected. There are other means of forming an opinion : tap with a 
hammer over the region of the navicular bursa, and pain is evinced, 
or press upon the tendon at the back part of and close to the frog. 
This will assist you but it is not conclusive evidence of it, and you 
may, in exceptional cases, see a slight redness. Then there are neg- 
ative symptoms. In a well marked case of navicular disease there is 
generally a nice clean limb. Look at the manner in which the shoe 
is worn. If it is navicular disease, it will be worn at the toe, but 
some horses do this in health more than others, so you must make 
allowance for it. 

Treatment. — If it is of a severe character, and of long standing, per- 
haps years, then it is incurable. But if recent, in the inflammatory 
stage, of only weeks' standing, or perhaps months', then a complete 
oure may be effected. So you must take into consideration the length 
of time the disease has been in progress. Bemovethe shoe ; cut down 
*he toe; rasp the wall, and, in some cases, you may thin out the sole 
■to a certain extent. Then allay the irritation by a judicious use of 
poultices, water-baths, either hot or cold. Keep him standing with 
the foot in water two or three hours a day. After the irritation ceases, 
then blister -around the coronet, investing considerable surface, or, in- 
stead of a blister, you may use a frog seaton. Insert with a curved 
needle, after cutting down the frog and making an incision in the back 
part. Dress it with astringent dressings; keep it in for two or three 
Weeks; shoe with high heels and short toes, if it is due to a sprain of 
-the tendon, but in some cases thf 1 animal will go better with an ordi- 
nary low shoe. A leather sole may be useful, nicely stuffed with tow 
and tar, especially if the horse is used upon hard roads, but is not 
best in ►the mud, Sometimes it is advisable to use constitutional rem- 
"edies— .a laxative diet, if plethoric — if in the spring, a run at pasture, 
"but if in the summer months, and the ground hard, there is not much 
benefit in it. Be careful about the shoeing, and do not allow the shoes 

■ to stay qn too long. Although you are satisfied that the disease w, 

■ insurable, from the symptoms, you may relieve it to a considerabte 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 151 

extent. Neurotomy may be successfully resorted to in some cases. 
This is division of the nervous cord and excision of a part of it, with 
a view to relieve the pain, but not with a view of curing the disease. 
The plantar nerves are the ones usually operated on. The low opera- 
tion is the one likely to be successful, if performed in a proper foot — 
one that is contracted to a certain extent. Remove the shoe, bring 
the foot into proper condition, keep the animal quiet for a day or two, 
and bathe with cold water to allay any irritation and to remove the 
swelling ; then cast the horse and make an incision about an inch long 
above the fetlock, exposing the nerve, and remove an inch or more of 
it, or reunion will take place — a sort of nervous tumor form and con- 
nection be established. It is not generally a difficult operation, but 
care must be taken not to injure the artery. If it is performed too 
high up, you may leave a branch that will furnish sensation. This 
branch runs obliquely from the inside down and outward. If you per- 
form above this there will remain nervous influence. After operating, 
bring the edges of the wound together and apply cold water. When 
this operation was first performed for lameness it was performed upon 
all kinds of subjects, many of which were not fit for the operation — 
and this was one reason why it was brought into disrepute — but if 
you exercise judgment and select proper subjects, it will prove success- 
ful, do you credit and be beneficial to the animal ; but if done indis- 
criminately, it will prove a lamentable failure. Endeavor to impress 
the character of the operation upon the owner, for I have known some 
trouble to arise from the neglect of this, Avhere the operation was not 
successful. In a flat foot it is not likely to prove successful ; 
but in a deep, strong foot, although small, it is attended with 
success. If reunion takes place, you may have to operate a sec- 
ond time. The dangers of neurotomy are from punctures, pricks, 
bruises," etc., which, on account of there being no sensation in the foot, 
run on to suppuration, and the first thing that will be noticed is a 
swelling and quittor, or the tendou may be ruptured from using it 
more freely than when pain was present. After an operation the ani- 
mal should be watched carefully, the shoes applied with great care, 
and the feet should be examined every time the horse is brought into 
the stable. 



THE TEETH. 



Odontology is a treatise on the teeth. The teeth are hard and 
bone-like, and are the principal agents in mastication. They are a 
combination of inorganic salts, with the previously existing animal 
matter, an<! contain about seventy-six per cent, of earthy material, phos- 
phate of lime, phosphate of magnesia, etc., the same as in bone. 
The teeth are the means afforded us to tell the age of the animal. 
We find they vary much in different animals, in size, structure, num- 
ber and position, and also in motion, as for grinding, tearing, pound- 
ing, etc. In the horse there is a large grinding surface; in the car- 
nivora they are sharp and pointed ; in the omnivora they are both 
sharp and tabled. They are intimately related with the structures 
and habits of the animal, their form depending upon the nature of 
food upon which the animal lives. Teeth are of two kinds, simple 



152 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

and complex. Simple in the human being and the dog, being covered 
with one coat of enamel. They are complex in the horse and ox, 
there being several processes of enamel brought into wear at the same 
time. This is why the lower animals are not troubled with the 
toothache. The tusk of a horse is a simple tooth, having but one 
coat of enamel ; the others are complex, because they have external 
and internal enamel, bringing different tissues into wear at the same 
time. In describing a tooth we say it has a body or crown, which is 
above the gums; a table, or the grinding surface; the neck, or that 
surrounded by the gums ; and a root or fang, which is inserted in the 
alveoli. Running up the center of the fang is a cavity which con- 
tains the pulp, a highly nervous substance. The sulcus, in which the 
teeth are inserted, are called alveolar processes, and exist only with 
the tooth, for if a tooth is taken out the cavity disappears. There 
are three substances in the tooth — dentine or ivory, enamel, cementum 
or crusta petrosa. These vary in proportion in the different teeth. 
Dentine is a yellowish white substance which appears homogeneous 
to the eye, but under the microscope it is found to be made of tubuli. 
These begin at the pulp cavity and radiate towards the surface, they 
are imbedded in a matrix and form a greater part of the body and 
fang of the tooth. The enamel is the hardest structure in the body, 
and forms a protective covering for the teeth. It contains about 
ninety-three to ninety-five per cent, of earthy material; it is a bluish 
white substance, covers the crown of the tooth, and in complex teeth 
it also forms an internal ring which brings the different parts into 
wear at the same time. It is small in quantity, and is made up of 
hexagonal prisms, it also covers the little depression of the tooth. 
There are three classes of teeth, the incisors or cutting, are situated 
in front, six above and six below ; the canine, or tusks, are in the 
interdental space ; the molars or grinders are twenty-four in number. 
The horse has two sets of teeth, the deciduous or milk teeth, which 
are temporary, and the permanent. The temporary are twenty-four 
in number, the permanent forty. The incisors show a center which 
is greater in the young horse, it is called the infundibulum, by means 
of which we are able to determine his age pretty coriectly up to a 
certain age. This funnel shaped cavity is usually covered with tartar. 
Sometimes the teeth are dressed, but it is easy to tell the difference, 
the black mark has no ring of enamel. There is a little difference in 
the incisors of the upper and lower jaw, the upper have two grooves, 
the lower only one. The same is true of the molar teeth, those of the 
upper jaw being more widely separated, and nearly square in shape. 
The molars generally have two infundibular The cutting of teeth in 
the foal varies some, with which the period of gestation has some- 
thing to do. If the foal is born sooner than natural they may not 
appear so soon, but there are generally twelve molars and four 
incisors at birth, or if not at birth they will appear in about fourteen 
days. The twelve molars appear as temporary, the others as permanent 
teeth. The teeth are divided thus: The two occupying the center 
are called central, the two next — one on either side of these two — are 
called the lateral, the last two on either side are called the corner. 
So at birth the foal usually has two central incisors; in about seven 
to nine weeks the two lateral are cut; in from seven to nine months 
the third pair of incisors, and at one year the corner teeth are in 
wear ; at twelve months the first permanent molar is up and in wear, 
go we have them thus : 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 153 

•• 

Incisors. Molaes. 

Age. Temporary. Permanent. Temporary. Permanent, 

At or soon 



after birth 5 4 ° U ° 

1 year 12 12 4 

2 years 12 12 8 

3 " 8 4 4 16 

4 " 4 8 24 

5 " 12 24 

In ponies you may mistake temporary for permanent teeth. At about 
two years and nine months the central incisors appear ; at three, they 
are up and in wear; at three and a half the lateral teeth appear; at 
four they are up and in wear. At four years old the horse has a full 
mouth of permanent molars. It is a good plan for you to recollect 
the time when the teeth make their appearance, and become familiar 
with the difference between the milk and permanent teeth. The milk 
teeth are whiter, and present a pretty distinct neck. 

The teeth are alongside of each other, forming an oblong or 
parabolic arch, and are designated the superior and inferior dental 
archers, interrupted by the interdental spaces in the horse, but in 
some animals the teeth are continuous. There are three classes of 
teeth: incisors, canine and molars; then there are two sets of teeth: 
temporary and permanent. All the incisors and twelve molars appear 
as temporary teeth. The body of the tooth has an encircling ring of 
enamel, then dentine and then a central ring of enamel. In this 
center there is a black mark. The infundibulum disappears as the 
animal grows older. It is usually filled with tartar or food, and is 
surrounded by enamel. The teeth grows to a great extent from the 
pulp. But after this is destroyed, they receive support from the sur- 
rounding structures. In the molar teeth there are two or three of 
these pulp cavities. At an early period of gestation the teeth appear 
as a small depression in the mucous membrane of the gums, called 
the primitive dental groove. Then, in from twelve to fifteen weeks, 
(in the- human being), a little prominence takes place, and this is 
called the papillary stage; then these papillae become separated from 
each other and form along by the side of each other, and prolonga- 
tions pass across between the different papilla, and they develop a 
follicle or bag ; this is called the follicular stage. Then this follicle 
or bag becomes separated into a sheet-sac ; this is called the sacular 
stage. Then a cavity appears between the teeth, called the cavity of 
reserve. The permanent teeth soou become developed ; press upon 
and cause absoption of the temporary, until in some cases nothing but 
the crown is left, which drops out. There is some difference in the 
number of teeth in the domestic animals. 

Incisors. Canine. Molars. Bicuspid. 

Man Iff f =32 

Horse f f if % =40 

Ox | % \\ % =32 

Dog t t If ■ f =42 

Pig I t H - I =44 

The central incisors appear at birth, or in two or three weeks ; the 
lateral in about nine weeks; the comer in about nine months, and 



154 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OP 

they are up and in wear at one year old. The first, second and third 
molars appear as temporary teeth at or soon after birth. The first 
temporary molar is replaced by a permanent one when the horse is 
from two to three years old. The second and fourth appear, perhaps, 
about the same time when he is about four years old The two per- 
manent central incisors appear from two and a half to three years — 
at three they are up and in wear. The lateral from three and a half 
to four, and are up and in wear at four. The corner from four and a 
half to five, and up and in wear at five. But they do not come just 
the same in all animals. I have seen a full mouth of permanent in- 
cisors at four years old. Sometimes the posterior table surface does 
not wear down with the anterior — due to the way in which the teeth 
grow. This is called shell-mouth, and you might mistake an eight- 
year-old for a six-year old. Young teeth are widest from side to side; 
in old ones they are widest from before back. You can tell the age 
pretty well up to six or seven years. It is well to look at the upper 
jaw. Sometimes the upper jaw overlaps the under, giving rise to what 
is called a parrot mouth. At six years the posterior table surface of 
the corner incisors is up and in wear, and the mark is beginning to 
wear out of the central teeth, and when you see the mark worn out 
of the central incisors, you may say he is six years old. At seven the 
mark is worn out of the lateral, and at eight out of the corner incisors. 
By the upper teeth, which do not wear so fast as the others, we can de- 
termine the age pretty correctly up to twelve years. At nine the mark 
is worn out of the lateral, and at about eleven or twelve out of the 
corner incisors. And even after this, by watching the manner in which 
they grow, you can tell something of the age. You are also assisted 
by the tushes, which at first are small, but grow as the animal grows, 
or in some cases they wear down, and an accumulation of cement sur- 
rounds them, which tells you the animal is pretty old. Kunning 
horses, that are entered as such, date their birth from the first of Jan- 
uary — although born in September, he would be called one year old 
on the first of January. Until lately, in some of the Southern of the 
United States, it was counted from May. Foals are generally dropped 
in the spring. Sometimes you have to give an opinion as to the age 
of the ox, which has no incisors in the lower jaw, but the place is 
occupied by a cartilaginous pad, and there are eight incisors in the 
lower jaw, which are called shovel-shaped, and are not so firmly set 
in the alveoli as in the horse. It is a natural condition, as a general 
thing, and not the result of disease. The same three tissues enter into 
their formation. The two incisors in the center are called the central ; 
the next two, one on either side of these, the internal lateral ; and the 
next two, the external lateral ; and the last two, the corner teeth. 
There are twenty-four molars, of which twelve appear as temporary 
and twelve as permanent teeth. They are not so regular in their ap- 
pearance as in the horse, varying according to gestation. The central 
and internal lateral, if not up at birth, will be up in a month, but 
they vary much from the breed and the care of the animal. You can 
form a more reliable opinion of the age of cattle by the teeth than by 
the horns. A well-bred short-horn will occasionally have a full 
mouth at three years old. The central permanent incisors appear at 
two years, the internal lateral at two and a half, the external lateral 
at three, the corner at three and a half. The first three molars appear 
as temporary teeth at birth, or in a month after ; the permanent mo- 
lar in six or eight months — up and in wear at one year; the second 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 155 

permanent, the fifth tooth in the jaw, at fifteen or sixteen months — up 
and in wear at two years. At two or two and a half years the first 
and second temporary molars are replaced by permanent ones. A 
little later the other molars appear, and the animal has a full mouth 
at three and a half years. A sheep has the same number of teeth as 
the ox, and they are replaced much the same way, but generally a lit- 
tle earlier. 

Unnatural Conditions, Irritation, Etc., of the Teeth.— 
Dentition begins at or soon after birth, and continues until the horse 
is five years old, and the animal suffers more or less during that time. 
The lower animals do not appear to suffer so much in getting their 
first teeth, but do suffer when getting their permanent ones, even more, 
perhaps, than the human being. Hence, we have dentition fever in the 
horse from three or four up to five years old — there is a weak pulse, 
impaired appetite, a staring coat, the bowels sometimes costive, and 
sometimes there is diarrhea; he is not able to work, and it is hard 
to say what is the matter, unless the system is affected by the irrita- 
tion set up by the teeth, for all the organs appear to be in a healthy 
state. Such symptoms indicate that the temporary teeth are not be- 
ing displaced in a proper way. The same applies to cattle. The food 
passes improperly digested, which may be entirely due to the state of 
the teeth. It is well in such cases to examine the mouth, and if you 
find some tooth not properly displaced, the gums swollen, remove it — 
which you can sometimes do with the thumb and finger, or you may 
have to use the forceps. Then give a mild laxative, feed on soft food 
and the animal will soon recover. 

Lampas is very common. It is not certain whether it should be 
called a disease or not, but it is called a disease, and no doubt there 
is a change going on in the surrounding parts as well as in the teeth, 
sometimes involving the submucous tissues, and from the swollen 
condition of the gums it may interfere with mastication. The gum 
may be even with or even extend over the teeth. Scarify such cases 
with the lancet, making two or three incisions, but do not make any 
incisions behind the third bar, or you will injure the palatine artery 
and cause profuse hemorrhage, but cut to either side or before the 
third bar, then feed upon soft food. Sometimes astringents are 
useful, alum and water being very good, two or three drachms of 
alum to a pint of water. The brutal practice of using a hot iron was 
and is still sometimes used, and I wish you to set yourselves entirely 
against such treatment; it is entirely uncalled for. There is no great 
harm in scarifying, and it is sometimes highly necessary, but you 
will have to do it when there is no use in it ; if you do not the animal 
will be taken to some one who will perhaps burn him, and you might 
as Well get your fifty cents or a dollar, and save the animal. Give a 
few doses of tonics, and the animal will come out all right. You may 
be called to check severe hemorrhage from the cutting of the palatine 
artery, which is best done by pressure. Saturate some tow with a 
styptic and place against the parts, or you may take a block of wood 
and tie it in the mouth to keep the tow in place. You may meet a 
case where it is necessary to use the actual cautery. There is no 
great danger of fatal hemorrhage from this accident, but it might 
weaken the animal to a great extent. 



156 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

DISEASES OF THE MOUTH. 

The gums are sometimes irritated in connection with the molar 
teeth, this irritation extends and affects the pharynx and larynx, and 
perhaps a severe cough is the result, called a dentition cough. It is 
often the result of but a slight irritation at the back part of the gums 
— this cough may not be very severe, but it is troublesome — or the 
gum may become tumefied. The best treatment is to scarify it. We 
find tumors in the upper and lower jaw, perhaps from the imperfect 
development of the teeth, or from their growing in an improper 
manner, from slight injury, irritation, etc. They may or may not be 
malignant, and are likely to extend and involve the alveoli and bone. 
If not malignant, and only upon the surface, it is called epulis, and is 
not very common. If not malignant remove it, and you may also 
have to extract some of the teeth, then treat as a common wound. 
If malignant or cancerous, although you are able to remove it, and it 
may do well for some time, it will return, extend and become a hope- 
less case. The horse sometimes suffers from sharp, projecting teeth, 
which occurs more commonly in old horses, from the wearing down 
of the teeth in an uneven manner. They will be sharp on the inner 
edge of the lower jaw and the outer edge of the upper jaw, which 
may be from faulty formation. In such cases the animal has 
difficulty in eating, grinds his food, ejecting it. Perhaps when 
driving him he carries the head to one side, from the bearing of the 
bit not being the same on both sides If the teeth are sharp in the 
lower jaw they lacerate the tongue ; if in the upper they lacerate the 
cheeks. The best remedy for this is the tooth rasp, and there is no 
necessity for using the balling iron or twitch. After rasping, feed 
upon soft food for a day or two. There are more difficult cases where 
the teeth project to some extent, generally in old horses, due to mal- 
formation of the jaw. Sometimes the upper jaw extends over the 
lower, and a part of the last tooth is not worn down properly, and 
after a time it interferes with mastication, and the animal suffers con- 
siderably from irritation. The same appears in the anterior tooth of 
the upper jaw, but it is not so serious as the back tooth/ The animal 
may be reduced to a walking skeleton, almost ; although the appetite 
appears good, the food is thrown out. You can detect by examining 
with the hand, and if it is the last molar tooth you must throw the 
horse, use the balling iron, and remove by means of the tooth shears 
or the large forceps. If it is in front there is no necessity for throw- 
ing the animal. After using the shears rub the parts down smooth 
with a tooth rasp, and feed properly, and he will improve rapidly. 
When these growths are from malformation they should be watched 
closely, and no doubt sooner or later they destroy the condition of 
the mouth, and it becomes necessary to destroy the animal, but it can 
be relieved to some extent by the rasp, chisel, shears, etc. There is, 
as well as the shears, a sliding chisel, and when you use it, it is better 
to use a wooden mallet than a hammer. In using the straight chisel 
there is another instrument for an assistant to hold against the back 
part of the tooth Avhile you chisel it off. 

Caries of the Teeth. — The lower animals do not suffer from 
this as much as man, for two reasons : their teeth are complicated, 
and the mode of living. Sweets have a bad effect upon the teeth. 
Horses rarely suffer from toothache, but they frequently suffer from 
carious teeth. Caries may commence either on the table surface, root 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 157 

or fang, or even in that which surrounds the tooth ; or it may result 
from a slight injury, as getting a stone, etc., between the teeth when 
masticating ; or it may begin in the fang from improper development 
of the dentine, which receives its nourishment from the tooth-pulp, 
and when this is gone the tooth does not receive proper nourish- 
ment, etc. 

Symptoms. — In the early stage they are not very plain, but become 
better developed after a time. The animal will show some irritation 
while eating. Although he is hungry, and goes ravenously to eating, 
he will all at once quit masticating, and either holds the food in the 
mouth or throws it out unchewed. This- may be due to a slight irri- 
tation of the teeth. He acts something similar to the human being, 
and these symptoms may be present for some time before the well- 
marked symptoms appear. But in, it may be, six months or a year, 
certain distinct symptoms appear. If it is in the table surface, the 
tooth is brittle, and wears down more readily, and the tooth opposite 
to it grows longer ; he quids or rejects the food, and a peculiar stench 
or fetor is present. The animal falls off in condition, in most cases. 
When it is in connection with the root or fang it isdifferert. As it ex- 
tends it involves the other tissues, sets up irritation in the superior 
"maxillary sinus, if it is in the upper jaw, and gives rise to a some- 
what putrid and offensive discharge. If it is in the lower jaw, as 
well as the symptoms given, you will, perhaps, notice a slight enlarge- 
ment which extends down the lower portion of the jaw ; sinuses form 
and matter is discharged. Exercise care and judgment and you need 
make no great mistakes. I knew a horse destroyed for glanders when 
it was only a carious tooth. 

Treatment. — Remove the tooth — and this is not very easily done, but 
there are various ways. Open the mouth by means of a balling iron, 
and, if practicable, use the forceps. The trouble with the forceps is, 
they are apt to break the tooth when they are closed upon it too tight. 
There is a tooth key which can be used in the lower jaw, as the teeth 
in that are easier removed than those in the upper jaw ; or you may 
remove by trephining, and then by inserting a punch it can be driven 
out. When you attempt to remove a tooth, and it breaks down, it 
will, in many cases, come away of itself without further treatment. 
The first and second molars are more difficult to punch out than the 
others. After treatment : keep the animal quiet ; feed upon soft food 
that does not require much mastication. There is a difference in 
treating the cavity. Some recommend filling it with gutta percha, to 
prevent the food from passing into the sinus. It will sometimes pass 
into both sinuses ; but generally there is no necessity for filing it. If 
you trephine, it is more needful than in pulling. If food does pass 
into the sinuses, then it will be necessary to fill the hole. Sometimes 
in parrot-mouth the incisors of the lower jaw grow and irritate the 
mucous membrane of the opposite jaw, when it is necessary to rasp 
them down. 

Wolf Teeth are supernumerary, just in front of the molar, and 
you are often asked to remove them, and sometimes they do harm, 
but that is the exception, and not the rule. They are easily removed 
with a pair of small forceps, or they may be punched out. Some 
think they interfere with the eye, by exerting some influence upon the 
ophthalmic division of the fifth nerve, but I do not think they have 
anything to do with irritating the eyes. Tooth substance may be de- 



158 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

veloped in almost any part of the body ; in the muscles by the ear ; 
in the frontal sinuses ; and even in the remote parts of the body ; even 
in the testicle, of which I have a specimen. It is common in the 
lower animals, but not in the testicles. 

A Foreign Body sometimes gets lodged in the mouth, as a 
piece of wood from his hay, etc., and possibly becomes imbedded be- 
tween the molar teeth, and the animal is not able to get it out. There 
will be difficulty in masticating ; a flow of saliva; the animal stands 
with the head poked^out, as if suffering from sore throat. He will 
partially masticate, then- try to swallow, and perhaps eject the food. 
These symptoms are present in sore throat, and it is necessary to 
make a careful examination ; you are not likely to mistake just one 
case, but if there is some other disease prevalent that presents similar 
symptoms, then you are liable to make a mistake. 

The Tongue is sometimes injured, sometimes by catching the 
tongue under a twitch, from tying a horse to a wagon, and something 
causes him to pull back suddenly, and the tongue is lacerated. Bring 
the parts together as quickly as possible ; sew them up, and feed upon 
soft food. And another way of injury is in giving medicine, by hold- 
ing to the tongue when the animal pulls back — the muscles become 
paralyzed, the tongue hangs out of the mouth, and it is lacerated by 
the teeth. If you think there is a chance of reunion, get the parts 
into the mouth and keep there by means of a nose band ; but if it 
is cold and almost dead, then it is necessary to remove the part, which 
is easily done. It is not, in most cases, necessary to throw the animal, 
and there is no great amount of hemorrhage, as it was lacerated, and 
such a wound does not bleed very freely. Feed upon sloppy food ; 
give no hay nor anything that would hurt the parts. There will be a 
peculiarity in the animal's drinking, as he will place his nose deep in 
the water after losing part of his tongue. If the irritation came from 
the use of the twitch it is easily overcome, although it looks very 
formidable at first. It is best overcome by scarifying slightly in two 
or three places and bathing in lukewarm water. Place the tongue in 
the mouth and keep the mouth shut by using a nose band, and it will 
soon regain its natural condition. 

The Frsenum Linguae, or the fold of mucous membrane be- 
neath the tongue, is often injured in drenching or giving a ball, or 
from a foreign body getting in the mouth. It gives rise to a discharge 
of saliva, difficulty in masticating, the food gets in and increases the 
irritation, and he falls off in condition. 

Treatment. — Clean the parts, wash in tepid water, inject a weak solu- 
tion of carbolic acid, sulphate of zinc, or alum water, etc. 



INJURIES TO THE MOUTH. 



Laceration of the Lips. — Bring the divided edges together and 
secure them ; keep the animal quiet. There are also small tumors, 
which may be produced by some injury or irritant. If they contain 
matter, make an inci-ion and let it out — and it is generally better to 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 159 

make the incision in the mucous membrane instead of the skin — then 
bathe with astringents. There is also a small egg-shaped tumor that 
appears in connection with the false nostril, which contains a cheesy- 
like substance, and it is possible for it to become encysted and remain 
there for a long time. Open and squeeze out the matter, and, if nec- 
essary, inject with carbolic acid. The lips may be injured from sharp 
teeth, or it may be the result of injury from the bit, producing irrita- 
tion and, perhaps, inflammation, and if matter forms, let it out, either 
internally or externally, as required, at the same time removing the 
cause. Or there may be cysts in the ducts at either side of the frae- 
mum lingua;, which are called ranula — not very common in the horse. 
Best treated by opening them up or cutting them out, which can be 
done with the scissors ; then use mild astringents, or you may even 
touch with mild caustics. The tongue may become paralyzed from 
disease of the brain and paralysis of the lips, which usually occurs 
from injury or exposure to cold, for which see lecture on Nervous 
System. 

Grlostitis, or inflammation of the tongue, is not very common, but 
may result from injury, from pulling the tongue violently while giv- 
ing medicine, or from eating poisonous herbs, which irritates, and in- 
flammation results ; or it may be due to the administration of irritant 
medicines, as ammonia, or even sweet spirits of nitre, if not sufficiently 
diluted. It may extend and involve both the extrinsic and intrinsic 
muscles of the tongue. If it occurs it is in the mucous membrane. 

Symptoms. — There is a flow of saliva, impaired mastication, a dif- 
ficulty in swallowing and in respiration, until it is sometimes neces- 
sary to resort to tricheotomy. This is easily seen ; the tongue is red- 
dened, painful upon pressure ; perhaps there is fever and the tongue 
protruding from the mouth. It may terminate in resolution or sup- 
puration ; small abscesses form in different parts, and sometimes in- 
duration, and then the tongue loses its condition to a great extent ; 
there appears a kind of transverse crack ; the animal cannot masticate, 
becomes greatly emaciated, and death may occur from starvation. It 
is often caused by some foreign body in the tongue. I knew a needle 
to produce this in a severe form. 

Treatment. — Remove the cause, give a laxative — oil or aloes if in 
the horse, epsom salts is better in cattle. Gargle the mouth with 
tepid water or laudanum, or if it is from the administration of 
ammonia use vinegar and* water, and if it is greatly swollen scarify it 
in one or two places and then bathe and allow the matter to escape 
when it forms. You can sometimes prevent induration by scarifying 
and applying something, as salt and water, which irritates it to a cer- 
tain extent, and may prevent it. Iodine applied to the lower jaw 
and given internally may be of use. When induration is once estab- 
lished the animal is useless. 

Barbs is a term applied to an enlarged condition of the papillae 
or orifices of the sublingual or submaxillary glands. It does not 
require much treatment, but these enlargements are sometimes bar- 
barously removed. They may be removed or subdued by astringents 
or cold water. 

Apthae or Thrush. — This is properly a disease of the digestive 
system, or sometimes called a dietetic disease. It is called a sporadic 
apthse, to distinguish it from epizootic aptha?, which is rarely seen in 



160 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

this country. The sporadic affects the mouth and the whole alimen- 
tary canal. Vesicles and pustules appear on the tongue and lips, 
and may extend to the skin of the lips, and I believe it extends 
throughout the whole alimentary canal. It is due to indigestion and 
poor food of any description, bad hay being particularly apt to cause 
it, and the feed affecting many at the same time has given rise to the 
supposition that it is sometimes contagious. There is a dietetic dis- 
ease called stomatitis contagiose, which is also from faulty digestion. 

Symptoms. — The appetite impaired, the mouth hot, the pulse quick- 
ened some but not much, and the temperature slightly increased, per- 
haps one or two degrees. He is unable to masticate, and then these 
small vesicles appear, which run into pustules in some cases. 

Treatment. — Remove the cause ; give a slight laxative — two, three, 
or four drachms of aloes — but do not give a large dose, for the 
alimentary canal is already irritated. You may give it in connec- 
tion with gentian or ginger, or a small dose of oil. Give vegetable 
and mineral tonics, or ginger and carbonate of soda, one drachm 
each, once or twice a day. Use a gargle of alum and water, or a 
little carbolic acid may be added. Sulphate of copper, nitrate of 
silver, etc., may be used as stimulants, or you may give quinine in 
one-half drachm to one drachm doses. Dissolve it in sulphuric acid, 
and the best way to give it is in a drench in water. 

Inflammation of the Palate and Pharynx sometimes re- 
sults from balling with a stick, or it may proceed from some little 
foreign body lodged in the parts. Laryngitis is more common, and 
much more severe than pharyngitis, and is sometimes produced by 
the violent use of the probang. 

Symptoms.. — There is great fever ; swelling both internally and ex- 
ternally, and perhaps the fever is followed by death in from twenty- 
four to sixty hours. There are all the ordinary symptoms of sore 
throat, and a stench comes from the throat, and in cattle the swelling 
extends towards the ear, especially if produced by the probang. Use 
fomentations, give a moderate dose of sedative medicines, and use ju- 
dicious counter-irritation ; try the inhalation of vapor, and if it gives 
relief, continue ; if it seems to cause distress, do not use it. And use 
any of the ordinary gargles, and it may terminate in resolution. 
Abcesses also occur in the pharynx, and it is hard to say what causes 
them. It is more likely to attack cattle that have a tubercular ten- 
dency. In the horse it may result from sore throat, direct injury, etc. 
If it is high up it interferes with respiration, and there is usually a 
discharge from the nose; a difficulty in swallowing, etc. The symp- 
toms in cattle are similar, but are not generally so violent ; he may 
take some food, but there is a peculiar breathing. You may detect a 
bulging by pressing on either side of the throat. The treatment given 
is to open these abcesses, but it is not very successful. I have never 
seen it done with success in the horse, but it is more easily done in 
cattle. There is danger of the matter passing down and suffocating 
the animal. Use a guarded knife, or a concealed bistouri ; a small 
knife well guarded, is very good. But you are working* in the dark 
to a certain extent ; however, opening may save life occassionally. 

Pharyngeal Polypi. — These sometimes have a constricted base ; 
others have a wide base ; the animal will fall off in condition, shows 
fits of temporary choking, coughs violently, staggers, and perhaps falls, 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 161 

and then is relieved, after which there is a discharge of blood from 
the nose ; this shows you there is some irritation in connection with 
the pharynx. If it has a constricted base, you may remove it with 
an ecraseur, but if it has a broad base, it is better to let it alone, es- 
pecially in an old horse. There is difficulty in the hemorrhage pass- 
ing down the trachea and causing inflammation of the trachea and 
lungs. 

(Esophagus. — Choking occurs in all animals, but is more com- 
mon in cattle. It may be due to an improperly masticated bolus 
of food, and this is a severe kind of choking ; or, it may be from a 
hard body, as a piece of a turnip, potato, apple, etc., from a ball being 
given in a hard form. Hence it is necessary to soften balls before 
giving them. It is sometimes produced by giving an egg without 
breaking it, or from something taken with the hay. Thorns have 
been found lodged in the oesophagus. It may either be in the cer- 
vical or thoracic portion, aud the symptoms are more distressing 
when in the cervical portion. There are signs of uneasiness ; if 
there is an attempt to swallow liquids, they are regurgitated; there 
is an increased flow of saliva. In the horse there is a spasmodic 
retching of the neck, especially if it is in the thoracic portion ; 
there is difficulty of breathing, which may increase and cause suf- 
focation. 

Symptoms. — Pass the hand along the course of the oesophagus, and 
if it is in the cervical portion, you can detect it. Another symp- 
tom in cattle is tympanites ; but this does not always occur. 

Treatment. — If the symptoms are not very prominent, endeavor to 
find the nature of the obstruction, and then the situation of it, and 
if it is in the pharynx or cervical region, you may be able to dis- 
place it by manipulation. If you fail in this, give a little liquid — - 
some oil if it is a hard body ; but be careful with oil, if it is 
some partially masticated food. If this also fails, use the probang ;. 
a leather one is best for cattle, and it is not necessary to cast the ani- 
mal, but it is well in some cases to use the guide to prevent injury to 
the probang. The treatment in cattle is just the same ; and when 
you fail to remove it with the probang, cut down if it is in the cer- 
vical region, and remove it; then bring the edges together by a suture. 
Keep the animal quiet, and give no food but a small amount of 
liquids for some time. This is not a very successful operation, but 
if all other means fail, try it. If there is much tympanites and 
symptoms of suffocation in cattle, use the trochar. 

Dilatation of the (Esophagus sometimes results from chok- 
ing. It may dilate to a great extent and cause alarming symptoms ; 
the animal is from time to time attacked with symptoms of choking, 
which is better noticed when the food is changed. If it is in the cer- 
vical region there will be a pouch formed, which can be felt or seen. 
If it is in the cervical portion, it may be relieved in some cases by a 
pad supported by a bandage around the neck — by careful and fre- 
quent feeding ; and do not give a sudden change of food. Some say 
to cut down and remove some of it, but this is impossible. There 
sometimes is just the opposite of this, or 

Stricture of the (Esophagus. — There are two kinds, spas- 
modic, and a thickening of the mucous membrane, and when one 
part becomes dilated from choking another part is apt to be constric- 



162 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

ted. There is difficulty in swallowing, and food may collect above 
the stricture, or may become regurgitated ; flesh is rapidly lost, and 
the animal may linger for weeks or months and then die. Sometimes 
you are justified in passing the probang, and when it comes to the 
stricture it will be resisted, and you may overcome the stricture by 
the use of the probang. Every day, or every other day, a dose of 
aconite or such remedies may be useful. Sometimes rupture is the 
result of choking, and is very serious. It generally comes from the use 
of some such thing as a whip stock, to relieve choking, and it might 
be done with a probang. There is both external and internal swelling, 
great pain, pulse somewhat quick, offensive breath, in swallowing, the 
substances sometimes pass into the areolar tissue, etc. It generally 
proves fatal. Some recommend cutting down and treating as oeso- 
phagotomy, but death generally occurs in two or three days. 



DISEASES OF THE GLANDS, ETC. 

The Salivary Glands. — There are three pairs of salivary 
glands- — the parotid, submaxilary, and sublingual. They secrete the 
saliva, which is mixed with the food and fits it for digestion. . 

Parotid G-lands. — Inflammation of these is not uncommon in 
connection with strangles. It is a hard, inflammatory swelling, ex- 
tending from the ear downward. In the horse it is apt to terminate 
in suppuration, and sometimes in induration. Slight induration is 
not very uncommon, especially in those horses that are tightly reined, 
producing irritation and thickening of the gland. Use fomentations, 
poultices, and stimulating liniments — ammoniacal or a weak solution 
of biniodide of mercury — and you may bring about resolution; but 
there is a great tendency to suppuration. When matter is formed 
open it up, and if the animal is weak give iodine. Inflammation of 
these glands is often found in cattle, in connection with tuberculosis, 
and the inflammatory action runs on to suppuration, but not so 
quickly as in horses. A small amount of matter may become im- 
prisoned and remain there for a long time. It is necessary to use a 
stronger embrocation on cattle than horses. Let the matter out 
when formed. I have noticed in cattle that sometimes the surround- 
ing parts are vascular, and it is generally advisable to open carefully 
on account of hemorihage. It is sometimes best to explore it with 
an exploring needle and then enlarge the opening carefully. Indura- 
tion sometimes takes place, and the best remedy in this and all gland- 
ular enlargements is iodine. Iodine one part, iodide of potassium 
one part, and lard four parts, and give iodide of potassium internally. 

Steno's Duct. — The duct of this parotid gland winds around the 
inferior maxillary bone and enters the mouth between the second and 
third upper molar teeth. This gland secretes during mastication 
only ; the others secrete whenever food is taken in the mouth. 

Fistula of this Duct is not uncommon in horses. It some- 
times results from injury and sometimes from an abscess in irregular 
strangles, or it may be due to the incautious opening of the abscess, 
or some obstruction passing into the duct from the inside of the 
mouth. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 163 

Symptoms. — There is a discharge of thin watery fluid, which is in- 
creased during mastication. When the horse is not masticating per- 
haps the only thing noticed is a small opening on the outside of the 
jaw, and a slight discharge, but if dry food is given there will be a 
greatly increased discharge. The losing of this saliva interferes with 
digestion, and colic may be the result. 

Treatment. — In a recent case this is sometimes easily overcome, but 
if of long standing it is more difficult. Paint it with collodion and 
keep very quiet for several days ; give no solid food, and only just 
enough fluid food to sustain life. If a case of longer standing, scar- 
ify the edges and then bring them together and secure by means of a 
pin ; then use stimulants, or touch tire parts with mild caustics. Some 
object to caustics, but I have seen them prove of benefit. If the means 
given fail, then endeavor to make a new duct by inserting a small seaton 
right into the cheek, and keep it there and stimulate with some .stim- 
ulant until a new duct is formed. 

Salivary Calculi. — Any gland that has a Avell-marked duct may 
have calcareous deposits, and we find them in the parotid duct— both 
in horses and cattle. They may obstruct the duct and set up fistula. 
The flow of saliva is obstructed to a certain extent, but if the duct is 
suddenly obstructed, then there is dilatation of the walls, which, per- 
haps, can be felt. The remedy is to cut down and remove the calculi ; 
secure the wound with a pin ; keep the animal quiet, and give no solid 
food for several days. 

Ptyalism, or Slavering. — This may proceed from food, and is 
common in horses and cattle ; it also results from the use of mercury. 
This shows itself by an immense flow of saliva. It may literally run 
from the mouth, and if it is continued it interferes with digestion. 
The best remedy is to change the food, and sometimes give a laxative, 
followed by tonics and stimulants, and use a gargle of alum water. If 
it is due to mercury, then use mercurial antidotes. 



DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. 

The Stomach of a horse is small in proportion to the size of the 
animal, and digestion takes place quickly, and the horse does not suf- 
fer so much from indigestion as ruminants or as man does. A horse 
can undergo pretty severe exertion after a hearty meal without show- 
ing any inconvenience. However, the stomach of the horse is liable 
to derangements, and, perhaps, the most serious is acute indigestion, 
which destroys a great number of horses, and I think I may safely 
say that at least three-fourths of the heavy Clyde horses that are im- 
ported to this country die from this disease, which is brought about 
by injudicious feeding or carelessness. It is very common in horses 
that are worked hard and fed well. It is an accumulation of food and 
gases in the stomach, and also in the intestines, and a fatal result is 
inflammation of the mucous membrane, called 

Gastro -Enteritis. — A horse may be in good health, become af- 
fected and die in twenty-four hours or sooner. 



164 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT 

Causes — Giving a large amount of food, especially if it is hard to 
digest ; bran, for example, especially if there is shorts mixed with it 
and not submitted to the action of hot water for some time. It will 
produce acute indigestion almost as quickly as any kind of food. If 
a horse has a full stomach and is put to hard work, digestion does 
not take place properly, and disease is the result; or, giving a full 
feed when the stomach is weakened from hard work, and as a horse 
grows old or gets bulky food, the stomach becomes unnaturally dila- 
ted, and the walls become very thin, and the gastric juice is not prop- 
erly secreted ; and after fasting, a horse should not get much food 
until the secretion of the gastric juice is stimulatad by giving a small 
amount of food. Another common cause is a change of food. Wheat, 
even a small amount, will produce it. Clover hay, when the animal 
is not accustomed to it, is also a common cause. Acute indigestion 
may terminate in rupture of the stomach, especially in old horses or 
any that are fed upon poor food. It may not be complete, but just 
some of the coats are ruptured. Rupture of the diaphragm is not 
uncommon from pressure, and the animal throwing himself about. 

Symptoms. — We will take a case as we often see it on a farm : 
The farmer intends to take a journey of fifteen or twenty miles, 
and the night before he feeds the horse more than usual, gives 
another large feed in the morning, and starts off. The horse is 
quite lively, but after going a few miles he becomes dull, sweats, 
and sweats freely; is stopped, and shows signs of abdominal pain; 
attempts to lie down, turns the head to the side, and if examined, 
perhaps slightly swollen in the flank ; gets some better, and is 
driven again ; again shows symptoms, and perhaps has a slight 
diarrhoea ; becomes sluggish, but finally reaches his destination, is 
put in the stable, and soon shows violent symptoms ; lies down 
and tries to balance himself upon the back, then gets up, turns 
around, lies down, looks at the flank, the eyes staring, and in many 
cases the bowels are tympanitic. But I think the stomach may be 
dilated, even ruptured, without distention of the bowels; the pulse 
fifty or sixty beats per minute, and eructations of gas, which is a 
good sign ; and regurgitation of food, which passes through the 
nose of the horse and the mouth of the ox, the eructationg are 
extremely sour, the symptoms become more and more severe ; by 
and by he seems relieved to some extent; the mouth is clammy; 
the pulse almost imperceptible, perhaps a slight diarrhea ; the 
rectum bulged out, and death ends the scene; and this may all 
take place in from twelve to sixteen hours. Boiled food is also 
liable to produce this. In other cases the symptoms are not so 
plain ; perhaps the horse paws ; the pulse forty or forty -five ; gases 
are generated ; he appears uneasy, etc., which may develop into 
the symptoms just given. Some say that regurgitation is symp- 
tomatic of rupture, but I think that rupture generally takes place 
after regurgitation. 

Treatment must be energetic and persevering, but when gastro 
enteritis sets in death is the result. There may be rupture of the 
bowels, as well as rupture of the stomach. There are various rem- 
edies recommended, but I give turpentine two ounces, laudanum two 
ounces, and linseed oil one pint. You may use nitrous or sulphuric 
ether instead of the turpentine, and give injections of soap and water, 
and even add a little turpentine. If there is great pain use hypoder- 
mic injections, two, three, four or five grains of the acetate of mor- 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 165- 

phia, and repeat, giving one-half the dose in a half hour or an hour 
if the pain remains, or you may use the muriate of morphia. As 
well as this give six or eight drachms of aloes, and I think it is good 
practice to give two or three drachms of the carbonate of soda or 
ammonia in cold water gruel, or in the form of a ball. Use judicious- 
counter-irritation to the bowels, rubbing them well, and use blanket* 
wrung out of hot water placed over the abdomen, and cover up as 
well as you can, and when relief is obtained to a certain extent, then 
do not push medicines too far. Instead of using laudanum you may 
use belladonna, and it is perhaps preferable in some cases. The 
horse should be kept so as to prevent him from throwing himself 
about, for there is danger of rupture. There is benefit in puncturing 
in all cases where the bowels are distended to a great extent. 
Puncture in the right or left side, but generally in the right side, and 
in the most distended part between the illium and the last rib, and 
pass the trochar slightly downward. It is best to first make an 
incision, as the canula will come out easier, and is not so liable to 
irritate the parts. Do not be too rash in using the trochar, for if 
gastro enteritis is present death will result, and the owner would lay 
the death to the use of the trochar. If you fail to strike the colon 
you can puncture again, and if a liquid passes instead of a gas it is 
unfavorable, but I had such a case to recover. I recommend each 
one of you to get a trochar, and if properly used it will do you credit. 
There is not much danger in puncturing. There may be an abscess, 
but it is not very serious, and even peritonitis may supervene, but 
that is the exception and not the rule. A horse should be carefully 
used for some time. Acute indigestion may terminate in laminitis. 



DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES. 

Rupture of the Stomach is a sequel of acute indigestion. If 
an animal has suffered from acute indigestion pretty violently for 
several hours, and becomes quieter, the pulse weaker and weaker, the 
mucous membranes become pale and blanch, which were reddened a 
short time previous, and the animal attempts to sit upon the haunches 
and wistfully looks at the flanks, the ears cold, etc., the chances are 
that it is rupture. These are also symptomatic of intus-susception, 
volvulus calculus, etc. Regurgitation is another sign, but I think that 
it takes place before rupture, for if there is a considerable rupture the 
food passes into the abdominal cavity, and I do not think that vom- 
itism can then occur. There is generally spasmodic breathing and 
death in perhaps three or four hours; but I think I have known an 
animal to live ten or twelve hours after rupture occurred. Nothing 
can be done for it. 

Chronic Indigestion, or Dyspepsia. — This is common, and 
may result from a disorder of the stomach or intestines, derangement 
of the liver and irritation of or shedding of the teeth, but generally 
from the stomach, caused by injudicious feeding on over-stimulating 
food. Clover is apt to produce it by causing an over- acidity of the 
stomach. 

Symptoms are not very alarming or violent. The horse falls off in 
condition, perspires more freely when at work, the coat appears dry, 



CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

dusty and staring, the pulse slow and weak, the feces are of a lead or 
clay color, or, in some cases, somewhat dark, varying with the food to 
some extent. The animal is, perhaps, subject to slight attacks of 
colic, and has a depraved appetite — he will, perhaps, lick the lime 
from the walls. This is, perhaps, a craving of nature to overcome the 
acidity of the stomach. 

Treatment — Order a change of food. No matter how he has been fed, 
order a change, and in most cases give a moderate dose of physic — 
from five to eight drachms of aloes, and feed carefully for a few days, 
and in some cases you may combine calomel with the aloes, if there 
is any derangement of the liver. But I am no great advocate of the 
use of calomel ; also, use anti-acids, carbonate of soda and ginger in a 
ball, or drench with water, or in the food, if the animal will eat it. If 
there is weakness, give beer with one and a half drachms of gentian 
or ginger, and after a week or two give tonics. But I think harm is 
sometimes done by giving tonics before the system is prepared for 
them. Give sulphate of iron, and even a little arsenic with it, or give 
sulphate of quinine. Perhaps the great secret in treating this dis- 
ease is a change of diet. 

Spasmodic Colic is a spasmodic contraction of the muscular 
fibers of the intestines. The contraction of this muscular coat tends 
to pass the contents toward the anus. Although spasmodic colic may 
be said to be contraction of the muscular coat of the small intestines, 
I think it may also affect the large intestines. In an ordinary case 
there is no great amount of the intestine contracted, perhaps a few 
inches to a foot or more, and if it continues, intus-susception may 
take place, or the mucous linings may adhere together, from being 
pressed together so close by the contractions of the muscular fibers. 

Causes. — Perhaps the principal cause is a change of food. Giving 
cold water when the animal is heated may cause it, but not very often. 
Koots, especially if frozen, and sometimes if in a proper condition, 
may cause it. Some horses are particularly susceptible to colic. Sud- 
den changes of temperature tends to produce it, and also constipation 
of the bowels, which sometimes supervenes a cathartic ; and when 
giving a purgative, it is best to continue it with gentian, ginger, etc. 
Although spasmodic colic is very painful, it is not very fatal, and is 
usually of short duration. It generally terminates favorably, and it 
may terminate in enteritis, although some think it never does. 

Symptoms. — The attack is very sudden ; the animal begins to paw 
and cringe ; looks at the sides, throws himself violently upon the 
ground, after perhaps cringing down some. He lies down rather 
easily in enteritis. In colic he attempts to lie upon the back — will 
perhaps roll back upon the side, get up, and he may be quiet for a 
while, and may even take a little food, and then again be seized and 
show similar symptoms. In some cases he may be covered with pro- 
fuse perspiration, and may pass feces in small quantities, and there 
are frequent endeavors to urinate, which tends to mislead some who 
do not understand the disease. It is generally a good symptom to 
see him urinate. You will also be guided by the condition of the 
circulation. Take the pulse early in colic, during the violent symp- 
toms, and it perhaps will be sixty, and if taken a few minutes after, 
when the horse is standing still, it may be only forty or forty-five in a 
minute. In enteritis the pulse begins about forty or forty-five and 
gradually increases, is full and bounding and continues ; but the 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMADS. 16T 

pnlse varies in different attacks of colic. If it attacks a horse after a 
hard drive, or one in a debilitated condition, the pulse will be weak, 
and perhaps fast, but still differs from the full bounding pulse of 
enteritis. In colic, pressing upon the abdomen appears to afford re- 
relief, and causes pain in enteritis. In a case of colic likely to ter- 
minate fatally, the symptoms become more violent, and death may 
occur from extreme muscular contraction, or from terminating in 
enteritis, and it may so terminate. It is of short duration in some 
cases — the animal is as well as ever apparently — in other cases it 
may last ten or twelve hours or more ; but such cases are not very 
violent, generally, for the horse could not last so long under such 
severe pain. It is usually easilv diagnosed, but you may meet a 
case that will give you some trouble to tell whether it is colic or 
enteritis. 

Treatment is generally satisfactory, and a student, when asked what 
he would do if sent for in such a case, said he would " go just as fast 
as he could, or the horse might be well before he got there; " and it 
does not matter so much what remedy is given, if it is given in time. 
Bleeding was at one time regarded as the sheet anchor in treating 
colic; and sometimes it is good and acts like an anti-spasmodic, but I 
do not recommend it. Every practitioner has his favorite remedy, 
and I give sweet spirits of nitre, one to two ounces ; extract of bella- 
donna, one to two drachms, in solution, with two ounces of water. Or, 
sweet spirits of nitre, one to two ounces ; and laudanum, one to two 
ounces, in six to eight ounces of water, and give injections, and a lit- 
tle turpentine may be added to the injections. Some recommend al- 
ways treating with a large dose of purgative medicine, but I can not 
agree with them ; but, in any case where the bowels are overloaded, 
give six to eight drachms of aloes, after giving antispasmodics. And 
there is another way of treating this : that is by hypodermic injections 
of the acetate of morphia— but you must be careful not to inject it 
into a blood vessel — and if it does not act just as you desire, do not 
be too hasty in giving another, or it may act more powerfully than 
you desire. Chloral hydrate is recommended. I have tried it, but 
have been more successful with w T hat I have recommended. Turpen- 
tine, laudanum and oil was Prof. Dick's favorite remedy. If you 
give a dose and there is no relief, repeat the dose in a half hour, and 
if you think there are symptoms of enteritis, withhold the stimulants. 
I have used opium, but I now prefer hypodermic injections. If you 
have no remedy at hand, then givs ale, beer, whisky, etc., and common 
salt may, perhaps, expel the attack. Put the horse in a comfortable 
place, and let him roll about as much as he pleases, and a little exer- 
cise may be of use, but any great amount will do harm. I think it is- 
better to keep him in a comfortable box or yard. Rub the belly well, 
use judicious counter-irritation, hot water, mustard, etc. If a horse 
suffers repeated attacks, the bowels become weakened, and, sooner or 
later, it will terminate fatally. 

Flatulent Colic. — It is hard in some cases to tell the difference 
between this and acute indigestion, but the bowels may be flatulent 
and the stomach not be affected. It consists of gases ; there are car- 
bonic acid gas, sulphuretted hydrogen, and in some cases carburetted 
hydrogen. Flatulent colic is more common in old than in young 
horses — perhaps because digestion is impaired to some extent — and in 
horses that have been fed for a long time on over-stimulating food. 



168 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Causes. — A change of food or feeding soon after a long drive. In- 
dian corn, or inferior food of any kind is likely to produce it. 

Symptoms are similar to spasmodic colic; the animal lies down and 
rolls, etc., and the abdomen soon becomes distended, and in a pure 
case there is no regurgitation of food nor eructations of gases, but 
just distention of the bowels, and one part of the colon may be 
affected more than the others. 

Treatment.— Give injections freely, and you may be able to over- 
come a slight attack by injection, but medicines may be necessary. 
You may put one or one-and-a-half ounces of turpentine in the in- 
jections ; this may relieve it, although the intestines are pretty full of 
food, but may have to remove the contents of the rectum with the 
hand. Chemically speaking, the best remedies would be lime, am- 
monia, etc., which would combine with the gases and form new com- 
pounds, and so afford relief; but they do not act so well internally in 
all cases ; but give turpentine, one to two ounces, with linseed oil and 
laudanum or belladonna, according to the suffering ; or, you may re- 
lieve the pain by giving two or three grains of the acetate of morphia, 
hypodermically ; and it is good practice in some cases to give a pur- 
gative and carbonate of ammonia, one, two or three drachms, in the 
form of a ball, or rubbed down in a little cold water or gruel with 
some mucilage, and give as a drench. You must be careful in giving 
aqua ammonia, or it will cause great irritation. The horse requires 
great care, and you will find carminatives, stomachics, etc., useful ; 
and see that he gets good, nutritious food, and if internal remedies 
have but little or no effect, then puncture ; and I believe puncturing 
is more successful in a pure case of flatulent colic than in any other 
disease. Flatulent colic may terminate in enteritis, but is more likely 
to terminate in rupture, or it may terminate in death by asphyxia. 
It is good in some cases to prevent the animal from throwing himself 
too violently, and I only recommend puncturing when the animal is 
considerably inflated. If he is not inflated you may injure the coats 
of the colon or coecum. 

Enteritis is perhaps more common in the horse than in any 
other animal, and also more fatal. It is inflammation of the in- 
testines, and inflammation used without any particular application 
is a very vague term. The coats of the intestines are three — a mu- 
cous, a muscular and serous ; and enteritis, in most cases, is inflamma- 
tion of the mucous coat; but in many cases all the coats are involved. 
Some writers say it is confined to the muscular coat without the mu- 
cous coat being affected. But in some cases, as soon as you cut into 
the abdomen you can see a great change has taken place, both in the 
muscular and serous coats ; and in other cases you may only notice a 
slightly reddened condition until you have cut through the muscular 
coat, and then the mucous coat is found to be affected. It is a very 
painful and alarming disease, which will run its course quickly, caus- 
ing death in six or eight hours, and does not often linger more than 
from ten to twenty hours. It attacks the large oftener than the small 
intestines, but if it supervenes acute indigestion it may involve almost 
the whole of the intestines, and in other cases only a part or the whole 
of the colon. 

Cannes.— Colic occasionally produces it, although some writers say 
it does not. It arises from an over-accumulation of feces in the in- 
testines, or eating some food to which the animal is not accustomed— 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 169 

some hard body, clay, anything that will irritate the intestines. Pea 
straw is a common cause in some places. It may also cause colic. 
Purgatives incautiously administered in certain diseases may cause 
enteritis, and Avhen croton oil was combined with almost every purga- 
tive, enteritis was more common. And I may just say that the less 
you use croton oil in practice the better. In other cases it comes from 
drinking stagnant, putrid water. I think this is a common cause in 
some places. Exposure to the cold, especially after a long and ex- 
hausting drive, and then standing in the cold ; or it may come from 
calculi intussusception, volvulus, etc., and may supervene certain dis- 
eases, as strangles, pneumonia, etc., from a weakened condition of the 
system. 

Symptoms. — Somewhat similar to colic and other painful bowel 
troubles, but in some cases it is preceded by dullness, especially if it 
is the result of faulty feeding. The first symptom often noticed is, 
pawing, first with one foot and then the other foot, and°he may do this 
for an hour or an hour and a half ; he may turn the head to the 
side, then cringe some, and again look at the side. This is also 
symptomatic of colic, but if it continues for an hour or two, 
and then lies down, it is symptomatic of enteritis ; by and by 
the pain becomes more violent. Early in the disease the pulse 
is not much disturbed, but is slightly accelerated — perhaps forty, 
forty-two, or even forty-five per minute ; and it is at the same 
time full and bounding; the mouth hotter than natural; the 
ears and legs hotter than usual, etc., it is symptomatic of en- 
teritis, and sometimes rigors is the beginning of the disease; the 
coat is staring, the same as in congestion of the lungs, but the 
breathing is not so quick ; the pain increases ; he begins to move the 
limbs, cringes and lies down more carefully than in colic; tries to 
balance upon the back; gets upon his feet, and instead of standing 
still, as in spasmodic colic, he turns around, goes around two or three 
times, cringes and lies down. But if it is spasmodic colic, he will 
likely stand still for half a minute or more, and the pain is almost 
(but not absolutely) continuous in enteritis. The eye has a peculiar 
luster, becomes reddened and injected, and the same is true of the 
mucous membranes ; the ears and legs may now be cold, or hot and 
cold alternately ; and costiveness is another symptom. Although there 
may have been slight diarrhea in the first stage, and although you 
could move the bowels, it would not relieve the difficulty, as is some- 
times supposed. There may be some hard feces passed, which may be 
covered with mucous, and attempts are made to urinate frequently, 
and some urine may be passed. In the early stage the belly is some- 
what tucked up, and pressure upon it increases the pain, while in 
colic it relieves it, and after a time there is perspiration about the 
flank, behind the ears and shoulders, and a peculiar breathing, and if 
an animal has suffered some time from abdominal pain, and there is 
this peculiar breathing, it is a dark case, and the symptoms increase 
in violence, the pulse runs up to eighty per minute, loses its bound- 
ing character and becomes weak, then you may make up your mind 
that a considerable amount of exudation has taken place, and a well 
marked symptom at this time is the amaurotic expression of the eye, 
and as it advances the animal becomes almost blind and almost un- 
conscious, and if you lift the head, the animal may fall back. This 
is caused hy a lack of blood to the head, and you must approach him 
with caution. These symptoms may have been going on for from six 

15 



170 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

to fifteen hours, when all at once the animal may become quiet, per- 
haps take some food, but does not masticate it ; the perspiration con- 
tinues, th« extremities are deathly cold, the mouth clammy, which 
shows that gangrene has taken place, and the animal may live two, or 
even ten hours, but generally dies in an hour or hour and a half, 
according to the intestine affected. 

Treatment is not successful, but we sometimes meet with a case that 
may be treated with success, and opium is the great sheet-anchor, so 
to speak, of treating it. I recommend giving large doses of opium — 
a drachm dose of the powder every hour or two until four or six 
doses have been given ; or, give two or three grains of the acetate of 
morphia hypodermically, repeated in half the dose in an hour or a 
half hour, if necessary ; and it may be necessary to give injections, 
and I think there is benefit in counter-irritation ; use ammonia or 
water — I believe hot water is the best. You may give Flemming's 
tincture of acqnite in ten or fifteen drop doses, and you can give 
larger doses in enteritis than in any other disease. Blood-letting is 
another remedy, and I believe in some cases is of benefit, but it must 
be done in the early stage of the disease, and in a horse of good con- 
dition ; but if the inflammatory action has poured out an exudation, 
then any such things should be carefully used, and use gentle stimu- 
lants with sweet spirits of nitre, opium, ale, beer, whisky, ejc; and 
although the bowels do not move, you need not be alarmed, but in 
some cases of constipation, which is setting up irritation, a purgative 
may be given, which may remove the constipation and relieve the 
irritation, and, in connection with the purgative, nux vomica may be 
added. There is another method of treatment, which I do not say is 
successful : it is to put the animal under the influence of chloroform, 
or hypodermic injections, keeping him under its influence for perhaps 
an hour, and I think it is worthy of trial. Be sure and keep the ani- 
mal warm, well clothed, and rub well, to equalize the circulation ; 
and when treating a case, and have given two or three doses of opium 
or hypodermic injections, the animal holds the head up some, then 
cover and keep him warm, but do not push medicine too far. It is as 
necessary to know when to quit giving medicine as to know when to 
give it. 

Volvulus is also occasionally noticed. It is the bowels becom- 
ing twisted; or it may be due to colic, or a small portion of the 
intestine may pass through a small rupture in the mesentery, in- 
terfering with the passage of the contents. It is more likely to 
occur in young animals, but it may occur in an adult. It is almost 
impossible to diagnose it correctly, but the 

Symptoms are similar to those of enteritis, but are more prolonged ; 
the pain is continuous ; there is obstinate constipation ; the pulse be- 
comes quicker and quicker ; he throws himself about ; you perhaps 
administer opium without any lasting effect ; he sits upon his 
haunches ; the pulse runs high and becomes almost imperceptible ; 
sweats cover the body, and if you are certain of volvulus, it is best to 
destroy the animal. 

Intussusception is a slipping of one part of intestine inside 
another. It is rather rare in the horse, but a young horse is more 
liable, and it is oftenest found in the small intestines, and sometimes 
a great length may become invaginated. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 171 

Caiises. — It is hard to say just what does cause it. Violent con- 
tractions of the intestines during the severe paroxysms of colic may 
produce it. Foals feeding upon milk are more subject to it. If it 
occurs in colic each paroxysm slips it further, and death generally 
results, but cases are recorded where a considerable amount of intes- 
tine has sloughed off, and the case recovered, both in horses and 
cattle. Little can be done for it; however, some recommend cutting 
into the abdomen, find and endeavor to straighten out the parts, but 
this is not likely to meet with success, and if there is intussusception 
with strangulation it is generally best to destroy the animal, but it is 
possible for it to slough off and the animal recover. 

Symptoms are common to this : volvulus, gorged stomach, etc. 

Compression, or Stricture of the Intestines, may be due 
to tumors, which grow to a great extent and cause stricture, or you 
may have a tumor internally which may produce either stricture or 
volvulus, and opiates will not relieve it. The pulse becomes weaker 
and weaker, the animal sits upon his haunches, then lies down and 
stretches his head out, gets up and lies down, etc., and the symptoms 
remain for twenty-four hours or longer. It is generally not enter- 
itis, because the animal would not live so long in acute enteritis. 
Strangulation may proceed from a pedunculated or ovarian tumor. 

Intestinal Concretions are enlargements or balls in the intes- 
tines. They sometimes consist principally of lime or some other 
alkaline substances. They vary in size from that of a marble to the 
weight of twenty pounds. A small piece of almost anything may 
form a nucleus around which these substances may be deposited. In 
the specimen here a small piece of brass wire formed the nucleus. 
They have been called dust balls in England, because the horses were 
fed from the sweepings of the mill floors, and so got something to 
form a nucleus for the deposit. Semi-digested food sometimes forms 
a ball, and it takes sometimes perhaps years for it to accumulate to 
any great size, but sooner or later it will obstruct the passages of the 
feces, and cause death. There are also hair balls, which are com- 
posed of hair. Sheep sometimes have balls composed of wool ; they 
may exist some time before they interfere with the animal. I believe 
that the animals in which they are present are attacked with what is 
supposed to be colic, which may be due to the obstruction, and the 
enlargement may move and the symptoms subside. These enlarge- 
ments are oftener lodged in the colon than any other part of the 
intestine. When they obstruct the passage there is obstinate consti- 
pation, the pulse forty or forty-two ; by and by the symptoms become 
similar to entiritis, but are more prolonged; he sits upon the 
haunches; the last is symptomatic of volvulus, intussusception, 
gorged stomach, calculus, concretions, etc., and if a horse has been 
suffering acute pain for several hours, and has the above symptoms, 
cold sweats, etc., it may be any of the diseases spoken of. 

Treatment. — If the pain is violent endeavor to relieve it with opium, 
and it is good practice to examine the rectum by introducing your 
hand carefully, and you may find some hard body, or it may be from 
obstinate constipation. It is generally from twenty-four to thirty-six 
hours before death takes place after the bowels are completely 
obstructed. 

Constipation. — In many cases this cannot be said to be a dis- 



172 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OP 

ease of itself, but a symptom of some other disease, but it is some- 
times a disease of itself, and may proceed from various causes ; from 
intestinal concretions; an undue amount of feces in the intestines; 
from too rapid or from too great absorption of the fluids, and from 
liver disorders; and when the animal suffers from any fever there is 
constipation ; also inferior food of any kind ; a large amount of oats 
and a small amount of hay; and pea and barley straw, etc. The 
muscular fibers of the colon and rectum become paralyzed to a cer- 
tain extent, and are not able to expel the feces. Feeding over-ripe 
grass causes indigestion, and is liable to affect the brain in many 
cases, but roots are more liable to produce acute indigestion, flatulence, 
etc., than obstinate constipation. 

Symptoms. — If it is a pure case there is scarcely any feces passed, 
the animal is dull and sluggish, slightly tympanitic in some cases, 
and shows more or less abdominal pain, but not much ; lies down, 
rolls, looks at the sides; the pulse not much changed, perhaps forty 
or fifty ; and by examination you may find the rectum completely 
impacted, and it may be necessary to remove the contents every day 
for some time. 

Treatment — If the bowels are obstinately constipated give a dose of 
purgative medicine, and it is good practice to combine with stimu- 
lants; give six, eight, or nine drachms of aloes, or one drachm of 
calomel, once, twice, or three times a day, or nux vomica, and give 
injections, and, if necessary, remove the contents of the rectum with 
the hand. Use an infusion of tobacco — one ounce of tobacco, cut up, 
and pour boiling water over it, and strain it through a cloth, then 
add a little soap and lard, and inject, which will cause relaxation of 
the bowels; if there is pain give an opiate, or hypodermic injections; 
I would prefer the latter. Or, instead of tobacco, use turpentine in 
water for injections, one-half ounce to one ounce. You may cause 
irritation by using too much soap in injections. If you make up 
your mind that it is a pure case of constipation, never hesitate in 
giving a dose of aloes, and follow by a diffusible or nervous stimu- 
lant. There might be an exceptional case, where you might have 
recourse to crot<n oil, and if so, put two or three drops inside a ball, 
and give it carefully, and do not let the animal chew it. 

Habitual Oostiveness, where there is slight constipation, is 
best treated by regulating the food, or by any mild remedy, such as 
carbonate of soda, but if it is due to some disease of some organ, as 
the liver, then you may have recourse to potassium. Purgatives 
may relieve for a time, but it will return ; however, in some cases 
you may give a slight laxative, linseed oil, castor oil or sweet oil. 

Diarrhea consists in the undue passage of liquid feces, due to a 
slight congested state of the alimentary canal. It is most frequently 
seen in horses of a weak conformation, as a narrow chest and loins. 

Causes. — Giving rich, succulent food after having been fed on a 
stimulant diet for some time, and such a case may benefit instead of 
injuring the animal. Turnips, carrots, etc., especially if frozen 
slightly, are apt to produce it; also impure and stagnant water, 
which acts as a blood poison; or some irritant in the food, as sand, 
clay, etc.; or it may result from excitement, in race and hunting 
horses ; or it may be the result of an over-dose of purgative medicine, 
or of the incautious administration of a moderate dose, and when it 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 173 

is so caused it is called superpurgation. Diarrhea is not very fatal; 
it is often an effort of nature to relieve some disease, as in a poison in 
the blood the readiest way to get rid of it is by way of the bowels. 
If it results from pneumonia, influenza, strangles, impure or stagnant 
water, then it becomes serious. It is easily detected ; the animal 
passes a large amount of feces, which are of a liquid nature ; at first 
the pulse is but little affected, but after a day or two it becomes weak 
and slightly increased — if it continues longer the pulse increases; 
the ears and legs are colder than natural. There are slight griping 
pains in some cases, due to slight irritation, or perhaps to slight 
spasms of the intestines; these pains may increase and result in 
enteritis, especially if it is caused by superpurgation. 

Treatment. — In many cases all you have to do is to change the food, 
and clothe the body according to the temperature ; and it may be 
necessary to give a little medicine. Endeavor to find the cause, and 
if it is due to some irritation of the intestines, an astringent would 
do more harm than good ; but cause the removal of such irritant by 
giving a laxative, combined with opium, a pint of linseed oil and a 
half ounce of laudanum ; or, two drachms of aloes, with an equal 
amount of gentian, ginger, or any antacid ; but if not due to an irri- 
tant, you may give an astringent; also, cover the animal, stimulate 
the legs, and sometimes the abdomen. But if diarrhea has continued 
some time, it is necessary to stop it.* Give catechu, half ounce to one 
ounce ; gentian, two drachms ; ginger, two drachms, and repeat it in 
from twelve to eighteen hours; or, oil of turpentine, one ounce; 
opium, one drachm, with two or three eggs ; or, you may be able in 
some cases to check it with flour, but you must be careful in super- 
purgation, and it is best to give one drachm of opium and then give tepid 
water, which tends to soothe and restore the intestines to their natural 
condition. Do not resort to too powerful remedies at first. I treated 
one case in which I detected sand in the feces, and gave a laxative, 
and I think there was almost a bucketful of sand passed during 
twenty-four hours. You must get rid of any irritants, and if necessary 
give stimulants— good port wine and brandy, if the animal is de- 
pressed or takes no food. 

Diarrhea, in young animals, is sometimes difficult, and some- 
times results from a foal being exposed to the cold, or an im- 
proper condition of the milk of the mother ; either too rich or too 
poor will produce it. 

Symptoms. — An undue amount of liquid feces ; the animal weakly 
and sickly ; the coat staring, and perhaps a sort of curdled fluid passes 
with the feces ; and it is necessary to be extremely careful in giving 
laxatives. You may give one to two ounces of castor oil with a little 
rhubarb, and endeavor to regulate the condition of the milk, if it is 
too rich, by giving a moderate amount of food, diuretics, or even 
laxatives. If the milk is poor, improve by giving a nutritious diet. 
In working the mare, the udder becomes full, and perhaps over- 
heated, and if the fonl is allowed to take the milk while in this 
condition, results in diarrhea. Give a slight laxative, and if you 
are not able to check it in this way, give a scruple of powdered 
opium, half drachm to one drachm of rhubarb, half drachm to two 
drachms of prepared chalk, and attend to the condition of the 

* Findley Dume gives the dose one to three drachms of catechu. 



174 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

mother ; and use judicious counter-irritation, by rubbing and stimu- 
lating the belly with mustard or camphorated liniment. 

Dysentery, or Flux. — This is an affection of the mucous 
membrane, especially of the large intestines, and there is a great 
tendency to ulceration, and when it takes place there is more or 
less hemmorrhage. 

Causes. — It may proceed from a severe attack of diarrhea, or from 
grazing upon wet, marshy lands, or feeding upon grasses grown upon 
such lands ; using impure water, etc. In cattle it is usually associa- 
ted with tubercular disease. Horses do not often have it, except from 
some well marked cause. 

Symptoms. — The evacuations are tinged with blood, and have an 
extremely fetid odor, which differs from an ordinary case of diarrhea; 
the. feces are often mixed with shreds of mucous membrane ; the ap- 
petite impaired or entirely gone; the pulse perhaps fifty per minute, 
and weak ; there are colicky or griping pains, which, after ulceration, 
are not so severe ; the rectum is also usually in an irritable state. 

Treatment is not satisfactory in many cases, but give a slight laxa- 
tive — castor oil and linseed oil and laudanum, and then small doses 
of chalk and opium once or twice a day, and demulcent drinks, as 
hay or linseed tea, flour gfuel, etc., which will support the system and 
soothe the irritation of the bowels ; or, you may try catechu, and after 
the discharge is arrested, then give tonics — iron will do very well — 
acetate of lead, one to two scruples, once or twice a day, has 
been recommended by some in controlling this disease. If the 
animal becomes very weak, support him by stimulants. In cattle the 
treatment is similar, but is not satisfactory, because it is generally 
associated with tubercular disease. There is one thing' recommended 
by some having considerable experience : it is opium, one drachm ; 
chalk, one ounce ; calomel, ten grains. 

Rupture, or Hernia, is the protrusion of an organ or part of 
an organ from its natural cavity. I will direct your attention to 
abdominal hernia, which is a protrusion of some of the intestines out 
of the abdominal cavity, either through a natural or an artificial 
opening. It gets distinctive names from the parts through which 
they protrude. If they protrude through the inguinal canal, it is 
inguinal hernia. If it extends down into the scrotum, it is scrotal 
hernia; if through the umbilicus, it is umbilical hernia; if through 
an artificial opening it is called ventral hernia; if through the dia- 
phragm, it is diaphragmatic hernia, etc. Again, if you are able to 
return the parts easily, without any violent means, it is called re- 
ducible; if it cannot be so returned, it is called irreducible, and if it 
becomes constricted at the neck and interferes with the circulation, 
it is called strangulated. Scrotal hernia is more liable to occur in a 
stallion, and any part of the intestines may pass through, but it is 
generally the small. 

Causes. — In many cases it is congenital ; violent exertion may pro- 
duce it. Inguinal may become scrotal in a stallion, from covering 
mares, leaping, running, or any violent exertion, and sometimes 
when thrown for an operation, by struggling. I will first speak of 
inguinal hernia, which may be easily overlooked, and so long as it 
does not become strangulated you may not be able to detect it at all. 
When it becomes strangulated the symptoms are just the same as 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 175 

colic, but are more prolonged ; the pulse becomes quick; he sits upon 
the haunches, rolls and tries to lie upon the back ; the pulse becomes 
quicker and quicker, and if you have a case where such symptoms 
are prolonged it is good practice to look for hernia. 

Treatment. — So long as inguinal hernia does not interfere with the 
animal it is just as well to let it alone, but if it becomes strangulated 
you may be able to reduce it by manipulating the parts, or you may 
have to perform by throwing the animal and elevating the hind 
quarters, extending the limbs to a certain extent, and insert the hand 
into the rectum, and by traction upon the bowels, and manipulation 
externally you may be able to reduce it. This operation is called 
the taxis. If this does not succeed, then cut down upon the hernia as 
close to the ring as possible, then make an incision into the hernial 
sack, and then reduce it and keep the animal quiet, and if you are 
able to return it in proper time the irritation will soon disappear. 

Scrotal Hernia is easily detected. When the hernia is composed 
of intestines, it is called enterocele ; if it consists of the omentum, it 
is called epiplocele. The omentum usually does little harm. If it is 
the intestines, they are apt to be distended with gas, and it will give 
way to pressure ; if it is omentum, it is some harder, and does not 
give way as if it were gas, and may be mistaken for scirrhouscord or 
hydrocele, or a varicose condition of some of the veins. If there is no 
irritation, the animal does not suffer much. If the bowels are full, 
the feces pass down and enlarge the hernia to some extent, and it is 
smallest when the animal has been fasting. Cold contracts the tissues 
and so lessens the hernia ; heat relaxes and enlarges it. It may be 
as small as two or three fingers, or as large as a man's hand, or even 
extend more than half way down to the hock. 

Treatment. — If you are consulted about a valuable stallion, six, eight 
or nine years old, it is generally best to leave such a case alone, unless 
there are signs of irritation. "Let sleeping dogs lie." It may exist 
for years and do no harm, if the animal has good care and proper 
food ; but if it attains considerable size in a horse not used for cov- 
ering purposes, then treat it. Hernia in colts, extending down two or 
three inches, can usually be easily returned, but if such a case does 
not interfere with the animal, it is best to let it alone for a time, and 
it will often disappear of its own accord ; but if it does not disap- 
pear, then it is necessary to operate. Suppose it is a colt, one year 
old, with a large hernia, then it is not advisable to cut into the her- 
nial sac, but the best way is that recommended by Prof. Williams. 
Having the colt prepared by feeding sparingly for a few days, then 
return the intestine into its place, take up the testicle and scrotum 
and place a clam right over the scrotum and testicle, as close to the 
ring as possible, and allow the parts to slough off. The covered op- 
eration is performed by cutting in and exposirg the testicle, still cov- 
ered by the tunica vaginalis, make a small incision into the sac, then 
divide the stricture, replace the intestine and apply a clam over the 
scrotum, cord, etc., and allow slouching to take place. I treated one 
case where the hernia extended two-thirds of the way to the hock. I 
first prepared him by feeding sparingly for a few days — gave oats 
without much hay — then threw the horse and tried to reduce the 
hernia before attempting to operate, and finding I could reduce it, I 
decided to operate by returning the bowels and applying a large clam 
as close to the ring as possible. The next day the pulse was about 



176 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

fifty per minute; was reduced some the day following this, and in a 
short time the parts sloughed off, and a recovery was the result, and 
I do not think this could have been successful by the covered method. 
Sometimes it is necessary to operate on a colt without castrating him, 
and a truss may be used, and it may subdue the hernia. However, 
there is one method I have resorted to in such cases, which I have not 
seen recommended particularly in our works. I returned the whole 
mass of bowel up the scrotum, and put a few stitches through the 
scrotum, and left them for four or five days. A little irritation was 
set up, and the hernia disappeared. I was careful not to injure the 
testicle, which I had close up to the ring. Some recommend applying 
a clam below the testicle, which sloughs off a piece of the scrotum. 

Umbiical Hernia. — This may occur in any animal, but is 
more likely to occur in young animals, and is often congenital. 
If not present at birth, it is noticed in a few days after birth. It 
is generally reducible with a little pressure. If in a colt from six 
to fourteen days old, it is just as well to let it alone for a while, 
and it will often disappear, for the omentum does not grow as fast 
accordingly as the other parts of the body, which tends to reduce 
it. But if the colt is one or two years old, then it will not dis- 
appear of itself, and it is necessary to reduce it, and there are 
various ways, as by a truss, or a bandage is applied, and it is 
more easily applied than in scrotul hernia. In other cases you 
must operate by some of the methods ; by cutting through the skin; 
expose and scarify the abdominal walls, and bring the parts to- 
gether. This would be perhaps the most surgical way, but we can 
operate in a more simple way, and I recommend throwing him. 
Return the bowel, take up the skin and apply the clam right over 
it, taking care not to apply them too tightly, and so stop the cir- 
lation too quickly; or, you can use skewers instead of clams; put 
two or three skewers through the parts, and take good, strong twine 
and secure the parts by passing the twine over them in the form 
of a figure eight, or by puckering up the skin and applying a liga- 
ture around it ; and a skewer is of benefit in this case to prevent 
the ligature from slipping off. In twenty-four or thirty hours it is 
necessary to apply another ligature, and tighten the parts up some, 
and you may subdue the hernia. And perhaps in eight or ten days 
tetanus will set in and death result, and this may occur after any 
operation, and peritonitis supervene ; but there is not generally 
much danger of peritonitis. 

Ventral Hernia. — It may vary from the size of a marble to 
the size of your head. It generally results from direct injury, as 
a kick, etc., and sometimes from abdominal contraction; but it 
does not often occur in this way, and it is well, in examining 
horses, to look along the belly for enlargements. It is a fluctua- 
ting tumor, and when produced by injury it may be due to ex- 
tensive inflammation set up in the part, giving rise to an exuda- 
tion, and matter may form, and you will have to open it up; and 
there may be a hernia as well as an abscess, and when opening an 
abscess in this region, always think of a hernia, and be very care- 
ful. The same thing applies to cattle, and you may have difficulty 
in making up your mind what is hernia or an abscess, or both 
together. One of our graduates opened an abscess in this region ; 
it formed again, and he plunged the lancet into it, and there was 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 17T 

a hernia present, and it was necessary to destroy the animal. They 
may attain a great size and not interfere with the animal ; and it 
may be a point of dispute whether it should or should not be 
operated upon ; and unless the owner desires it, it is better to let 
it alone. 

Treatment. — Prepare the animal by moderate feeding for a day or 
two, then throw the animal and return the hernia ; cut into the sac 
and bring the edges together by a catgut suture. There is no great 
danger in a small hernia, if the animal is prepared for it, and it may 
be necessary to put him under the influence of chloroform. Operate 
just the same us in umbilical hernia, and use skewers to prevent its 
slipping ; or you can operate by skewers, and even a blister, in some 
cases, may reduce it. You may also use the ligature, or operate by 
cutting into the hernial sac and scarifying the walls, and secure the 
edges by means of a carbolized catgut, and then bring the skin to- 
gether. I think this is preferable to the metallic suture. 

-Diapragmatic Hernia. — This is rare, and, sooner or later 
proves fatal. It may either pass through a natural or an artificial 
opening. It is apt to enlarge and soon produce death. It may pro- 
ceed from various causes — from violent exertion of any kind, and 
sometimes from colic. It is difficult to diagnose, but there are 

Symptoms that might lead you to suspect it. I Avill give you the 
history of one case I attended. He showed symptoms of inflammation 
of the bowels. I learned that during the previous night he had sud- 
denly become ill, and continued so during the night. In the morning 
the pulse was quick, full and bounding; sweats covered the body ; he 
would lie down and get up; the respirations were greatly increased, 
and he appeared to be suffering from inflammation of the lungs. This 
continued more or less during the most of the day, and the usual rem- 
edies for enteritis were used, without success. Later in the day he 
became quiet, the pulse was scarcely perceptible, the mouth cold and 
clammy, the mucous membranes became pale, and there was labored 
breathing; he again had pain, and again became quiet, fell and ex- 
pired. A post mortem revealed more than thirty feet of the small 
intestines in tbe thoracic cavity. I believe the cause was colic. Noth- 
ing can be done for it. 

Rupture of the Colon, either in acute indigestion or flatulent 
colic, giving rise to symptoms similar to rupture of the stomach — the 
nose pale, mouth clammy, etc. 

Rupture of the Rectum may occur, and recovery may take 
place. It is not uncommon, but is rather a serious injury. It may 
be caused in various ways — by a foreign body passing in, or mal-ad- 
dress in serving mares. If it is confined to the superior walls, es- 
pecially if posterior to the peritoneal covering, a cure may be effected ; 
but if anterior, through the peritoneal covering, and in the inferior 
part, death generally results. Make a careful examination, insert the 
hand carefully into the rectum and remove the contents, which is 
better than giving an injection, in this case, and endeavor to find the 
extent of the injuiy ; and you might endeavor to bring the parts to- 
gether, but it is difficult to do. Keep the patient extremely quiet and 
feed very sparingly. You may sponge the parts nicely, and you may 
give a slight laxative of oil. If there is pain, give hypodermic in- 
jections or powdered opium, and give tincture of aconite. 



178 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Tumors and Abscesses in the Rectum. — A constipated 
state of the bowels may so irritate the parts as to cause an abscess. 
Eudely inserting the hand, or the incautious use of the injecting 
pipe may cause it, especially in a violent case of the colic ; or you 
might even rupture the rectum in this way. An abscess gives rise to 
great pain. After defecation he may cringe down, and even lie down 
and roli. Examine such cases, and you may find an abscess or 
tumor; if an abscess open it, and then carefully inject with astrin- 
gents and disinfectants to a certain extent. Regulate the diet, and 
give opium if the pain continues. Ulceration of the walls of the 
rectum is more liable to occur in old animals; nothing can be done 
for it; as a general thing it is of considerable extent, and may be 
eaten through the walls. If it is but slight, treat with carbolic acid, 
and attend to the general health of the animal ; give tonics, good 
food, etc. Tumors in the rectum may interfere with the passage of 
the feces. Endeavor to remove them, either with the knife or 
ecraseur. 

Protrusion of the Rectum is often met with in all animals, 
and it looks very formidable, especially to a casual observer, and if 
it contiues for some sime it swells and becomes inflamed, and may 
attain a considerable size. It is caused in various ways, and is 
symptomatic of acute indigestion. In other cases it is due to a slight 
injury to the rectum — from inserting the hand violently. It is also 
brought about by exposure to cold ; by irritating clysters, using too 
much soap, or even by giving clysters too frequently ; from diarrhea 
or constipation, and in some cases debility ; or the animal standing 
with the fore parts higher than the hind parts. In the dog it may be 
produced by aloes. The most common cause, perhaps, is constipa- 
tion. It requires a little tact and perseverance to reduce it. En- 
deavor to find how long it has been protruded. Bathe with tepid 
water to remove any dirt, scarify in one or two places, being careful 
not to cut too deeply, then bathe with tepid water and laudanum, 
aud if it is from constipation it may be necessary to remove the con- 
tents of the rectum, by giving an injection and allowing it to escape, 
then bathe well and return it, and you may meet a case where you 
will have to return it every day perhaps for a week or ten days, and 
if due to constipation it is sometimes necessary to give a purgative to 
get the bowels in a natural condition, then elevate the hind quarters 
to a certain extent. Sometimes a portion may become gangrenous, 
when you will have to remove the gangrenous part, and recovery 
may still take place. It has been recommended to place a truss to 
the parts, but it is difficult to do. 

Imperforate Anus, in which the skin covers the anus; and 
this condition may extend in for a considerable distance. Make two 
incisions, one across the other; but if the anus is not developed 
properly, death will soon result. 

Peritonitis.— -The abdominal cavity is covered with a serous mem- 
brane, reflections of which cover the various organs. Inflammation 
of this is called peritonitis, and is rather a serious affair, and is apt 
to lead to serious results. This and enteritis may both occur at once. 
However, it may exist independent of enteritis. 

Causes.— Exposure to cold ; food is not likely to produce it ; expos- 
ure after some debilitating disease. It often supervenes enteritis, and 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 17£ 

is often a sequel or a result of castration, especially if not properly- 
performed ; from a change of weather, etc. 

Symptoms are somewhat deceptive, and it may go on to some extent^ 
especially if it is due to an injury, and be overlooked. There is not 
the same pain as in enteritis ; the pulse is perhaps seventy or eighty, 
and- wiry, the breathing affected to some extent, and you are apt to 
think the horse is suffering from irritation of the lungs ; pressure 
causes pain, and in many cases, no difference what causes it, a post 
mortem will reveal a great amount of effusion into the peritoneal 
cavity. The symptoms sometimes come on gradually. At first he is 
dull, will not move unless he is forced to, refuses food ; pulse seventy 
or eighty, and wiry; the breathing quickened some, and he will look 
at the sides, etc. It is apt to extend over a large surface, and may 
involve the whole peritoneum. When it comes from castration, ■ 
suppuration does not take place in connection with castration, 
and instead of healthy, we have a small amount of ichorous pus 
discharged. 

Treatment. — Hypodermic injections, opiates and a little oil if the 
bowels are constipated, and judicious counter-irritation, and after 
partial recovery use iodide of potassium. 

Ascites, or Dropsy, is the result of peritonitis. An effusion 
takes place from an inflammation of a serous membrane, and if it 
goes on to such an extent that it can not be absorbed, it produces 
dropsy. Dropsy is the result of chronic peritonitis, or from chronic 
disease of any of the organs — as the liver, lung?, heart, kidneys, urin- 
ary, calculi, album inurea, or degeneration of the kidneys, etc. 

Symptoms. — The animal is weak ; the pulse quick, and very weak 
in some sases ; the appetite may be retained tolerably well; the mus- 
cular system becomes soft and flabby; the belly distended, and when 
you press upon it you can see it is the result of a fluid ; as well as be- 
ing weak, the pulse is irregular ; there is, perhaps, a slight diarrhea, 
and when there is. the symptoms subside to some extent; then consti- 
pation sets in, and the swelling again returns. This disease is most 
common in the dog, and it is astonishing how much fluid may be im- 
prisoned in a dog. 

Treatment. — Give those remedies that will tend to absorption of the 
fluids ; support the strength ; encourage the appetite, and do not re- 
strict the diet, but give any good food that will be taken ; and give 
iodine and iodide of potassium, of each one drachm; or acetate of 
potash, two or three drachms, jiight and morning, and if the effusion 
is very great, the operation of paracentesis may afford temporary re- 
lief. This is easily performed by means of a trochar and canula. 
However, this operation is not followed by any great degree of suc- 
cess, for the fluid is likely to collect again. It is sometimes, also, nec- 
essary to apply a bandage. If the effusion is but slight it will be 
absorbed; if it is too extensive to be absorbed, there is not much suc- 
cess in treating it. 

Gut Tie is occasionally noticed in working oxen. It gives rise io 
pain and obstinate constipation ; he looks at the sides, etc. Some 
have afforded relief by cutting into the abdominal cavity and unrav- 
eling it. It is difficult to diagnose. The stomach of the ox is divided 
into four stomachs, or divisions. The first is the rumen, or paunch ; 
the second, the reticulum, or honey-comb ; the third, the omasum, or 



180 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

many plies; the fourth, the abomasum, or true digestive stomach. 
The food is taken into the mouth and masticated to a certain extent; 
it is then swallowed and passes into the rumen ; when the rumen is 
full the process of rumination commences. There is some difference 
of opinion about this process. Some claim it is performed by the 
rumen, and others that it is done by the second, and some by the third 
stomach ; but some ruminants have no third stomach, so it must pass 
from the rumen up the oesophagus, and, after being remasticated, it is 
again swallowed and passes through the oesophageal canal into the 
omasum and true digestive stomach. 

Hoven Blown, or Tympanites.— This is common, and consists 
in a distention of the rumen from the accumulation of gases, due to 
the suspension of the peristaltic action of the stomach. The gases 
are carbonic acid, sulphuretted hydrogen, and carburetted hydrogen 
gases, and, in some cases, carbonic oxide. 

Causes. — It is sometimes a symptom of choking, sometimes the 
result of chronic indigestion, and may be symptomatic of disease of 
the liver, parturient fever, etc. The great exciting cause is a sudden 
change in the food. In some countries wet clover will produce it 
quickly, and in those places it is very dangerous to turn cattle upon 
wet clover in the morning. Potatoes and turnips, especially if frozen 
a little, or feeding peelings, etc., from the kitchen ; bran, shorts, etc., 
and any kind of food may produce it. In the acute form it is not 
usually accompanied by any organic disease, but is the result of the 
evolution of gases. 

Symptoms in many cases arp alarming. The left flank swollen to a 
great extent, and there may be eructations of gas in the early stages. 
Rumination ceases; there is a drum-like noise from striking the 
swelling, and from pressure upon the diaphragm the breathing is dis- 
turbed, and the animal may die from asphyxia ; the head is pro- 
truded, and even the tongue may protrude from the mouth ; the eyes 
bloodshot, the animal staggers, falls, and expires, mostly from 
asphyxia, but it may be from rupture. 

Treatment — This should be energetic. Give something that will 
neutralize the gases, and form different compounds — carbonate of 
ammonia one-half ounce to one ounce, or the aromatic spirits of am- 
monia, which tends to combine with the gases. Another is chlor- 
inated lime, two to four drachms or even an ounce. Any of these 
should be given in cold water; but I prefer two, three, or four ounces 
of turpentine, and raw linseed oil from one-half pint to one quart in 
ordinary cases ; and it may be advisable to follow with a purgative — 
give from one pound to one and one half pounds of epsom salts. If 
the symptoms are very urgent, you must relieve mechanically, which 
may be done with a hollow probang, but the safest way is to puncture 
upon the left side, at equal distance from the last rib, the transverse 
proscesses of the vertebra and the spine of the ilium. The trochar 
used for the horse does very well, but it must be pretty long; after 
puncturing give a little turpentine and oil, and it is good practice to 
follow bv a purgative, and attend to the animal carefully for some 
time. Give the best of food and tonics. If you have no trochar use 
a small knife. 

Impaction of the Rumen, Grain Sack, Etc.— It means an 
excess of food in the rumen ; it paralyzes the muscular coats of the 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 181 

ruinen, and suspends digestion; inferior food of any deseription is 
liable to produce it. An animal getting loose at corn, oats or bran, 
especially if inferior, and not first acted on by hot water, is liable to 
it. Corn cobs will also cause it. 

Symptoms. — I think there is generally more or less gas present ; 
rumination ceases ; the animal is dull, and suffers pain to some ex- 
tent ; there is a peculiar groan or grunt heard ; the pulse is quick ; 
sometimes there is a discharge of saliva from the mouth ; he lies 
down, gets up, lies down, etc.; the left side is swollen, and instead of 
the hollow sound, it is a dead-like sound, and by pressure you find 
food is in the rumen, and you can leave the marks of your fingers 
upon the outside ; the bowels are costive, and if there are any feces 
passed they are covered with mucous. Food may remain in the ru- 
men for days, or even weeks, in a case where there was impaired func- 
tion of some kind. Sometimes it is thought the animal is choked, 
and in passing the probang it will not pass into the stomach because 
of the food. 

Treatment. — I recommend a dose of purgative medicine, followed by 
stimulants. Give one to one-and-a-half pounds of epsom salts, half 
ounce of ginger, dissolved in hot water, and give when cooled ; or you 
may combine one-half ounce of aloes with it. It is necessary some- 
times to give a large dose of purgative medicine I have given three 
or four pounds of salts before it would operate, but I think you are 
more likely to have success from stimulants. Strangeways recom- 
mends quinine with the purgative, and mix vomica may be of benefit; 
and if these fail, you may perform rumenotomy ; and we are apt to 
let a case run too far before we perform this ; it would be more suc- 
cessful if performed at an earlier stage. Eumenotomy is cutting 
into the rumen and removing its contents, and is best performed 
when the animal is standing; and if the animal has been affected 
for some time, you can cut to a considerable extent without the ani- 
mal seeming to care. So secure the animal against the wall, cut 
through the skin and muscles in the same place you would puncture. 
(Some recommend plunging the knife through all at once). Make 
an incision about five inches long, exposing the rumen; then make 
an incision in the rumen and insert a handkerchief, or attach the 
walls by means of a suture, to prevent the food from passing into the 
abdominal cavity, and then remove the contents carefully. Some 
recommend leaving some food in, but I generally clean it out pretty 
well, then bring the walls of the rumen together. A metallic suture 
is the best, perhaps, and bring the edges so it will slough into the 
stomach, then bring the other parts together and give a slight purga- 
tive, and stimulants, if the animal is weak. In a case where you give 
one or two good doses of purgative medicine, then depend upon 
stimulants ; injections are also of benefit. 

Ejection or Vomition can take place more readily in cattle 
than in horses, but does not frequently occur because they are not 
easily nauseated. It may arise from various causes, as irritation of 
the reticulum, abomasum or true digestive stomach, but is generally 
due to some foreign body therein and agr at many things may be 
found in the stomach, taken in by a depraved appetite, as old shoes, 
clothes, bones, etc.), and possibly it may occur from some organic 
disease, as a tumor. It is best treated by a slight laxative, as there 
is a possibility of the foreign body being removed. Give six or eight 

16 



182 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

ounces of epsom salts with a pint of linseed oil, and support the 
animal upon liquids for a few days, gruel, linseed tea, etc , and if the 
irritation still continues you may give a small dose of opium to allay 
the irritation ; but there is nothing, perhaps, that will allay the irri- 
tation as quickly as hydrocyanic acid, fifteen, twenty, or thirty drops 
two or three times a day. If these do not afford relief and you think 
there is something in the rumen, it may be advisable to open and ex- 
plore the rumen with the hand, but you must exercise judgment in 
such cases. Foreign bodies often get into the rumen, pass out and 
through the diaphragm, and passing into the substance of the heart, 
produce what is known as traumatic pericarditis. 

Hair Balls occur in all animals, but oftenest in cattle. They are 
likely to accumulate and remain in the reticulum. They occur from 
animals licking one another. They attain considerable size, and set 
up irritation ; in some cases they may pass out or break up ; they 
give rise to indigestion, loss of rumination and ejection. The rumen 
may contain one hundred and fifty or more pounds of food. Almost 
all sorts of foreign bodies have been removed from the stomach of the 
ox. Youatt relates a case where a lady's neckkerchief formed the 
nucleus for a calculus. A case is also related where a coat was found 
in the stomach of a slaughtered ox ; and a snake three feet eleven 
inches in length was taken from the oesophagus of an ox, after 
puncturing had been performed without any permanent benefit. 

Impaction of the Manyplies, at one time called fardel 
bound, and also supposed to be of common occurrence, for if an 
animal suffers for a week or two it is often impacted to a great extent. 
I believe, with Professor Williams, that it is often symptomatic of 
other diseases, but it does, however, occur as a primary affection. 
There are about one hundred or one hundred and twenty of these 
leaves, and the food becomes impacted between them until it seems 
almost as hard as a bone, or the ingesta gets dry, and will crumble 
when a post mortem is made. 

Causes. — Giving dry food which does not contain nutriment in pro- 
portion to its bulk. It is more common in the spring, when the 
animal is turned on an old pasture, and in getting the young grass he 
gets a large amount of old, indigestible grass, and it may occur from 
inferior food, frozen roots, etc. 

Symptoms.— There is a manifest loss of fat, and, if in a milch cow, 
there is a decrease in the flow of milk; perhaps at first a slight diar- 
rhea, which speedily gives way to costiveness ; the mouth hot ; the 
ears and horns usually rather hot; the pulse quickened; the muzzle 
dry and hot ; the breathing increased. And this is apt to lead you to 
suppose the animal is suffering some slight affection of the respiratory- 
organs. There is a slight moaning, and cases are sometimes mistaken 
for pleuro-pneumonia, especially in those stall fed. There is also a 
grating of the teeth, and the head becomes sympathetically affected by 
the nervous system becoming affected, and this produces tremors, con- 
vulsions, and, perhaps, death. The rumen is generally not distended 
to any great extent, and there may be a tucked up appearance. The 
first sympton often noticed is the cessation of rumination. 

Treatment. — Give a good purgative, and follow it by stimulants, or 
follow by quinine, one or one and a half drachms, and a few drops of 
sulphuric acid, which dissolves the quinine. If the animal will drink,. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 183 

give plenty of water, and give chloride of sodium with the salts ; give 
gruel, linseed tea, etc., but so long as the acute symptoms last there 
is no great need of much food, for if the digestive organs are not in a 
condition to receive it, it does more harm than good. You may give 
an ounce of aloes with the epsom salts, and, if the fever is great, give 
a few doses of aconite. I do not recommend blood-letting. 

White Scours, a form of diarrhea in calves. It is usually the 
result of irritation of the stomach more than of the small intestines. 
It is a common disorder. I think there is more or less inflammatory 
action in connection with the true stomach. It is gastritis, so to 
speak. The exciting cause is the character of the milk, although 
there may be exceptional cases, where there is a tubercular diathesis. 
It is often caused by giving the young calf milk from some other cow, 
instead of the first milk of the mother, and even the milk of the 
mother may not be of the right character, and so cause it ; another 
cause is giving skimmed milk. 

Symptoms. — The feces are in a semi-fluid state, a yellowish-white 
color ; sometimes mixed with hard portions ; the patient grates its 
teeth, which is symptomatic of abdominal pain ; lies down ; raises the 
head and looks toward the abdomen. 

Treatment. — Endeavor to find the cause; regulate the bowels by 
giving good milk ; and it may be necessary, although the animal is 
weak, to endeavor to get rid of the irritant by giving one, two or 
three ounces of linseed oil, with an equal amount of lime water ; 
castor oil may be given, but linseed oil does very well. The lime 
tends to counteract the acidity of the stomach, and the oil allays the 
irritation. Bicarbonate of potash, one scruple to half drachm, or 
even a drachm, according to the size of the animal. If there is pain, 
give from twenty to fifty drops of laudanum ; and astringents are some- 
times required, but must be used with extreme caution. Give cate- 
chu, half drachm, and prepared chalk, one to two drachms, or some flour 
gruel. If the milk is either too nutritions, or the opposite, change 
the food of the mother, and in this way act upon the milk. 

Inflammation of the true digestive stomach may be produced 
from various causes; anything that will cause impaction of the third 
stomach may produce this — roots, corn, grasses, tares, fitches, etc. 
Symptoms are somewhat similar to fardel bound. There is diarrhea, 
followed by constipation ; the respirations increased ; the muzzle dry 
and hot, or hot and cold, and legs in the same condition. 

Treatment. — Give a moderate laxative, and carefully use sedatives, 
and attend to regulating the diet ; and you are apt to mistake fardel 
bound for inflammation of the true digestive stomach. 

Diarrhea in Cattle is due to a slight congested state of the 
alimentary canal, from an irregular supply of water, impure water, etc. 
It is apt to terminate in dysentery, which is more common in cattle 
than in horses. There are liquid evacuations, tinged with blood, and 
sometimes mixed with shreds of mucous membrane. Endeavor to 
find the cause ; give a slight laxative, and follow by astringents, if 
necessary; treat the same as in the horse, but do not at once give 
astringents in diarrhea. It is sometimes a prominent symptom in 
tubercular disease. 

Enteritis in cattle is not so common as in horses. There ig 



184 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

more or less abdominal pain ; pulse quick ; grating of the teeth : 
suspension of rumination, etc. It dees not prove fatal so quickly as 
in horses, and cattle do not show such violent symptoms as horses. It 
is treated in much the same way as in the horse. Be careful in giving 
purgatives ; give hypodermic injections, opium or laudanum ; sup- 
port the animal, and use counter-irritation, which must be stronger in 
cattle than in horses, because the skin is thicker ; there is also twist- 
ing of the bowels, but it is not so common, and does riot destroy the 
animal so quickly as it does the horse, but it is likely to prove fatal. 

Constipation is not so common in cattle as in horses, and is 
most likely to occur in well-fed cattle. Feeding well upon turnips, 
corn, etc., and also mill sweepings, may produce it. Cattle are 
more liable to disease of the large intestines, and horses to dis- 
ease of the small intestines. It is possible for a portion of ingesta 
to remain in the stomach of a cow for a long time. A case is re- 
corded where a cow was fed fitches and then removed to where 
she could get no such food for six weeks, and a post mortem re- 
vealed fitches with the ingesta. And when you make a post mortem 
and find the third stomach impacted, do not make up your mind 
in all cases that the animal died from impaction. 



DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 

Disease of the Liver is not very common in the horse, yet we 
occasionally meet with a well-marked case, and in post mortems we 
find lesions in connection with the liver that were not detected through 
life. There are many reasons why the horse is not liable. One is, 
that the horse has no gall bladder — but I do not think that this has 
anything to do with it, but I think that the simplicity of their living 
has. Liver disease is the result of eating, and climate tends to exert 
^,n influence, for it is more common ir hot countries. 

Congestion of the Liver may and does occasionally occur, and 
it is more likely to occur in a horse fed on a stimulating diet and 
getting but little exercise. But it may exist with other causes — as 
disease of the valves of the heart, which affects the whole system, to 
some extent, and usually the liver; and ahso in chronic disease of the 
lungs. Chronic emphyseina has been said to cause it, but we have 
seen horses with the heaves live for some time and show no signs of 
liver disease. If it proceeds from heart disease, it produces passive 
congestion of the veins, and sometimes of the arterial vessels; but a 
stimulating diet is the most common cause — a large amount of corn, 
oats; etc. — and doing but little work. 

Symptoms. — They are not very plain, and you will have trouble in 
diagnosing it. The attack is, perhaps, somewhat sudden, but before 
this perhaps the animal is dull ; the bowels disordered ; slight diar- 
rhea, and then costiveness ; slight abdominal pain, but not such as in 
colic or enteritis; it is shown by more or less restlessness, turning the 
head and looking at the side — more to the right than the left, some 
say ; the pulse quick, and, in some cases, weak ; and after a time the 
secretion of the liver is interfered with, the result of which is yellow- 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 185 

ness of the mucous membranes, and, although he suffers pain, he does 
not lie for any length of time, especially if the capsules of the liver 
is affected, but stands up much the same as in lung disease; but in 
lung disease the quickened breathing and changes can be detected by 

auscultation and percussion. 

Treatment. — If it occurs in a pampered animal, give from seven to 
nine drachms of aloes. I do not recommend calomel. However, in 
some cases it is a benefit, in others it is injurious. Apply judicious 
counter-irritation, and you can scarcely ever go far wrong in applying 
heat to the abdomen, even if there is difficulty in making up your 
mind. Sulphate of magnesia is another remedy, but do not give a 
purgative dose ; or you may give, instead, sulphate of soda, which 
acts as a febrifuge. Give glauber or epsom salts in the water one to 
three times a day. Another good one is iodide of potassium; regu- 
late the diet. Congestion of the liver is more common in sheep than 
in horses, and may produce softening or disintegration, which is due 
to the feeding, especially if fed on a stimulating diet. There may be 
no signs till shortly before death; then there is pain; the animal 
rolls, perhaps; the mucous membranes show a yellow tinge, and the 
post mortem shows the liver enlarged ; has a yellowish appearance, 
and can easily be broken between the thumb and finger. There can 
be but little done for it, but if you are called, and find that several 
have died, make a post mortem and try to find the cause of the death, 
and you may prevent it in others by giving a less stimulating diet— 
the sulphate of soda, or the hypo-sulphite of soda, iodide of potassi- 
um, a slight purgative, etc. It is more frequent in dogs, usually the 
result of being pampered, fed upon sweets and getting but little exer- 
cise. He refuses food ; seems weak and debilitated ; there is a yellow- 
ish tinge of the mucous membranes ; and if in a light-skinned animal, 
the whole skin is yellow. Give a good purgative of jalap or syrup of 
buckthorn, then iodide of potassium ; regulate the diet and give some 
exercise. Feeding nothing but cold water for two or three days, and 
giving exercise, will often cure it in dogs. 

Hepatitis, or Inflammation of the Liver, may either be 
acute or chronic. It may involve a part or the whole of the organ, 
but in most cases, in the horse, I think it only involves a part, and 
suppuration may result, and an abscees of the liver, which may result 
either from circumscribed or diffuse inflammation. 

Symptoms. — The animal shows pain by looking at the sides, lying 
down, etc., but does not roll in a violent manner, although some works 
say he does. In other cases he stands most of the time ; the breathing 
slightly affected; the pulse quick; the head turned to the side; the 
inner side of the lips, cheeks, etc., assuming a yellowish tinge, and the 
feces are covered with mucous ; the brain may become sympathetically 
affected, causing staggers, etc. Another symptom is lameness in the 
off fore leg. You may meet such a symptom, but do not attribute it 
to the liver unless the lameness is very obscure. It is said that such 
lameness has been caused by a foreign body in the liver. There will 
be a scanty supply of urine, and it may be tinged with bile. 

Treatment. — If the pulse is strong, give a few doses of sedative med- 
icine; but if it is weak, then give stimulants; also give a moderate, 
dose of laxative medicine ; then give iodide of potassium or nitrate of 
potash, and improve the system by regulating the diet, and give tonics ; 
but be careful with purgatives in any case where the animal is debil- 



186 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

itated and the appetite gone ; but perhaps a small dose of nitrons 
ether, and injections are useful. It is more apt to occur in a circum- 
scribed than in a diffuse form, and it may go on to a considerable ex- 
tent before there are any well-marked symptoms. It is more common 
in old, debilitated animals. 

Jaundice is perhaps the most common disease of the liver. It is 
often only symptomatic of some other disease. It is symptomatic of 
any disease of the liver, of inflammation, hardening, calculi, hydated 
abscesses, etc., and it may prove a sequel of some debilitating disease, 
as influenza, strangles, etc., by exhibiting a yellowness of the mucous 
membranes, and of course is jaundice. In man it is of such an extent 
as to stain the linen of the patient, and may arise from various 
causes ; it may arise from suppression or obstruction. By obstruc- 
tion, by closing of the hepatic duct, from inflammation of the lining 
membrane ; obstruction by calculi, gall stones, tumors, hydatids, etc. 
It may be due to closure of the hepatic and common duct, resulting 
from adhesive inflammation, gall stones being firmly impacted 
therein, or anything that will obstruct the flow of bile. Another 
cause is destruction of the hepatic cells, as in atrophy and induration 
of the liver, etc. There are certain tests by which you can form an 
idea of which of these it is. Take two drachms of urine, add one-half 
drachm of sulphuric acid and a small amount of loaf sugar — a piece 
the size of a pea — and if at the line of contact of the two liquids a 
scarlet or purple color is produced, the acids of the bile which are 
only secreted by the liver are present, and it is due to obstruction. 
If some of those ingredients which are only found in the liver are 
absent, then the sugar takes on a brownish appearance, and it is due 
to suppression. But I do not say this is always a true test. There 
is yellowness of the mucous membranes, the pulse weak, a furred con- 
dition of the tongue, the secretions generally impaired, appetite im- 
paired, etc. 

Treatment— Give a moderate laxative, iodide of potassium, and 
then tonics. If there is suppression then perhaps there is benefit in 
calomel, but I do not recommend it in all cases. If the animal is 
strong give a laxative ; if not, give stimulants ; if in summer give nice 
green food in small quantities, and carefully use stimulants. The 
dog also suffers from jaundice; give a moderate laxative, regulate 
the diet, and recovery will usually result. 

Rupture of the Liver. — It is occasionally seen in a horse ten 
or twelve years old, that has been highly fed and exercised but little, 
and if put to violent exercise it causes hemorrhage and death. The 

Symptoms are internal hemorrhage ; the animal falters, shows pain, 
looks at the sides ; the pulse runs down quickly, perhaps is strong for 
a few minutes at first; the mucous membrane becomes pale and 
blanched, and a post mortem will reveal a rupture of some of the 
vessels ; perhaps a small vessel may be ruptured and the animal live 
for some time. If you suspect rupture apply cold water to the sides ; 
give acetate of lead, one scruple, once or twice a day. It is very 
difficult to diagnose an internal rupture, but you may be able to do 
it. I have known rupture of the heart to occur, and death is almost 
instantaneous. In other internal ruptures death occurs in about 
twenty to fifty minutes. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 187 

Biliary Calculi, or Bile Stones, are not so common in the 

horse as in man, but they may exist in great numbers, and when they 
do they generally give rise to the obstruction of the flow of bile, 
causing it to be reabsorbed into the system, and this gives rise to 
jaundice ; therefore jaundice may be a symptom of biliary calculi. 
There may be perhaps ninety or more of these present at one time. 
These may set up irritation and cause ulceration of the biliary duct, 
and irritation of the intestines as well. Persons living high and 
taking but little exercise are liable to these. If you suspect these, 
which will be shown by yellowness of the mucous membranes, irrita- 
tion, etc., try the effect of a slight laxative of oil or aloes, and 
follow by one-half drachm to one drachm of hydrochloric acid, well 
diluted, two or three times a day. It has a tendency to dissolve the 
calculi, and there is no great risk in trying it, as it is not likely to do 
any harm. 

Atrophy of the Liver also occurs ; and also the contrary, or 
hypertrophy. The horse gradually falls off in condition; the diges- 
tive organs become impaired ; there is diarrhea or costiveness; the 
feces become changed in color, although the animal has been fed 
upon the same kind of food ; by and by there is yellowness of the 
membranes. This may run on for some time, and the horse still be 
able to do some woik. 

Scirrhus Induration is more likely to occur in old horses, and 
in most cases is the result of faulty feeding. In man it is often the 
result of the continued use of intoxicants, especially of a poor qual- 
ity. The animal falls off in condition ; there is irregularity of the 
digestive organs ; yellowness of the eyes and mouth, and the animal 
dies a lingering death. No doubt if the urine in such a case had 
been tested by Harley's test, it would have shown that there was 
suppression present. But little can be done for it ; regulate the diet, 
and use iodide of potassium, etc. 

Functional Disorder of the Liver, without any actual dis- 
ease being present, is occasionally seen, as in indigestion. Bile is not 
secreted properly; and a slight yellowness of the membrane appears, 
costiveness, etc. A convenient term for this is torpidity of the liver. 
Give those remedies that tend to increase the secretion of the bile ; 
calomel has such a tendency ; give one scruple to one-half drachm 
every day for four or five days, and follow by a slight laxative ; reg- 
ulate the diet and give tonics, but do not give tonics till the system is 
prepared for it. An irregular supply of salt tends to produce liver 
•troubles. 

Rot in Sheep is due to a fluke worm, distoma hepaticam in the 
duct and even in the substance of the liver. The liver presents a 
reddened appearance, the tissues are disintegrated, etc. I do not 
think it exists to any great extent in Canada; it may exist in the 
southern part of the United States. In Britain it is common, and 
destroys millions of sheep. The ovum of this worm is taken into the 
stomach and gets into the duct, and gains access to the liver, and 
after remaining there for some time it changes and escapes by way of 
the intestines, then undergoes various changes and produces an ovum 
which may again be taken by the sheep in their water. These par- 
asites are developed to a great extent in the liver, and usually give 
rise to pain. 



188 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OP 

Symptoms.— It is said that the animal thrives for some time after 
the worms are deposited. After a time the wool is easily pulled 
and an edematous swelling takes place under the throat; yellow- 
ness of the eyes, etc. The shepherds in Britain can determine it 
just by the appearance of the eye. It is usually the result of pas- 
turing upon wet lands. 

Treatment. — Prevention is better than cure. Move the animals 
from low to high lands, and give hypo-sulphite of soda and plenty 
of common salt ; and the giving of turpentine is worthy of trial. 
This disease is more common in wet years. 

Spleen. — This is the largest ductless gland in the body, and its 
function is not very well known. It may be removed from the 
lower animals, and the animal live and enjoy pretty good health. 
The spleen, as other organs, is liable to inflammation, but is more 
liable to congestion. Splenic apoplexy occurs in cattle, and the 
horse sometimes suffers from congestion of t^ie spleen, which may 
be followed by inflammation. 

Splenitis. — Diseases of the spleen are hard to diagnose correctly. 
An animal may suffer severe pain internally for several days, and 
then death takes place ; and a post mortem may reveal an inflamed 
or gangrenous condition of the spleen. I think it is more common 
in malarial districts, and I think that the horse suffers from malarial 
fever. I knew one horse in particular, that was owned down near 
New Orleans, showed slight indigestion, dullness, could not stand 
work, etc., and was sold very cheap ; was taken to Minnesota, and be- 
came one of the best horses in America. 

Symptoms are similar to colic, and when a horse shows slight symp- 
toms of colic, rolls, etc., and gets up apparently well, it may be that 
he is suffering from irritation of some other part. In diseases of the 
spleen, the pulse is quick, and I think tolerably weak ; and in some 
cases, before the acute symptoms appear, the animal is dull and lan- 
guid, showing that the disease was coming on gradually; the animal 
has a great tendency to hang the head and lop the ears ; but this is 
symptomatic of any debility. Inflammation of the spleen is supposed 
to be more common during summer. I have never seen a well marked 
case of it. If you suspect it, give opiates and a gentle laxative, and 
use counter-irritation, and after the acute symptoms are allayed, give 
iodine and iodide of potassium. In any case of abdominal pain you 
cannot make any great mistake in giving opium or hypodermic injec- 
tions. I believe the spleen is more liable to chronic than acute dis- 
eases, except in apoplexy. It is liable to hypertrophy, I believe, in 
malarial fever, as it is in ague. It is difficult to detect, and is deter- 
mined by negative symptoms ; the animal pines away without show- 
ing disease of any organ. There may be softening, rupture and 
melanotic deposits. The spleen has been found enlarged, and varying 
in weight from twenty to eighty-eight and a half pounds. It is also 
liable to a kind of ossification or cartilaginous change, and the symp- 
toms are similar to the foregoing ; the horse becomes weak; the ap- 
petite impaired, but not entirely gone ; gradual emaciation ensues ; 
the circulation not much disturbed ; the pulse perhaps forty or forty- 
four, and weak; and although the animal gradually falls off in con- 
dition, the coat will remain as sleek as in health, which is an excep- 
tion in debility ; the bowels are irregular, and the horse is not able to 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMAES. 189 

do much work. If you examine the lungs, they are regular; and 
there are no abdominal sounds; you examine the urine, ariid find the 
kidneys all right ; there is no yellowness of the membranes, and the 
symptoms which I have mentioned are present, then you may con- 
clude that it is the spleen. Enlargement has been detected by exam- 
ining per rectvm; but to do this, it would have to be enormously en- 
larged. If you suspect this, give a slight laxative, and then try 
iodide of potassium — one or two drachms once or twice a day ; or, 
give iodine itself. You may have dropsy in connection with this. 



PANCREAS AND SPLEEN. 

The character of the diseases of the pancrea is somewhat obscure. 
Death may occur, and yet we are unable to diagnose the disease — but 
it is rare. When the secretions of the pancreas are impaired, the fatty 
principles of the food pass off unchanged. This is seen in the human 
being and in the dog. The animal falls off in condition ; there is weak 
pulse and more or less abdominal pain ; fats pass unchanged ; pancre- 
atic calculi are also found — more frequently in cattle ; the large and 
small ducts may be affected by them ; it is more likely to occur where 
the water is largely impregnated with the salts of lime. Treat it by 
changing the food and water, and give mineral acids. It is very hard 
to diagnose correctly, and when you go into practice, and your patient 
dies from anything out of the regular order of disease, always make 
a post mortem examination. -, 

Splenic Apoplexy in Cattle should perhaps come under " an- 
thrax." This is rather common in cattle. It is an enlargement of the 
spleen with blood, which interrupts its vital function, and causes dis- 
ease. Recent researches have thrown some light upon the subject, but 
it is still a large field for investigation. It is a blood disease — the 
constituents of the blood are changed to a considerable extent. The 
blood, from various causes, undergoes peculiar changes, and is brought 
to a stand-still in the spleen. 

Causes. — It is now held that it is due to the presence of the bacillus 
anthracis — small spores which enter the blood in some way or other, 
either through the digestive system or through a wound. This is the 
opinion generally held, but I think we meet with cases where it is 
hard to account for it in this way. However, these spores may be car- 
ried in different ways. I have seen a few where, I think, it could 
scarcely be attributed to these spores, although it is now generally ad- 
mitted that these cause it. The exciting causes are changing from 
poor to rich food ; a deficient supply of water, although it is pure,, 
and pasturing the animals upon low, damp lands in hot weather ; at 
one time plenty of water, which becomes scarce and changed in char- 
acter. Water containing a large per cent, of solid matter is liable to 
produce disease. I saw two or three cases in the neighborhood of 
Paris, in the summer of 1872, which was dry and hot. They received 
an irregular supply of good water. Some of them died, and post mor- 
tems revealed lesions of the spleen, presenting all the symptoms of 
splenous apoplexy. Then they received plenty of water, and no more 
were attacked. It has been noticed where animals have been fed upon. 



190 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

turnips which were grown upon certain soils or manures ; but I am 
inclined to think it is due to spores getting in in some way. If you 
meet with it, examine the character of the food, pasture, etc., care- 
fully. 

Symptoms are alarming and of short duration. An animal may be 
apparently perfectly healthy at night and be dead in the morning, but 
he may have been affected for some time, for it is noticed that the 
temperature is increased before other symptoms are shown, and after 
the pains increase the temperature becomes less than natural. Then 
the animal shows uneasiness ; the urine is high colored, and is said, 
in some cases, to be streaked with blood ; the pulse small and thready ; 
the breathing accelerated and stentorious; the head affected in vari- 
ous ways; sometimes comatose, at others convulsions, and sometimes 
the animal will bellow with pain, and the symptoms are no sooner re- 
vealed than the animal is dying. Nothing can be done in the way of 
treatment, but change the locality, food and water, and make a thor- 
ough investigation of all the food, and give a slight laxative. Try 
hyposulphite of soda as a preventive. Decomposition takes place 
quickly after death. When you make a post mortem it is best to do 
it as soon as possible. Under the skin it looks like the animal had 
been bled to death, and sometimes there is ecchymosis in the intestinal 
canal. The spleen will be increased in weight two or three pounds, 
and will be full of blood, and if held up the blood will gravitate from 
one end to the other. The blood is also changed in character. Some- 
times there is a discharge of a kind of frothy mucous from the nose, 
and it is sometimes tinged with blood ; and sometimes a similar dis- 
charge takes place from the vagina. One farmer, near Brockford, has 
lost in the past four years nineteen head of cattle, in which case I am 
satisfied it is of a local character ; but at the same time it may be due 
to those spores. I think we have congestion of the spleen, which ter- 
minates fatally, that is not due to the bacillus anthracis. I would 
recommend you, in making post mortems, to be careful, especially 
after decomposition sets in, if there are any sores upon the hands. I 
do not think it is very dangerous, but a certain amount of caution is 
necessary. If you meet with it, change the locality, give laxatives, 
stimulants, tonics, etc.; carbolic acid is also recommended. 



DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS. 

Nephri is, Inflammation of the Kidneys.— The kidneys 
are the great eliminators of the system, and as we cannot act so read- 
ily upon the skin in our patients, we frequently act upon the kidneys. 
Nephritis may occur in the acute or chronic form, and is more often 
sub-acute, or chronic, in the horse. Disease of the kidneys is often 
suspected where it does not exist — as in rolling, looking at the sides, 
showing pain, etc. These do not always indicate disease of the kid- 
neys, but sometimes do, and you will be called to treat what is sup- 
posed to be disease of the kidneys, which is not. In enteritis the kid- 
neys are affected to a certain extent. 

Causes. — Exposure to cold ; food possessing diuretic properties too 
largely; musty food of any kind which over-stimulates the kidneys 
and causes more or less inflammation ; eating certain herbs, grasses. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 1911 

etc.; suppressed perspiration; also, diuretic medicines in too large 
quantities — sweet spirits of nitre, rosin, nitrate of potash, etc., if too 
niuch is given, or if it is given too frequently. It is also said to re- 
sult from violent exertion of any kind, especially with a heavyweight 
upon the back. But in most cases it is due to the food, medicines, or 
exposure to cold. It may terminate in resolution, softening, or en- 
largement, of the kidneys ; but when it goes on to any great extent,, 
the lining membrane of the uriniferous tubes passes off in the urine,, 
which destroys the character of the kidneys to a certain extent, and 
it may terminate in ulceration and poisoning of the blood, when it is- 
usually fatal. 

Symptoms. — More or less fever ; the pulse varying from sixty to 
eighty, and it is not the full bounding pulse of enteritis ; the mouth 
is hot and dry, more perhaps than in some cases of enteritis. There 
is considerable pain in the region of the kidneys, and more or less- 
abdominal pain ; he lies down and rolls, but not to the same extent 
as in enteritie, and does not try to lie upon the back ; turns the nose 
to the flank, but puts it higher up ; the ears perhaps alternately hot 
and cold ; the breathing increased ; frequent attempts to urinate,, 
passes perhaps a small amount of high colored urine, which looks 
like it was mixed with blood, which may be possible, and it may con- 
tain casts of the uriniferous tubes. The urine may be retained for a 
short time in the bladder. If the disease goes on and relief is not 
obtained, the symptoms change some ; the pulse becomes w r eaker and 
weaker, the coat changes, the horse looks dull and stupid, showing 
ursemic poisoning, and if both kidneys are affected, and their secre- 
tions arrested, this results very soon. After passing urine the pain is 
sometimes increased ; all the secretions are more or less affected. 
Azoturia is often mistaken for inflammation of the kidneys. 

Treatment must be energetic ; a sedative is recommended. Formerly 
bloodletting was the remedy used, but fifteen, twenty or thirty drops, 
of Flemming's tincture of aconite is better ; and give an oleaginous 
purgative — one quart of raw linseed oil. To relieve the pain you 
may use opium or hypodermic injections of morphia; also injections 
not only to cause the bowels to act, but tepid water has a good effect 
upon the kidneys. Clothe the body well and endeavor to induce 
perspiration. Slight perspiration around the flanks and shoulders is- 
symptomatic of the disease. Apply hot cloths, mustard, etc., over 
the loins, and a newly flayed sheepskin is an old and good counter- 
irritation. Sometimes blister, but do not use cantharides, for it tends 
to over-stimulate the kidneys; it may be used in. azoturia. Pressure 
over the loins is a test for kidney disease, but is uncertain, for any 
thin-skinned animal will flinch from pressure here, and the kidneys 
are deep-seated and well protected, but it may increase the pain. It 
is also recommended to examine per rectum. After the symptoms sub- 
side some, regulate the diet and give a few doses of carbonate of soda.. 
At one time it was recommended to give calomel. You may give 
belladonna instead of opium in some cases. 

Nephritis, I believe, often occurs in the sub-acute or. chronic 
form, and is caused by poor keeping and hard work, or a large 
amount of diuretic medicines, which over-stimulate the kidneys. 
But a slight amount of urine passes ; the horse rolls about and is 
uneasy; stands with the hind limbs well back; there is slight swell- 
ing of the limbs, the urine sometimes nearly natural, and some- 



192 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

times streaked with blood ; the pulse is not affected to any great 
extent. Give a slight laxative ; regulate the diet; give demulcents r 
and give carbonate of soda; use counter-irritation, hot water, 
mustard, etc., but no cantharides. Williams recommends the appli- 
cation of digitalis over the kidneys; also give tonics. We are often 
consulted about a case of some slight irritation of the urinary organs, 
which may be due to functional disorder of the kidneys, or to over- 
stimulation by diuretics, and it is well to ascertain whether such 
medicines have been given. In such cases give a few doses of tonics, 
as sulphate of iron, and in eight or ten days give a diuretic. Some 
recommend tartar emetic to act upon the skin, but it is not reliable, 
and in fact there are no certainly reliable medicines of this kind in 
our practice. Inflammation may terminate in resolution, suppura- 
tion, induration, atrophy, or hypertrophy, and when one kidney 
becomes affected the other is apt to take on just the opposite condi- 
tion. If one becomfs atrophied, the other becomes hypertrophied,. 
etc., and disease may exist in one kidney for some time without pro- 
ducing death ; even suppuration has been noticed in some of our 
subjects. 

Polyuria, Diuresis, Diabetes, Insipidis. •— It is classed as 
a dietetic disease, and I think it is just as well to notice it in connec- 
tion with the urinary organs. Pure diabetes is where the food is 
converted into sugar and passes off through the kidneys-, and I think 
it is better to use the term polyuria or diuresis. There is an enorm- 
ous amount of aqueous urine passed ; it is more watery than in 
health ; it is of low specific gravity, and contains an excess of urea 
and chloride of sodium, and some other acids are said to exist. 

Symptoms. — The principal one is the great amount of urine, voided,, 
which is clear and watery ; this sometimes occurs to a slight extent, 
and we can scarcely give it the name of a disease. It is sometimes 
just what we desire. If there is irritation of the respiratory organs 
we give medicine to act upon the kidneys, and it is not then called a 
disease. The cause that generally gives rise to it is some error in 
feeding, and so it is classed as a dietetie disease ; inferior food, as 
musty hay, oats, beans, peas, etc., are causes. It is also a sequel to 
some debilitating disease, the result of some change of tissue in the 
system. It is sometimes the result of strangles and influenza, and is 
not a bad symptom unless it continues for more than two or three 
days. It is said to be a premonitary symptom of glanders,, and that 
is quite possible from the change of tissues. It is also said to be pro- 
duced by drinking impure water, and the continued use of diuretics. 

The Symptoms are essential and incidental. The essential are intense 
thirst — it seems that you cannot satisfy the thirst — a case is recorded 
in which a horse drank thirty-eight gallons of water in five hours. 
The horse is dull ; the appetite impaired, but not entirely gone ; a 
copious secretion of clear urine, of light gravity. The incidental 
symptoms are such as are common to indigestion — a dry, dusty coat; 
hide-bound (hide-bound is not a disease, but symptomatic of disease) ; 
the circulation is not much affected, but exercise affects it more or less r 
after a while the pulse becomes intermittent, and death may take 
place from ansemia, or it may terminate in some other disease. 

Treatment. — Inquire as to the kind of food, and change it, and if in 
the summer, give green food. If this cannot be done, give a certain 
amount of cooked food. I use Dick's remedy : One drachm of iodine 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 193 

each day for four or five days, and change the food. It acts like a 
charm. Where there is great thirst, give plenty of good, pure water 
— give it frequently and in small quantities. If these fail, give min- 
eral and vegetable tonics, powdered opium, carbonate of soda, the 
tincture of iron, etc.; or, sulphate of iron, one drachm ; arsenious acid, 
two or three grains; mix and give once a day ; or you may increase 
it to two doses a day ; or try the tincture of the chloride of iron. 
Williams noticed that when iodine was given for glanders, there was 
not any great desire for water — hence the use of iodine. If it occurs 
as a sequel of some debilitating disease, the treatment is similar. 

Ischuria.— We use this term for both suppression and retention 
of urine. True ischuria is where it is secreted and retained ; false, is 
where it is not secreted. It is, no doubt, symptomatic of nephritis, or 
anything that will interfere with the secretion of urine. Suppression 
may proceed from functional inactivity of the kidneys ; from fevers 
of any description, which interferes with the secretions of the kidneys. 
When it is just functional inactivity, give those remedies which act 
directly Upon the kidneys— give one or two ounces of nitre, in water ; 
or a diuretic ball of rosin, nitre and soft soap. True ischuria some- 
times appears where the urine is secreted and retained in the bladder, 
and the bladder may become greatly distended and give rise to well- 
marked symptoms in many cases ; and it is serious, as it may lead to 
paralysis, and even rupture, of the bladder. It may be due to spasms 
of the neck of the bladder; or to calculi; or, in old animals, to en- 
largement of ihe prostrate gland. 

Symptoms — The animal attempts to urinate; stamps with the feet; 
turns the head to the side; lies down and gets up, etc., and almost 
groans with pain when attempting to urinate. If it is a horse, the 
penis, in some cases, hangs pendulous. Sometimes a horse shows a 
difficulty in urinating when there is no abnormal condition of the 
kidneys. This sometimes occurs from want of straw or other bedding 
under him. As a general thing, you can have conclusive evidence of 
retention by examining per rectum. A nice clyster of warm water will 
sometimes relieve it by a relaxing action. If it is due to spasms, or 
even if due to calculi, sometimes pressure upon the neck of the blad- 
der with the hand will relieve it. If these fail, then use the elastic 
catheter, which can be inserted up the penis. Take hold of the penis 
with the left hand and insert it carefully, and when it reaches the 
point where it has to make the turn, use a little pressure, and you 
may even need to pass the hand into the rectum to prevent it from 
passing into the ejaculatory duct. In passing it in the female, put 
the hand in and find the meatus urinarius ; raise the valve and insert 
the catheter. In the passage there may, in some cases, be some diffi- 
culty, but not as a general thing. As well as this, a good opiate will 
sometimes afford relief in spasms of the neck of the bladder ; or give 
hypodermic injections; or a few good doses of belladonna may be 
of benefit; and you may even inject the bladder with a little tepid 
water. 

Oystites, Inflammation of the Bladder, is seldom seen, 
except from difficult parturition; but exposure to the cold, diuretic 
medicines and bad blood may produce it. The animal walks with a 
straddling gait; the urine is' passed frequently, but in small quanti- 
ties at a time — but there may be the natural "amount. An examina- 
tion may show pain and heat in the parts. Keep the animal quiet; 

17 






19^ CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

give an oleaginous purgative ; inject the rectum, and even the blad- 
der, with tepid water, to which may be added a little opium, which 
can be done in either the horse or mare ; give a few doses of carbonate 
of soda, and follow with demulant drinks, etc. 

Fuogoid Growths in the Bladder, either cancerous or mel- 
anotic, may grow and almost fill up the bladder. Ureters become en- 
larged, and take on the functions of the bladder, to a certain extent, 
by becoming enlarged. Hard work and poor keeping favor their pro- 
duction. Old horses, so kept, are most liable to this. 

Symptoms. — The animal appears somewhat stiff in the quarters, but 
not actually lame. This disappears some by exercise ; he gradually 
loses flesh until he is unable to do any work ; the pulse is not affected ; 
strains violently when urinating, and the urine may be tinged with 
blood, or blood may be noticed after the urine is passed, in some cases, 
and the urine in such a case may be almost natural. Make a careful 
examination^?' rectum; also examine the condition of the blood. The 
passage of blood after the urine is also symptomatic of calculi. In 
such cases little can be done — but you may try the effect of medicine. 
With this you occasionally find small calcareous deposits ; hence, you 
may try hydrochloric acid, one-half to two drachms, well diluted with 
water, two or three times a day. Cutting in and removing these is 
not successful. Melanotic deposits are more common in gray horses. 
You may detect hypertrophy per rectum, if it is exceedingly large. 

Albuminous Urine, Albeuminurea. — It is often symptom- 
atic of other diseases. It is an excess of albumen in the urine. It is 
seldom noticed in the horse. It is sometimes the result of acute 
nephritis, but may appear without any organic disease of the kidneys. 
It may result through nervous influence, by derangement of the 
digestive system. 

The Causes are exposure to cold, improper food, etc., and it is most 
likely to occur in horses worked hard and exposed to the vicissitudes 
of the weather. So long as a horse is well kept and well cared for r 
exposure does not affect him so much. In man it is often brought 
about by nervous excitement or hard work, especially nervous work. 
The animal loses condition and flesh, has an unthrifty appearance ; 
swelling of the legs, which perhaps partially disappears during 
exercise; the appetite irregular ; pulse weak; stiffness of the back 
and loins ; costiveness, but not constipated ; the urine straw-colored. 
and if tested albumen can be detected. Take a small amount of 
urine and apply heat (150° Farenheit), and the albumen coagulates 
if the urine is acid, and the coagulum does not dissolve by heat, but 
if it is alkaline you must add nitric or some other acid ; no doubt it 
may sometimes act upon the urea and form a precipitate, but this 
precipitate will dissolve by heat. 

Treatment. — Attend to the hygienic treatment, and do not expose 
the animal to the vicissitudes of the weather. Give perhaps boiled 
food, as boiled oats, barley, etc., and in some cases give a mild purge. 
But perhaps the animal is weakened; in such a case be careful with 
purgatives ; but I think this is an exception to the rule, and I think 
a purgative is beneficial, especially if the limbs are swollen. For the 
after-treatment give sulphate of iron, one to one and one-half 
drachms, with arcenious acid, one to two grains. Then give vegeta- 
ble tonics, and build up the system as well as you can. I knew a 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 195 

case of a man whose limbs and testicles became swollen, and after 
various remedies had been tried without success — which acted vio- 
lently, causing extensive watery evacuations — it relieved the man for 
several years. After it attains a certain stage it is incurable, for all 
the food is passed off through the kidneys instead of building up the 
tissues. It may, in some cases, be necessary to stimulate the kidneys 
to a certain extent. 

Calculi may be found in all glands, but more commonly in the 
urinary organs. They are found in all animals in the kidneys, 
withers, bladder, and urethea. They are called renal when in the 
kidneys, and are generally in the pelvis of the kidney, but at first 
they may have formed in the tubes and come down and lodged in the 
pelvis. This may exist without any disease being present, but no 
doubt we occasionally meet with disease of the kidney, induration, 
enlargement, or tumors which may have been excited by calculi. 

Symptoms. — The animal shows uneasiness and colicky pains, which 
pains, perhaps, disappear in a short time, and the animal is appar- 
ently restored to health. There is straining in passing the urine, and 
after it is passed there is pain, and if it exists to any great extent, 
the animal gradually falls off in condition, and if you examine the 
urine, the true character may possibly be seen by the sediment which 
is deposited after standing for some time. It is more common in cat- 
tle than in horses. 

Causes. — The exciting causes are the food and water. It is said that 
animals fed on turnips are more liable. Calculi are made up of car- 
bonate of magnesia, phosphate of lime, etc. I have noticed that 
where the water is strongly impregnated with the salts of lime the 
animals suffer more from this. Sometimes the animal may be in good 
condition and have calculi to a great extent — even remain in good 
condition until death. And it is possible that calculi may be present 
for a considerable length of time before the symptoms become well 
marked. The animal lies down, turns the head to the side, etc. 
Examine the condition of the urine, either chemically or by letting 
it stand. 

Treatment. — Allay the irritation as well as you can by giving mu- 
cilaginous drinks — as linseed tea, etc. — change the food and water, and 
try mineral acids. Give from one-half to two drachms of hydrochloric 
acid two or even three times a day, well diluted in water, and, perhaps, 
give a moderate laxative. If it occurs in the urethra, it is called 
urethral calculi. 

Vesiculse, or Cystes, in the Bladder.— These vary in size. 
They may be the size of a pea or smaller, or they may weigh several 
ounces. They are caused by the character of the food. Horses highly 
fed upon stimulating food, and those used for certain purposes, and 
not allowed to urinate when nature demands it, are subject to it. 
The same causes that produce renal calculi will produce cystic cal- 
culi. A foreign body may prove a nucleus for them. They present 
different appearances — sometimes white and hard, and composed of 
carbonate of lime, and sometimes of a soft, pasty consistence. There 
may be a great number or only one, and, in many cases, they consist 
principally of carbonate of lime, but various things may enter into 
their formation, and, being often of lime, they are more likely to exist 
in limestone districts. 



196 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Symptoms.— They are generally plain. After a time something is 
noticed the matter with the animal, and irritation of the bladder is 
produced, and there is difficulty in voiding the urine, which, when 
passed, may be unnaturally white ; he is subject to colicky or abdom- 
inal pains, which may pass off and again occur, when it again falls 
into the neck of the bladder, and so retains the urine, which causes 
pain. The action of the hind quarters is not quite natural ; there is 
difficulty in urinating, and, when urinating, the penis is protruded to 
an enormous extent and hangs pendulous ; and perhaps the urine is 
mixed with blood, or blood is voided after the urine is passed. In all 
such cases examine per rectum, and feel the bladder, and perhaps you 
may be able to detect it, and be able to move it from side to side ; but 
sometimes they are encysted, when you cannot move them. 

Treatment — It is possible, in the early stages, to relieve it by regu- 
lating the diet and giving remedies^to increase their solubility ; so try 
hydrochloric or nitric acid ; hydrochloric is perhaps the best, and if 
they are small they may be got rid of in this way. But in some cases 
there is an excess of acid, then try bicarbonate of potash ; but if the 
calculus is large, the only remedy is by an operation ; bat do not ope- 
rate unless it is of a considerable size and there are well marked 
symptoms, then prepare, by a moderate diet. Give no bulky food for 
a day or two, and have the bowels rather empty ; and it is sometimes 
recommeded to give a purgative, but I do not think it is always nec- 
essary. There are various methods. At one time it was recommended 
to cut into the bladder, but now it is done by cutting into the urethra, 
or cutting through the neck of the bladder. I do not think it is nec- 
essary to cut through the neck of the bladder. It may be possible to 
perform it with the animal standing, but it is best to throw and se- 
cure him and place him under the influence of chloroform, and ele- 
vate the hind quarters to some extent; but perhaps before you throw 
him it is best to clear out the rectum by an injection or with the 
hand. Secure him by rope, the same as for castration, then insert the 
catheter up the urethra, up to the bladder ; then cut down upon the 
catheter; or, you can have an instrument made, and slightly bent, for 
the purpose, upon which to cut. Williams recommends cutting in 
the center. I cut to one side, then withdraw the catheter, then insert 
the forceps and get hold of the calculi ; but sometimes the after- 
results are troublesome, and there is danger of injuring the artery of 
the bulb, which it is said differs in its course in different subjects. 
After treatment, syringe with tepid water ; stitch up the wound and 
keep the animal quiet. The trouble sometimes is the discharge of 
urine from the wound, and infiltration setting up irritation and caus- 
ing death. It is difficult to say just what to do in such cases. I do 
not know but I would keep the catheter in, and allow the urine to 
pass; however, this is difficult to do in our patients. The operation 
is called lithotomy. But. properly speaking, unless you cut the neck 
of the bladder, you could scarcely call it this. 

Lithotrispy is breaking down the stone, but owing to the great length 
of the urethra in the horse, we cannot perform this. In the mare 
you may perform by dilatation, even without any cutting in some 
cases. Get the forceps into the meatus urinrius ; insert them carefully 
and get hold of and crush the calculus. 

Sabulous Matter. — There is generally no great trouble in 
removing this. Perhaps the proper thing is lithotrispy — just crush 
it in the bladder. 






DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



197 



Urethral Calculi pass into the bladder and lodge there a 
short time, pass out and lodge in the urethra, and may obstruct 
the passage, and if not removed, will soon cause death by uraemic 
poisoning or rupture of the bladder. 

Symptoms. — The animal strains violently when he attempts to urin- 
ate ; the penis protrudes ; the bladder, and sometimes urethra dis- 
tended ; and in many cases you can see the exact spot of the obstruc- 
tion by examining. The remedy is to endeavor to remove it by 
pressure, or by inserting the catheter ; and if it is small, it may pass 
down and escape; but if you cannot displace it by the catheter, then 
you will have to cut down and remove it. Bring the edges of the 
wound together by a large suture, and keep the patient quiet ; regu- 
late the diet, and try the effects of hydrochloric acid. This is more 
common in cattle than horses, on account of the difference in the 
penis. The treatment is just the same. 



THE BLADDER AND CASTRATION. 

Inversion of the Bladder is a serious condition. It may be 
displaced both in the mare and the cow, and is generally the effect 
of difficult parturition, but it is possible it may occur from other in- 
fluences. There is a small tumor noticed to extend from the vagina; 
the uters are brought back, and the urine dribbles down the posterior 
part to a certain extent. The remedy is to bathe nicely and endeavor 
to return it by manipulation and gentle pressure. But you may be un- 
able to do this, and gangrene may have taken place. An animal may 
live for a long time in this condition, but if attended to in time it 
can usually be reduced. The after-treatment is to use opium, hot 
or cold water — cold is perhaps preferable, after a time, as it is an 
astringent and contracts the parts. If the parts are gangrenous, you 
may remove a portion, but the animal is comparatively useless, as 
the urine has a tendency to dribble from the ureters. 

Enuresis — Incontinence of urine. The urine is not retained in 
the bladder. This is applied to any condition of the bladder in 
which it is unable to contain its contents. It may come from 
irritation of the bladder, and is symptomatic of calculi, inflamma- 
tion of the bladder, or due to partial paralysis of the hind quarters, 
which also affects the bladder; but paralysis does not always so 
affect the bladder, and you may meet paralysis of the bladder, 
where the urine may be retained. In all such cases examine as to 
the state of the blood, and find what is the cause, and if due to 
general weakness, give a generous diet, mineral tonics, and use cold 
water frequently, from a quarter to a half hour at a time; and if 
due to paralysis, you may use nux vomica; if due to calculi, the 
remedy is to remove them. There are other names used in con- 
nection with diseases of the bladder. Ischuria, truly speaking, is 
retention, but it is used for both retention and suppression. DysUria 
is a painful discharge of urine, and stronger where the urine is 
passed in drops. These are more symptomatic of disease than 
diseases themselves. 



198 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Paralysis of the Bladder itself is sometimes noticed in the 
horse, and generally proceeds from debility or exposure, but may 
be due to some other influence; over-distention may cause it,. or 
nervous influence. It is more likely to occur in horses poorly kept. 

Symptoms. — The bladder retains the urine, unless it is paralysis of 
the neck; if that is paralyzed, then the reverse is noticed; but if 
there is paralysis of the body of the bladder, it becomes distended to 
an enormous extent, while the fibers of the neck retain their power 
of contraction, and the urine dribbles from the urethra, which may 
mislead you, unless you make a -careful examination as to the stale of 
the bladder. You might think it was a pure case of incontinence, 
but if examined, the bladder may be found enormously distended. 

Treatment. — Kemove the contents with the catheter, then syringe the 
parts, first with tepid water, then gradually go from hot to cold ; try 
the effects of tonics, especially nerve tonics, as nux vomica, and it may 
be necessary to draw the water once or twice a day for several days. 

Hgemoturia, or blood urine, may proceed from various causes, 
and is symptomatic of other diseases, as calculi, or it may proceed 
from injury to the urethra, kidneys, etc., and it has been said to pro- 
ceed from severe sprain of the loins, which causes rupture of some of 
the vessels ; and such cases are serious, if the rupture is in the 
kidneys, for the blood will set up irritation, and is apt to produce 
inflammation. There may be blood in the urine, or the blood may 
be passed immediately after urinating. In such cases examine per 
rectum, and give an internal styptic, as acetate of lead, one scruple, 
with powdered opium; or, you may give the tincture of chloride of 
iron. 

Castration.— There are a few countries where this operation is 
not performed to any great extent. The best age for the operation is 
when the animal is about one year old. There is some difference of 
opinion about this ; but if it is done younger than this it may pre- 
vent his growth to a certain extent, and in some cases it may be 
advisable to keep him longer, to increase his growth, especially the 
crest. The spring months, April or May, are the safest time for 
the operation, after the animal has had a run of eight or ten days 
at pasture, and his coat is shed. There are certain precautions 
necessary before operation, which are well laid down in Williams' 
works, and I endorse them generally. Do not operate upon a colt 
that has been kept in an ill ventilated place, but have the colt in 
good condition, and the weather moderate, neither too hot nor too 
cold. He also says not to operate near any decomposing matter, and 
have the hands and instruments thoroughly cleansed ; and it is well 
to notice these, but you might operate without these and with very 
bad surroundings, and have success; but it is best to use these pre- 
cautions. If the horse is older than one year, then prepare him for 
it by giving a moderate supply of food, and have the bowels some- 
what empty ; but it is a mistake to reduce him to any great extent, 
There is no necessity for physic, as a general thing, unless the horse 
was in a very gross condition; but feed lightly, and give but little 
bulky food. The difficulty that I have had with colts is with those 
that have been kept in ill ventilated parts. Before operating, exam- 
ine as to the state of the scrotum, whether both testicles are down, or 
whether hernia exists. You can operate, though, if hernia exists, 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 199 

but the operation would be slightly difficult. There is great difference 
of opinion as to the manner of operating. Secure, by means of ropes, 
in preference to any other; the straps that are used may be used, if 
help is scarce ; but when help is plenty, use the ropes. Some operate 
while the animal is standing, but it requires some dexterity and 
practice. Cutting into the testicle quickly subdues an animal. The 
most careful way is to throw the animal. I recommend throwing 
him in most cases, at least. After securing him, it is sometimes 
advisable to cleanse out the sheath and penis by washing it with nice 
warm water and soap, which tends to prevent swelling to some extent. 
The operation may be done by compression, which is by the caustic 
clams, and this is the way it is generally done in Canada and the 
United States, and I believe there is no way more easy and simple. 
Take hold of the testicle, and make a keen incision, and expose the 
testicle, taking the smallest first ; make the incision close to the raphe ; 
make a pretty free incision, and allow the testicle to escape, then divide 
non-vascular part of the cord, and then apply the clam ; however, 
some apply the clam to all of it, and they use a certain amount of 
caustic, as corrosive sublimate or biniodide of mercury, about one 
part of corrosive sublimate, two of biniodide of mercury, and thirty 
or forty parts of lard ; this destroys the parts more quickly. After 
applying the clam remove the testicle, and keep the clam on for 
twenty-four or forty-eight hours. This method is the one oftenest 
used in this country, and with the greatest success. 

Actual Cautery was used until recently in England. The method is 
just the same as by the clam : secure the animal, get hold of the tes- 
ticle, etc., place the clam on the cord and secure it, then take hold of 
the testicle and cut it off about one-half inch from the clam, then take 
a piece of sponge and cleanse out the blood, then take a red hot iron, 
letting it cool to a slight extent — grease it a little to prevent it from 
adhering— and sear the artery and the other parts. Others not only 
arrest the hemorrhage, but cut through the scrotum to the testicle 
with the hot iron, apply the clam and out the cord off with the iron. 
I frequently use actual cautery in connection with the caustic clam. 

Ligature is another method, and I would oppose ligaturing the 
whole cord ; but if only the artery is ligatured, I cannot see any great 
objection to it. Take hold of it with the bull-dog forceps and liga- 
ture it either with silk thread or the carbolized suture. Williams is 
opposed to ligaturing. 

Tortion is another method, which is not new, but a very old method. 
For this it is necessary to throw the animal and expose the testicle 
and cord, cut through the nomascular part of the cord, place the clam 
upon the vascular portion, having drawn the cord out as you thought 
best (some are longer than others, so there can be no rule lain down) ; 
having secured it, take the tortion forceps, apply them carefully to 
the vascular part, about a half or a fourth of an inch from the clam ; 
secure them and watch that they do not slip ; then twist it around, 
testicle and all, and it will take from fifteen to twenty-five turns to 
remove it; twist it carefully and the last thing that remains is the 
artery ; after removing it take a look at the artery, and then remove 
the clam carefully, to see whether the tortion has had the desired 
effect. About the only objection to this is, it takes a little more time. 
Williams recommends placing another clam upon the scrotum, to en- 
able you to get hold of the testicle ; but I see no need of it. 



200 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Ecraseur is another operation, which I think will be the one used in 
a few years, but I cannot speak of it to any great extent from my own 
experience. I operated upon three this way. I threw the horse 
and placed the clam upon the cord before cutting it off, to see the 
effect of it. There are also other methods, as scraping, bruising, cut- 
ting out a portion of the epididymus, etc. But the simplest method 
is the best, and if you have used any of the methods successfully, 
then continue the same. Although it is a simple operation, it re- 
quires some practice, and the great danger, in some cases, is pulling 
the cord too much, or applying too much caustic, which irritates the 
cord and sets up peritonitis ; and the great secret is in having the 
animal in proper condition. Never operate upon any animal that is 
not in good condition, or that shows any symptoms of influenza, 
strangles, etc. 



RESULTS OF CASTRATION. 

Results of Castration. — They may be either normal or ab- 
normal. After the operation there is more or less swelling, and al- 
though it may attain a great size, so long as the appetite is not 
impaired, or the pulse affected, there is no danger; but if the swelling 
takes on an odematous character, the best relief is to scarify in two 
or three places, then bathe with tepid water ; give a little exercise, 
and if he is costive, perhaps - , give a little laxative; but if the colt is 
turned on pasture this is not generally necessary. 

Adhesion of the tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea. It is neces- 
sary to break down the adhesion, which can generally be done with 
the finger or the end of the scalpel. When adhesion is present, a 
greater amount of irritation follows than where there is no adhesion. 
There may also be a slight pain after the operation, which may be 
from the cord, colic, or slight irritation of the bowels from the oper- 
ation. If the animal cringes, lies down and rolls, it is best to give an 
opiate — opium, one-half to one drachm ; or give hypodermic injec- 
tions. 

Suppuration is anothsr condition, and it is impossible to operate 
without suppuration, more or less, and when suppuration takes place, 
and healthy pus is discharged, the animal is considered safe; and 
when pus is not properly formed there is more danger. Pus may form 
and not be healthy pus, and if there is unhealthy pus, or serum, and 
the pulse quickened, then there is irritation, and peritonitis may 
result. 

Abnormal Results. — Suppose you have properly performed the 
operation and let the colt up, and hemorrhage exists,which may be from 
the spermatic artery, or from the veins of the scrotum, or from the 
artery of the cord. When you cut through you are likely to cut 
through the convolutions of the artery, and so have three or four 
ends, and you should see that you secure the right end. If the hem- 
orrhage is from the spermatic artery, it runs freely, for this is the 
largest artery in the body that gives off no branches. As to the way of 
arresting hemorrhage of the spermatic artery, there is no difference of 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 201 

opinion. If it is very profuse and endangers the animal, throw him and 
endeavor to get hold of the cord, which you can do easily, in many 
cases. If a good opening has been made in the scrotum and tunica, 
vaginalis, put the finger well down and get hold of and gradually 
bring the cord up and secure it in the way you think best. The best 
way, perhaps, is to ligature it, or you may use the hot iron; but if 
you have difficulty in getting it, then endeavor to arrest it by styptics 
and compression, by plugging with tow saturated with iron or acetate 
of lead. However, there may be internal hemorrhage, but this is the 
exception and not the rule, and I would recommend this, in some 
cases, instead of throwing the animal. The plug should be left in 
for twenty four or thirty-six hours. Considerable swelling may re- 
sult, but there are generally no serious consequences from it. Cold 
water to the loins, and to the parts, is also a method of arresting the 
hemorrhage. I questioned, at one time, whether an animal in good 
health, and one year old, would bleed to death from one cord, but I 
am now convinced differently. I would prefer styptics in some cases. 
Sometimes a secondary hemorrhage occurs from rupture of the cord 
above the clam, but it is rare. 

Hernia is another abnornal result, and it may exist previous to the 
operation, or the operation may be performed and hernia not noticed 
until the animal gets up; and it is possible it may occur during the 
operation. When hernia exists, prepare the animal and use the cov- 
ered operation — by cutting down and exposing the testicle still in the 
tunica vaginalis, and place the clam over the testicle, tunica vagin- 
alis and all. If hernia takes place as soon as the animal gets up, the 
operator is often blamed ; but it may occur during the operation. If 
you should begin to operate, and hernia is present, return the testicle 
and stitch up the scrotum, and do not operate at that time. But if it 
occurs soon after the operation, as it often does, so that the bowels 
protrude, even in some cases to the ground and are trampled upon, 
then destroy the animal ; but if the bowels are not injured, throw the 
animal — or he will perhaps lie down — secure him, cleanse the intes- 
tines nicely and return them, and stitch up the scrotum close to the 
inguinal ring, and apply a clam over the scrotum, or if you have not 
a clam, ligature the scrotum for the time being, but if the intestines 
are impaired, inflammation and , peritonitis ma}' cause death. 

Scirrhus Cord, or Champignon, may follow any method of ope- 
ration, but is more likely to follow the caustic clam than any other, for 
it is necessary to keep the clams on for some time ; after that the cord 
perhaps protrudes, causing more or less irritation; adhesion takes place 
between the cord and the scrotum, but we can scarcely call it scirrhus 
cord, unless it becomes enlarged. If in three or four weeks the cord 
protrudes and adheres to the edges of the wound, you can relieve it 
by breaking down the adhesions between the cord and scrotum, in 
some cases, without throwing the animal ; then bathe nicely, use as- 
tringents, etc., and it may be necessary to break it down every day or 
two for several days, and bathe every day with tepid water for some 
time, and give a little exercise. Sometimes the cord becomes enlarged 
by a fungoid growth, and, in some cases, the wound may entirely heal 
up. or there may be a small opening left, through which issues an 
ichorous fluid, and it will remain for a long time, even as long as the 
horse lives, if it is not operated on. And the irritation is not con- 
fined to the cord alone, but extends up toward the inguinal canal ; it 



202 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

becomes very vascular, new growths are formed, etc. In such cases 
the animal suffers considerably, there is difficulty in progression, he 
falls off in condition, and sometimes there is a profuse discharge of 
pus, after which the animal seems relieved for some time ; but irrita- 
tion is again set up, and the same thing occurs. The remedy is to 
remove the diseased part of the cord, and the sooner the better. If 
the animal has suffered, perhaps, four or eight weeks, it is easily done. 
Open it up well and apply the clam as close to the inguinal ring as 
possible, and cut the diseased part off and secure the arteries by liga- 
ture, or by cautery — if by ligature, leave the ends of the ligature long, 
so that they can be taken out after a time ; and you often have to 
secure several vessels, and I prefer a ligature. In some cases you 
might apply a clam and take it off by torsion, or use the clams and 
sear the small vessels and ligature the large ones; keep him quiet, 
feed moderately, etc. But sometimes it exists in the abdominal cav- 
ity, and then the operation is not likely to be successful. 

Peritonitis is a result of castration, and is more apt to occur in 
colts. It may be due to the manner of the operation, or to a change 
of weather ; but I think this is more likely to occur where the tunica 
vaginalis is irritated. I have seen it where there was a large amount 
of caustic, causing inflammation and peritonitis; or, it may be due to 
atmospheric influence ; the symptoms are sometimes deceptive. It 
generally appears in about three or four days. In some cases the 
scrotum swells but very little, and there is no discharge of healthy 
pus, but there is a discharge of bloody fluid ; the pulse is quick ; the 
appetite gone; slight pains, not violent ; he lies down, gets up and 
casts a peculiar, anxious look at the abdomen ; gets up and stands 
around in a dull, languid manner; the breathing is affected; the 
pulse sixty or seventy, and weak. It has a great tendency to extend 
over the whole peritoneum. Give opium and digitalis, and counter- 
irritation, etc., and support the system as well as you can by stimu- 
lants, gruel, etc. 

Tetanus usually appears about eight or nine days after the 
operation, just about the time it begins to heah; there may have been 
changes in the system before this, but the symptoms were not 
developed. It may follow any operation, and, as a general thing, 
the operator should not be blamed if the horse dies from some of 
these, but he generally is. Tetanus may supervene a very trivial 
injury ; cold weather, cold drafts and exposure in any way tends 
to bring it on. There is an account given in our works of twenty- 
four horses that were castrated, and were given a cold bath four 
times a day after the operation, and sixteen out of the twenty- 
four died with tetanus; and I saw a case that I think was caused by 
the colt standing in a stream. Keep the animal quiet; apply 
fomentations, and endeavor to induce suppuration. Give hydro- 
cyanic acid, belladonna, etc.; treat it just as a nervous fever; give a 
generous diet and bromide of potassium. 

Amaurosis results, and is sometimes due to excessive hemor- 
rhage; and if it is, the eyes will regain their natural condition as the 
system gains strength. But it sometimes occurs through a sympa- 
thetic nervous influence, and remains during life. 

Glanders and Farcy. — When this does appear, I think the 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 203 

infection had been in the system before the operation, and it is 
due to contagium in some form or other. 

Operating upon Originals. — I cannot speak from experience. 
Prepare and secure the animal, and make an incision as in other ani- 
mals; insert the fingers, and if the testicle is in the inguinal canal, get 
hold of it and draw it out. I would prefer an ecraseur for this. If it is 
in the abdominal cavity, it is more difficult, and to be successful, 
requires experience ; and I do not recommend that all of you should 
perform this operation until you have seen it done, or have an animal 
under your own control, for some have tried it and failed. 



THE TESTICLES. 



Inflammation of the Testicles. — This is not common in 
the lower animals. The causes are injury of some kind or other — 
sometimes, in a stallion, from a kick, or exposure to cold. It is 
caused in a bull in the same manner, and occasionally from tubercu- 
lar deposits, but usually from direct injury. The symptoms are 
generally plain, and your attention is usually directed to it. There 
is intense pain in the early stage ; a slight injury to these organs sets 
up great pain ; and when the whole orsran is affected, the pain is 
intense, and they sometimes become enormously swollen in a very 
short time, and swelling generally affords some relief; he walks with 
great difficulty, and it increases the pain ; he will sometimes lie down 
and attempt to roll, but generally continues standing ; lying down 
increases the pain. 

Treatment. — If in a valuable stallion, he is generally in high condi- 
tion, in which case it is necessary to give a good dose of purgative 
medicine, or blood-letting may be necessary ; take six, eight or ten 
quarts of blood; or, instead of this, give aconite; bathe at first with 
tepid water and increase the heat, and bathe for several hours and 
keep heat to the parts; you can do this by means of a bandage over 
the loins, kept in its place by means of a surcingle; keep cotton or 
cloths to the parts, and keep them supplied with warm water; give 
belladonna or laudanum. Local blood-letting is beneficial, but it is 
difficult to perform in the horse. During the early stage the appetite 
is entirely gone, and when he is relieved and the appetite returns, he 
should be fed sparingly. Give diuretics freely ; sweet spirits of nitre, 
iodide of potash, etc., which increases the action of the kidneys, and. 
stimulates the absorbents. If, after the irritation subsides, enlarge- 
ment of the testicles remains, use iodine, both internally and extern- 
ally, which, it is said, if used for some time, will reduce the size of 
the testicle. The treatment of the bulls is similar, but it is associated 
with tubercular disease. You may allay the irritation, but the animal 
will generally remain impotent. 

Hydrocele Dropsy of the testicle and scrotum is most likely 
to take place from injury, when the inflammation is prolonged, but 
not very severe ; for when any serious membrane is injured, there is 
more or less effusion; the scrotum is enlarged, and you can feel the 
testicle, which does not seem increased in size. The scrotum mav be 



204 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

distended by hydrocele, or hernia, and in geldings from an enlarged 
condition of the cord. If there is much fluid present, you must 
puncture with a small trochar — something like the one used in human, 
practice. After this give iodide of potassium internally and, use 
iodine externally. It is recommended to inject the tunica vagin- 
alis with iodine, but there is danger of producing irritation. 

Diseases of the Scrotum. — These can generally be traced to 
some diseased condition of the spermatic cord, the result of castra- 
tion — as scirrhus cord, abscesses, fistula, etc. Scirrhus cord may come 
in two or three weeks after castration, or it may come years after the 
operation. Abscesses may be caused by a foreign body, or may be 
due to the scrotum closing up before the cord is completely healed ; 
matter is formed at the cord, it becomes dry, sets up irritation and 
results in an abscess ; and when due to this, it generally appears about 
three or four weeks after the operation. And it may be due to the 
incision not having been made large enough. So I again recommend 
a pretty large incision. It may come from a small piece of the iron 
remaining in the wound, if actual cautery was used. Or it may be 
due to a ligature setting up irritation, and the ligature should be left 
long, so it can be removed. Abscesses generally seriously interfere 
with the condition of the animal ; he is gradually reduced in flesh ; 
the swelling seems to involve other parts — sometimes it extends right 
down to the hock, and sometimes you may think there is not much 
matter, but it may be present and be two or three inches in to it. The 
best thing is to throw the animal and open it up pretty freely — you 
may have to cut in three or four inches. Then keep it open, foment 
the parts and feed the animal well. If you open them well and let 
the matter escape freely, it generally effects a cure; but they may 
form again and again. We are apt to treat them without opening 
them ; but it is not the proper way. I believe horses are sometimes 
lost by this negligence and delay. After opening, inject well with 
tepid water, and even with carbolic acid, and if he is debilitated, give 
tonics. 

Injuries to the Penis. — This occurs to both geldings and stal- 
lions. In the stallion it may be due to mal-address, causing irrita- 
tion and inflammation ; or being kicked when it is erected — this is 
very apt to be followed by inflammation — striking with whip, stick, 
etc., and is occasionally the result of exposure to cold. This sometimes 
occurs with geldings until they are unable to retract it into the sheath, 
and this is called 

Paraphymosis, and it is sometimes due to the muscular tissue 
losing its power of contraction. This may be the case if a horse is 
put to too many mares. But I will speak of that caused by injury. 
If the penis protrudes for any length of time, the sheath restricts it, 
and sometimes becomes enormously distended, and ulceration is likely 
to follow if not relieved. 

Treatment. — If it is of only one or two days' standing, try fomenta- 
tions — warm water, in this case, perhaps, is preferable to cold, although 
cold causes contraction of muscular fibers. In this case it is so swollen 
that it could not be retracted, and the swelling must be reduced some 
before it can be retracted, and, in some cases, it is necessary to scarify 
it in two or three places, even, in some cases, before trying the warm 
water. When scarified it will bleed, and you should encourage the 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 205 

bleeding. I have seen cases where it would be retracted from this 
treatment in five or six hours ; but in some cases you may have to 
keep it up for twenty-four hours. It will generally retract when the 
swelling is reduced, unless there is great injury to the muscles ; and 
after it enters into the sheath, try cold water, and I do not think it 
bad practice, in some cases, to put a stitch or two through the sheath 
to keep it in for an hour or two. In some cases it is necessaryto give 
constitutional remedies, and in nearly all cases give diuretics, iodide 
of potassium and nitrate of potash. This may result from the debil- 
ity caused by strangles, influenza, etc., and the treatment is similar. 
But it may lose the power of retraction in a stallion from too frequent 
coition ; the muscles have been strained, and so lost the power of 
contraction. Such a case requires a great deal of time, and so long 
as he is in this condition he is useless ; but he may completely recover 
after having been in this condition for a long time, even as long as 
twelve or eighteen months If it is due to this cause he is apt to be 
in high condition, and it is necessary to reduce him some, but still feed 
him tolerably well ; give nutritious food and some exercise ; apply cold 
water to the penis and peroneal space, and use a suspensory bandage 
and keep it up, for hanging down tends to increase the irritation. 
Try the effects of iron and nux vomica, etc., to improve the condition. 
The penis is also sometimes the seat of 

"Warts and Growths, of various kinds, often prove trouble- 
some and painful, especially when urinating. They are more common 
in the gelding than the stallion, and may result from the penis not 
being properly protruded when urinating. Sometimes they are of a 
malignant character, which generally ends fatally, sooner or later. 
Your attention is generally directed to it, but in examining for sound- 
ness it might be overlooked. If a horse is in health, and the sheath 
is well developed, there is not much the matter with the penis. But 
if he is debilitated and tucked up in the flanks, and has a small 
sheath, there may be trouble. There may be ulceration of the plans 
penis, from the causes I have mentioned. Get hold of the penis, have 
it nicely washed with soap and water, and touch the parts with nitrate 
of silver, carbolic acid, sulphate of copper, etc. In case of warts, re- 
move them with the knife, and if you think there is danger of them 
growing again, touch with nitrate of silver, or the actual cautery, 
and keep the parts clean. Sometimes the penis is one solid growth of 
these, and, in most cases, it is necessary to throw the animal. I do 
not think it bad practice, if there is hemorrhage, to touch with the 
hot iron ; and, if the horse is in poor condition, give tonics, good food, 
etc. Sometimes the glans penis is so swollen that the only chance of 
saving the animal's life is by amputating the penis, which looks like 
a very formidable operation — but it is not a very serious affair. First 
insert the catheter, and in cutting bring it to a point and secure the 
arteries; or you may, in some cases, arrest the hemorrhage by using 
cold water, and if you can keep the catheter in for a day or two, it is 
all the better, which will prevent cicatrization, for if it occurs, you 
will have ureamic poisoning and death — and this is the trouble I 
have had. But you can generally tell whether this is taking place. 
In about nine or ten days, just when you think it is about getting 
well, the urine is passed in a small stream ; so if you can keep the 
catheter in, do so. Keep the sheath clean and allay the irritation by 
astringents. Some recommend taking the warts off by ligature, but 
it is not best. 



206 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

URETHRA, ETC. 

Stricture of the Urethra sometimes occurs. It is usually the 
result of inflammation, but may result from injury. It is, perhaps, 
oftener seen in cattle and sheep than in the horse, and may be associ- 
ated with calculi. There is difficulty in urinating ; the urine passes 
in a small stream. Inject with tepid water, with five or ten grains of 
sulphate of zinc to the ounce, and endeavor to relieve by passing the 
probang, if necessary ; but this cannot be done in cattle. 

Phymosis. — This results from inflammation, and is sometimes a 
sequel of castration, from swelling of the sheath; but so long as 
there are no great symptoms of fever it is not very serious. But if 
the pulse is quick and the appetite gone, it shows inflammation, and, 
perhaps, internal inflammation as well ; or it may be the result of 
growth within the sheath. This is more likely to occur in geldings, 
because the penis is not protruded so freely as in the entire horse. 
Make a careful examination, and if it is the result of castration, 
scarifying and fomenting may relieve it; but if it is from growths 
remove them. Touch the parts with caustics — as sulphate of copper, 
carbolic acid, nitrate of silver, etc ; and if the animal is in poor con- 
dition, build up the system, wash the parts carefully and use a little 
oil. 

Ulceration of the Urethra is generally the result of injury, 
from being kicked, getting over a partition in the stall, etc. Endeavor 
to allay such an irritation as quickly as possible ; but if ulceration 
has occurred, and a fistula is produced, then it is difficult to treat. 
Bring the divided edges together and, if it is of long standing, scarify, 
and then bring the edges together, and if you can keep a catheter in 
for some time, it is best to do so; and sometimes it is impossible to 
relieve it. The sheath, also, sometimes becomes dirty, and we have 
sometimes to attend to such cases. It may, if neglected, give rise to 
serious results ; and there may be a kind of sabulous matter in the 
meatus urinarius, which, in some cases, may obstruct the passage of 
the urine. But if it is small, perhaps the size of your finger, it is not 
serious; but if it obstructs the passage of the urine, then just remove 
it and it affords relief ; then wash with a solution of carbolic acid, 
chloride of lime, or sulphate of zinc. 

Excoriation of the Penis. — This may occur in covering stal- 
lions, which may be due to the manner in which the penis is handled, 
or it may be due to the parts of the mare being small, or to serving 
a mare too soon after parturition— some discharge from the mare 
affecting it. Give a good dose of purgative medicine ; lessen the diet ; 
give diuretics, and bathe with cold water ; and give some mild astrin- 
gent, but be careful about using anything strong, or you may lose the 
service of the horse for a long time ; but it is not generally necessary 
to lay him up more than two or three days. 

Inflammation of the Urethra is also occasionally noticed, 
both in horses and bulls, but it is more common in dogs. There seems 
to be a kind of gonorrhoea in the dog, somewhat similar to that in 
man. Inflammation sometimes occurs in bulls, from jumping too 
violently upon a cow. It may be due to contagious influence in the 
dog, and there is said to be such a disease in the bull. In such cases 
act upon the system by laxatives, diuretics, etc., and use sulphate of 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 207 

zinc. Powerful astringents may suddenly arrest the discharge, but 
this sometimes sets up constitutional fever, so I would recommend 
iodide of potassium, nitrate of potash, etc., followed by iodide of iron, 
which is excellent in the dog, and in any animal. 



PARTURITION. 



The Membranes that enclose the Foetus before Birth. 

— The external is the chorion; the internal is the amnion, and be- 
tween these two we have the alantois, which is a kind of serous 
membrane, and presents two portions — one in connection with the 
amnion, and the other with the chorion. It contains the amoniotic 
fluid. It serves to keep the foetus warm, and to protect the foetus and 
the mother; and in connection with the foetus, at an early period, 
there is what is called the umbilical vessel, which, at birth, is hard 
to detect. Then we have the placenta, by which the blood vessels of 
the foetus and those of the mother are brought into close contact : 
yet they do not anastamose, but the changes take place in the blood 
by osmotic influence. Then there is the umbilical cord, which is 
formed of the two umbilical or hypogastric arteries andthe umbilical 
vein, covered by a gelatinous matter. Then there is the urachus, 
which is in connection with the bladder, and in after-life forms a 
ligament for the bladder. The placenta in the mare is attached by 
villi. In the cow it is attached by cotyledons, which are about 
sixty or seventy in number. The capillaries of the foetus and 
uterus come in close contact, and so form these villi and cotyledons. 
They are little tufts attached to the uterus. The period of gestation 
varies in different animals. In the mare it is eleven months, in the 
cow nine months, in the ewe five months, in the bitch sixy-three days, 
in the sow one hundred and twenty to one hundred and forty days. But 
a mare may go even a month longer than the time ; and a case is re- 
corded where a filly had a foal at twenty-two months old, and heifers 
at fourteen months old ; and a case is recorded of a mare having a 
foal at thirty years old. Mares moderately kept and worked will 
breed longer than one kept in the opposite manner. Difference of 
temperature is also supposed to have an influence. We are some- 
times called to tell whether a mare or a cow is pregnant or not, and a 
correct opinion can sometimes be given, and in other cases a mistake 
is easily made. A mare generally becomes quieter in disposition, 
thrives better, and, after a certain period, the belly becomes distended, 
and some mares may go eight or nine months without showing this 
much. There are various ways recommended to determine this. The 
stethoscope is recommended, by which you can hear the foetal heart 
beat; but you will be very liable to make a mistake in this way. 
Another is to insert the hand into the vagina and find out the condi- 
tion of the os-uteri. But the best way is to examine per rectum., and 
in any case where it is necessary to give a definite opinion, examine 
in this way. As to the manner in which a mare should be used during 
pregnancy, there is difference of opinion. Keeping her in her natu- 
ral condition is perhaps the best ; but it is necessary sometimes to 
work her, and so long as worked moderately and not put to the wagon 
or cart, nor backed violently, there is no great danger. Such is the 



208 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OP 

case with farm mares, and parturition is easier with them than those 
kept in the stable. There are certain signs of immediate parturition ; 
the sacro-sceatic ligament changes to a certain extent, and there is 
milk secreted; and when a wax appears on the teat, parturition gen- 
erally occurs in two or three days, and often in twenty four hours,, 
and the water bag appears. The mare usually lies down, but the cow 
sometimes stands during parturition. It is sometimes best to be pres- 
sent to ligature the artery. Tie it about an inch from the umbilical 
opening, and cut off about an inch from the ligature. The natural 
presentation of the foetus is the fore feet and head protruding ; and 
when you are called and find the membranes protruding, examine the 
parts, if you can, before rupturing the membranes, and if all is right, 
delivery is generally easy ; and do not use much force, but while the 
pains are present, use gentle force. But there are abnormal or un- 
natural presentations. Sometimes the abdomen of the foetus is en- 
larged to an enormous extent, the result of dropsy. Although the 
head and feet protrude in a natural way, it is impossible for delivery 
to be accomplished without help. In such a case return the foetus to 
a certain extent, and see if there are any abnormal conditions. If it 
is dropsy, let the water out, either with a long trochar and canula, or 
make an incision in the belly and let the fluid out. The foetus is not 
generally alive in such cases; and if alive, there is no use keeping it 
alive; and you may meet a case of hydrocephalus, until the head is 
distended — until delivery is impossible. The feet and nose are per- 
haps protruding, and by inserting the hand you can feel the enlarged 
condition of the head ; then let the water out. And there are other 
deformities, which, although the presentation be natural, will give 
you trouble ; and when you see a proper presentation and no delivery, 
you may expect some difficulty, and hard work and perseverance are 
necessary. And do not be hasty in giving a case up, but make a 
careful examination, and find whether it is a fore leg or a hind one, 
which seems an easy thing, but when it is covered by the membranes 
it is not so very easy. We sometimes meet a case where the labor 
pains are present to a certain extent, without any signs of delivery. 
Make an examination, and if a mare is suffering from pains previous 
to her time, give one to one-and-a-half ounces of tincture of opium ; 
or the powdered opium, one to one-and-a-half drachms. If the os- 
uteri is not dilated, use a little patience, and do not resort to 
force too soon, but dilate the os-uteri ; and after you have 
properly dilated it, delivery will take place; but there are excep- 
1 tional cases. If the pains have been present for some time, then dilate 
the os-uteri, and, in some cases, inject with tepid water ; smear the 
parts with belladonna and oil, or soap and water ; get one or two fin- 
gers in and work away, and dilation will gradually take place just by 
the force of the hand. If this fails, you will, in some cases, have to 
cut it, and this is attended with more success in the cow than in the 
mare ; but, in some cases, it is the only chance. Make the incision in 
the upper part, but do not be in a hurry using the knife. We some- 
times meet with cases where the hind feet are presented, but this is 
not a very difficult presentation. It is about second in the list, and it 
is rare that it is accomplished without some assistance. Possibly the 
body is turned on one side. The way to proceed is to examine closely, 
to see what you have to deal with, and turn it upon the belly, as 
nearly as possible, by making an assistant pull the feet while you get 
your hand in beside the body and turn it over, and delivery can be 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 209 

accomplished. Another condition is having the hind feet presented 
and the foetus upon its back, when delivery cannot be accomplished 
without assistance. Proceed to turn it upon the bellv, if possible, by 
attaching a rope and manipulating, and the fewer instruments used 
the better ; but you will often find benefit from the rope, and it is best 
to raise the hind parts a little, and while the rope is being pulled, 
endeavor to raise the buttock of the foetus over the pelvic bones. Great 
damage is done by pulling upon the foetus when in this position, and 
when you use force pull upward. 

Breech Presentation Proper is where the buttocks and hind 
quarters are presented. It is very difficult, and if it is a powerful 
mare, and the pains have been present for an hour or two, and by put- 
ting the hand in you find the only thing protruding is the tail, then 
it is difficult, and, in some cases, it is impossible to deliver it without 
cutting, and the way to proceed is to endeavor to get hold of the hind 
legs, which is easier said than done. The crotch is useful to press the 
foetus forward to some extent ; at the same time endeavor to get the 
hind legs. Get a rope under the stifle and pull back some, and if 
you can get the rope down to the fetlock and get one leg, you will 
generally be able to get the other. Use force while the mare is strain- 
ing. You may not be able to get the feet into position, when the only 
chances are to cut the limbs off at the hock — that is, where the hocks 
are protruding — and the best instrument is the chain saw, which I 
would recommend you to have. Having removed the hock, put the 
foetus forward, when you will be able to get the limbs. Another 
method is embryotomy, or cutting away the foetus. Another way is 
to make an incision just below the tail and remove the contents of the 
abdomen, and by diminishing the size of the bowels you may be able 
to deliver it. A hook is of use in this operation. If you fail in this, 
then cut through to the brim of the pelvis and take off one hind leg. 
This requires perseverence and hard work. Another false presenta- 
tion is where the fore legs protrude, and the head is turned back over 
the shoulder. In such a case improperly applied force is of great 
danger. In such a case, apply a cord around the fetlock and push 
the foetus back into the cavity and get hold of the head, and you may 
be able to get a cord around the under jaw ; then push it back with 
the crotch and straighten it out, and you will be able to deliver it. 
One of the limbs may protrude and the other be back with the head, 
or the head thrown down between the fore limbs. In such cases, no 
amount of force will be able to deliver it. Where the head is thrown 
down it is a pretty difficult case. Push it back and endeavor to get 
hold of and straighten the head, and delivery will be easy. Another 
presentation is the head protruding without the feet. In such a case 
the foetus soon suffocates if relief is not afforded. Push it back into 
the cavity and get hold of the limbs, and then deliver it. But if it 
is two or three hours after the foetus has protruded, and it is dead and 
the head swollen, then disarticulate the head and attach a cord around 
the cervical vertebra, then push it back and get hold of the fore feet 
and take it away ; but do not be in too much of a hurry in giving up 
a case, and use your head as well as your hands. As to medicines, 
there is benefit in opium, chloroform, etc., and it is best sometimes to 
put the animal under the influence of chloroform. Change the posi- 
tion of the animal, elevate the hind quarters, etc. Sometimes we 
meet a case where the side of the neck is presented and the feet turned 
upward. The best way is to turn it and bring it into its natural po- 



210 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

sition ; endeavor to get a rope around under the head and a portion 
of the limb ; get an assistant to pull, and get your hand in ; manipu- 
late and you can generally turn it, but not always, and it is some- 
times necessary to perform embryotomy. Endeavor to sever the at- 
tachment of the fore extremity from the trunk ; draw the leg out and 
make an incision as high up as possible, and run the knife up the in- 
side of the leg to the shoulder, but do not cut the leg off about the 
knee, for it makes the case worse. In some exceptional cases you may 
have to cut off the other leg. Another is a back presentation. It is 
very difficult. When you examine perhaps you will find the loins or 
dorsal yertebrre presented, and if the hind quarters are nearer than 
the fore, endeavor to make it a breech presentation ; but if the fore 
quarters are nearer, try to make it a natural presentation. You may 
be able to turn it with the crotch, but if you can not change it, then 
perform embryotomy. Cut through the vertebral column the best 
you can and use the chain saw ; get into the thoracic cavity and get 
the contents of the abdomen out, but it is a very difficult case. An- 
other condition is where the whole four legs, or perhaps three of them, 
or a fore and a hind one are presented. It can not be delivered in 
this way, and you must endeavor to make it a natural or breech pre- 
sentation. If you endeavor to make it a breech piesentation, get a 
rope around the hind leg ; if you intend to make a natural presenta- 
tion, get the rope on the fore leg. Then use the crotch, and turn it. 
In the case of twins you may meet with difficult presentations, but 
when there are twins they are not usually so large as where there is 
but one. You may meet with breech presentation where the hind 
limbs of both are presented, or the fore limbs of both. I saw a case 
where they were coming belly to belly. The remedy in such a case is 
to push one back into the cavity and effect a delivery of the other. 
And you may meet with many presentations different from the ones I 
have mentioned. The first thing is to make an examination ; the 
second, to use force if necessary ; and the third is, to persevere in it. 
Sometimes the foetus dies, and the liquids in connection with it escape, 
and the parts become dry, and delivery is assisted by injecting with 
tepid water. Some recommend oil ; I prefer tepid water. And some- 
times decomposition sets in, and the foetus and the vagina of the mare 
swell greatly ; perhaj s the mare can not get up ; the pulse is almost 
imperceptible, and it is best to destroy the animal. This seldom oc- 
curs, only after a great deal of force has been used. Sometimes you 
will meet a case where the foetus is carried for a long time over the 
time, and it is said that the mother, in such a case, may conceive 
again ; but if the foetus carried is in the uterus, and not in the tubes 
or in the abdomen, conception can not take place. I saw a case of a 
cow that seemed to be pregnant for seven or eight months. About the 
eighth or ninth she decreased in size, and about four months after the 
usual time of calving I examined and found the uterus but slightly 
enlarged. I dilated it with my hand without any great amount 
of force. But, in such cases, I believe there is a certain 
union between the foetus and the uterus, which has to be broken 
down. In this case I worked five or six hours, until I was tired out, 
and thought better to desist for the time, and make another at- 
tempt; and in five or six days I returned and worked five or six 
hours, using the hand and a knife carefully, and again left it, and 
again returned and removed it entirely, and the cow recovered com- 
pletely, but I do not know that she was ever again in calf. A cow 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 211 

will stand a great amount of cutting and carving, if you do not injure 
the uterus. In such cases your arm will suffer considerably from the 
acrid properties of the fluid, not that it is of a poisonous character, but 
eruptions may come on the arm and be painful ; and sometimes we 
hear of a practitioner dying from the effects of it ; but I do not think 
it is caused by any poison, but from the irritation set up; erysipela- 
tous or phlegmonous inflammation is set up, although it has been 
said that it was due to the poison of the decomposing matter. A 
mare should be carefully used after difficult parturition ; keep her 
nice and warm, and bathe nicely with warm water, to allay the swelling. 
I believe some cases are lost by carelessness after parturition, as by 
allowing the animal to lie on the cold ground, which sets up inflam- 
mation of the womb. But keep warm, give an opiate, sweet spirits of 
nitre or alcoholic stimulants, and if there is no irritation after a day 
or two there is no great danger. Sometimes the entire membranes 
are retained after parturition, and it is called retention of the pla- 
centa ; more properly, perhaps, retention of the foetal membranes. It 
is more common in the cow, and also in the sheep, than in the mare. 
There is a difference of opinion as to what should be done in such 
cases. I think it is best not to be in too much of a hurry in removing 
it in such cases by force, especially in the mare. In most cases it 
comes away in from five to fifteen minutes up to eight or ten hours. 
There are certain remedies recommended, as savin, laurel, bi-sulphite 
of soda, etc. I do not think powerful remedies are called for, but in 
the cow regulate the diet and give from two to eight ounces of epsom 
salts, with some gentian and ginger, perhaps, given in two doses ; 
keep her warm, give nice food, and the after-birth will, in most cases, 
come away. But if this fails you must remove it, and do not allow 
it to remain too long. But so long as it does not decompose to any 
great extent, there is no great danger; but when it does decompose, 
it may give rise to septicaemia. It is generally easily taken away. 
Just get hold of the membranes with one hand, then insert the other 
hand into the uterus and breakdown any adhesions with your fingers. 
In the mare it is removed in the same way. After removing it, sup- 
posing it had remained in for eight or ten days, inject the uterus with 
tepid water, and after this with a weak solution of carbolic acid, feed 
well and keep her comfortable. There is a more serious result than 
this, which is inversion of the uterus. This is very serious, and not 
uncommon, and is more frequent in cows than in mares, and the treat- 
ment is more successful in cows. It is mout likely to occur in weak 
and debilitated animals. In those fed upon poor food the ligaments 
of the uterus become more than naturally relaxed. In the mare it is 
similar, and is a very serious condition, and is seldom treated with 
success. If it is only partially inverted, it is not so serious ; but if 
it is complete, you can notice the uterus protruding, which is a large, 
reddened, swollen mass, and the foetal membrane may be attached to 
it. If it is complete in the cow she does not stand long, owing to the 
weight, and when she does lie down she may not be able to get up. 
The uterus becomes dirty and exposed to the cold. The proper thing 
is to cleanse and return it, which is difficult, but it can be done. If 
the foetal membranes are attached, remove them carefully ; bathe the 
parts nicely, and it is recommended to scarify, but you must be ex- 
ceedingly careful about scarifying. As well as tepid Avater, bathe with 
laudanum and water (but before bathing it is necessary to put a large 
cloth, as a table-cloth, under the parts) ; then endeavor to return it, 



212 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

which is easier done when the cow is on her feet ; so if you can, get 
her on her feet, and if you can not do this, turn her upon her back. 
There is difference of opinion whether to begin at the fund as or neck 
to return it, but if you can not do it one way try the other. Then 
there is another difficulty, and that is to get it in position after it is 
returned ; but endeavor to carefully unfold it, and then give opiates, 
or stimulants — some recommend one, some the other. And it is nec- 
essary to keep it in by some means — elevating the hind quarters is of 
benefit, and there are various pessaries recommended. A good one 
can be formed by covering a piece of wood with cloth or chamoise 
skin, pass this in and secure it in some way ; a bottle has been recom- 
mended, but it may get broken, and a piece of wood the shape of a 
beetle makes a good one. Secure and keep it in by ropes or straps. 
Another way is to put three or four stitches through the vulva -the 
animal can urinate through the lower opening. And there are vari- 
ous trusses which are of benefit in some cases, but I think the pessary 
the most successful. It is a good plan to press upon and get the back 
to bend down. Some recommend, and I have tried, inserting a big- 
pin through the skin on the back, and put twine around it, which 
causes the back to bend. This is similar and more troublesome, but 
not so common, in the mare. You may meet a case where the uterus 
is gangrenous. Then do not return it, but you may endeavor to save 
the life of the animal by removing it, which is sometimes successful. 
And in some cases it is best to place the animal under chloroform, 
then tie a cord around it as close to the os-uteri as possible, then cut 
the parts off and arrest the hemorrhage. Some recommend using the 
ecraseur, taking one-half, one-third, etc., at a time; then keep her 
quiet. If she is weak, as she is apt to be, give stimulants, but I do 
do not know whether it is necessary to operate in a mare. I never 
knew a mare to recover. Another condition is prolapsus, or inversion 
of the vagina, both before and after parturition, and is more common 
in cows than in mares. Poor keeping is a common cause; another 
cause is an impacted state of the rectum ; or standing in a stall higher 
in front than behind. By examining you can tell the difference be- 
tween this and inversion of the uterus, and sometimes the uterus pro- 
trudes at the same time. If due to a compacted state of the rectum, 
clear out the rectum, and it is generally easily returned. Remove the 
cause, elevate the hind parts, and you can use a truss of some kind ; 
and if the animal is in poor condition, give a generous diet, tone up 
the system, etc. The treatment after parturition is just the same as 
before parturition, and it may protrude for some time before parturi- 
tion without doing much harm. In some cases it may be advisable 
to put a suture through the lips. Astringents, ascetate of lead and 
water, have been recommended. After cleansing use cold instead of 
warm water, which tends to contraction. But if there is irritation I 
prefer warm applications. If the uterus is lacerated, stitch it up, and 
then endeavor to return it. It is recorded that some have recovered. 
I never saw a case recover. 



DISEASES AFTER PAE,TURITION, 

Milk, or Parturient, Fever, which differs from parturient ap 
oplexy. Any case of parturition produces more or less fever, the 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 213 

pulse is slightly quickened, the temperature elevated, etc. Parturient 
fever usually accompanies the secretion of the milk. There is agreat 
amount of blood in the system which goes to the milk, and milk fever 
is an invariable sign of a good milker. 

Symptoms. — The pulse increases some ; the udder becomes tender and 
slightly swollen, the swelling extending along the belly, and some- 
times between the fore legs — and even in some cases before parturi- 
tion ; the breathing is slightly quickened ; the mouth hot ; and when 
the milk is properly secreted there is no danger to be apprehended. 
Although it is simple, we are sometimes called to treat it, and some- 
times the symptoms are premonitory symptoms of parturient apo- 
plexy. It exists more in well-bred animals than in others. 

Treatment — Regulate the diet; give good food; give about eight 
ounces of epsom salts and an ounce of saltpeter, dissolved in a quart 
of water, and follow it by a few doses of diuretic medicine. If the 
udder is swollen and hard, foment and hand-rub it, and, in some cases, 
use some simple ointment, as calamine ointment ; stimulants are gen- 
erally unnecessary. If it continues too long, giye a few doses of the 
iodide of i otassium. It is a simple febrile affection. Give but little 
food for twenty-four or thirty hours. 

Purpural Fever, of which there may be different kinds — as par- 
turient peritonitis, in which the peritoneum and uterus are inflamed, 
and, perhaps, the large nerves of the parts involved. Another serious 
condition is that in which the brain is the principal seat of the dis- 
ease, but the spinal cord is involved. This is called parturient apo- 
plexy. There is another form in which the spine is the principal 
seat of the disease, and the large nerves going from the spine to the 
posterior extremity of the body are affected, causing loss of power, 
and in post mortems there is sometimes effusion into the peritoneal 
cavity. I will first speak of 

Parturient Peritonitis, but the inflammation is not generally 
confined to the peritoneum alone, but it also affects the uterus, and we 
have a low fever, and in post mortems we find diffuse inflammation of 
the peritoneum, and more or less in the uterus. The vessels going to 
and coming from the uterus are affected, and the nerves are thickened 
to a certain extent. It may occur at any a?e and follow any case of 
parturition, but it is generally the result of bad usage, either before 
or after parturition. Animals exposed to the cold, or having been 
driven, are more liable to it. 

Symptoms. — It usually shows itself the second, third or fourth day 
after calving. The supply of milk is impaired more or less ; the urine 
is coffee- colored, and it usually attains its intensity in from six to ten 
hours. The symptoms are somewhat like parturient apoplexy; she 
paddles with the feet when walking; looks at the sides; lies down, 
and, in some cases, is not able to get up — ( when a cow becomes affected 
by urinary or abdominal diseases she is generally very helpless) — she 
will moan, stretch out the neck, lift the head and look at the flanks; 
respiration increases ; the mouth, muzzle and horns hot, and the tem- 
perature of the body is increased ; constipation is present, and if any 
feces are passed they will be hard and covered with mucous ; and there 
may be a discharge of a brownish colored fluid from the vulva; 
power is lost and you are apt to think it is apoplexy. But there are 
no cerebral symptoms developed, and there is more pain present. It 
is a very fatal complaint. 



214 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Treatment. — Give sedatives and opiates. At one time purgatives 
were recommended, but I do not use them as freely as I used to do, 
and do not recommend giving large doses of purgative medicine. But 
it is good to give a slight laxative, and opiates do not act so well in 
cattle, but give opium and belladonna. Some recommend blood-let- 
ting in the early stages; but if the cow is down, and effusion has 
taken place, blood-letting should not be practiced. Attend to the care 
of the animal, and get her well on the breast, and if the bowels are 
costive give injections, and if feces are passed freely it seems to give 
relief. Draw the urine with the catheter if it does not come away. 
Use counter-irritation, which must be stronger for cattle than horses, 
and sometimes use a little croton oil. Sometimes this prevails as an 
enzootic disease, due to the manner in which they are kept and the 
weather. 

Parturient Apoplexy. — This disease principally affects the 
brain and spinal cord, due, in most cases, to a congested state of the 
brain, in which it differs from parturient peritonitis, and, in some 
cases, it involves the sympathetic system, which has a great deal to 
do with certain diseases, and it may be influenced in various ways. 
There are various theories brought forward in regard to it. It was 
thought to be due to a specific poison in the blood, which would pro- 
duce the disease in other animals ; it is also said to be due to the ar- 
teries of the brain in cattle differing from those of the horse. But 
these are not tenable. Another is that the sympathetic system has 
something to do with it. This is tenable. When a cow is in good 
health and the secretions going on in a natural manner, parturition 
is easily accomplished, and there is a large amount of blood in the 
system which is to go to the milk, and, instead of goii'g there, it is 
thrown back upon the system, to a certain extent, influencing the 
sympathetic system. It is due, generally, to a plethoric condition— 
those affected are those in perfect health. Prof. Williams' theory is 
a good one (Williams' Veterinary Medicine, page 462). Post mor- 
tems usually reveal lesions of the brain and spinal cord. There is, 
even, effusion into the ventricle sometimes, and the spinal cord is 
sometimes reddened. There are other conditions, but ihey are gen- 
erally incident to the condition of the animal before death. There 
may be hypostatic congestion of the lungs or liver. The most notic- 
able characteristic is the rapidity of its development. An animal 
may appear in perfect health, and be dead in four or five hours. It 
appears from the first to the third day after calving, and the sooner it 
appears the more fatal it is. Another peculiarity is, it seldom or 
never follows an abortion, while parturient peritonitis does ; and it 
does not occur in very young cows, but is most likely to attack a cow 
in her prime. It follows difficult parturition, when force has been 
used, or where there was hemorrhage from the womb, and seldom oc- 
curs in an animal in poor condition. 

Symptoms. — Perhaps the first noticed is, the cow does not give as 
much milk as she should ; the urine depressed and the bowels consti- 
pated ; fever takes place, and all the secretions are affected, and per- 
haps there are no other symptoms, and if you are called to a case in 
which there is not the milk expected, and the above symptoms, then 
look out for it, and give something to prevent it. There may be but 
little pain, and the thermometer will reveal a slight increase in tem- 
perature. When the well-marked symptoms appear the cow moves 
first one and then the other leg, paddles, as it is called, when she walks, 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMAES. 215 

lies down, gets up and again lies down, until, perhaps, she can not get 
up ; then, perhaps, dashes the head violently, throwing it up over the 
shoulder, which seems to be a favorite position ; then she may, per- 
haps, become comatose, the pupil dilated, and the breathing stentori- 
ous; the pulse forty, fifty or sixty, and almost imperceptible; there 
is but little feeling, and death soon occurs. In other cases the symp- 
toms are not so rapidly developed, and such are more easily treated. 
It is generally easily diagnosed, but you may make a mistake in the 
early stage of the disease. 

Treatment. — There are many remedies recommended, and, I think, in 
the early stage, before the animal gets down, that abstraction of blood 
is beneficial ; but there is difference of opinion here, therefore I rec- 
ommend taking blood, and, as wfll as that, give a pretty good dose of 
purgative medicine — from one to two pounds of epsom salts — and 
give injections; but if partially or completely comatose, do not take 
blood, but give stimulants — as sweet spirits of nitre, nitrate of pot- 
ash, etc., and a dose of purgative medicine ; give injections ; draw the 
urine ; turn her from one side to the other ; bed well and make her 
as comfortable as possible, and if comatose, put cold water or pounded 
ice to the head. Treat the same as sun stroke. A case may recover 
after being comatose for five or six hours. While comatose you must 
be careful in giving medicine, for it may pass into the trachea and 
cause suffocation. In such cases, try the stomach pump, or tl e small 
tube, and get stimulants into the stomach, or use hypodermic injec- 
tions of ether, etc. In the early stages give bromide of potassium in 
pretty large doses ; keep cold to the head, and inject freely with soap 
and water ; keep her clothed, and attend to the general comfort of the 
patient. If the animal shows signs of recovery in about twenty-four 
hours, feed sparingly, and give nux vomica if the nervous system is 
affected. It is easier prevented than cured, and if a cow is so affected 
and cured, she is more liable to be affected again, and if in any cow 
you suspect it, restrict the food before parturition and give one-half 
or one pound of epsom salts, and give diuretics or hypo-sulphite of 
soda. This sometimes occurs before parturition, but not often, and is 
easily prevented. Do not give much food for some time after partu- 
rition; do not even allow her upon luxuriant pasture, but turn upon 
a poor pasture. Croton oil, calomel, etc., have been recommended, but 
I do not think they should be used. 

Parturient Paralysis makes its appearance about the third or 
fourth day after calving, and it is not so serious as apoplexy. The 
spine is sometimes affected, and sometimes just the large nerves. Loss 
of power is the principal symptom. There is paddling action ; the 
animal falls or lies down and can not get up ; perhaps the secretion 
of the milk is impaired ; if you prick her with a pin there will be 
sensation but no motion. .Regulate the diet ; give a laxative ; stim- 
ulate the loins with the ammoniacal liniment, mustard, etc. An old 
and perhaps a good way is to cover the loins with a blanket, and take 
a warm smoothing iron and rub over the outside. If it continues too 
long, use the galvanic battery, and, in some cases, after five or six 
days the animal will get up as well as ever. Or she may knuckle at 
the fetlocks for some time ; then try strychnine, and apply a strych- 
nine liniment to the loins — but not too much at a time, or you may 
cause poisoning. 



216 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Mammitis, Inflammation r f the Udder, Garget, etc., 
is inflammation of the mammary glands, which may occur with other 
diseases, as from inflammation of the womb, irritation of the stom- 
ach. It occurs usually in the milch cow, but it may occur in the 
heifer. It occurs in two forms, which differ some from each otl er, but 
I do not know that the treatment differs much. In one form the skin 
and membranes under the skin are affected ; in the other, the glandu- 
lar substance is affected. It may be circumscribed, or it may extend 
and involve the deep-seated structures. 

Symptoms. — The udder is hard, hot and tender, and is accompanied 
by constitutional fever, which is, in many cases, ushered in by shiv- 
ers ; the animal begins to breathe rapidly, and you might think it 
was some disease of the respiratory organs ; the pulse is quickened; 
the appetite more or less impaired, and cessation of rumination ; the 
bowels may be constipated, or there may be diarrhea, but the febrile 
state of the system is apt to produce constipation. But some irritant 
may be present, and may have had something to do in causing the 
disease. When this disease involves the deep-seated structures, sup- 
puration and a scirrhus condition are produced, which destroy the 
secretion of the milk. 

Causes. — Irregular milking is a common cause, which irritates the 
glands and causes inflammation. It is also produced by changes of 
temperature, exposure to cold, etc., and sometimes results from partu- 
rient apoplexy, due to the manner in which she lies, pressing upon 
the udder, etc.; or it is due to the sudden changes in temperature, as 
the hot days and cool nights of September ; standing in wet, dirty 
stables ; exposure to wet, etc. Inflammation of the glandular sub- 
stance may terminate in resolution, but it is likely to terminate in 
ulceration and destruction of the gland ; but if it is circumscribed 
and is opened in time, it may impair it but little. A common ter- 
mination is fibrous degeneration or scirrhus condition. 

Treatment. — If in the early stage, give two or three ounces of nitrous 
ether, with one to one and a half ounces of nitrate of potash, fol- 
lowed by aconite. Use warm fomentations and keep them up for 
some time, then dry well and use the camphorated liniment ; or you 
may put a bandage to the parts, having holes for the teats; pad it 
with wool, cotton, etc., and pour in warm water. A hot poultice is 
an old and very good remedy, but in cold weather poultices, etc., are 
not best, but apply liniments, and wool, tow, etc., warmed at the stove 
and applied to keep heat in the parts, should be used. Some use cold 
water, but I think warm is preferable — better to relieve pain— and 
if the pain is very great, use anodynes, as belladonna, laudanum, ar- 
nica, etc. If it has terminated in suppuration it is best to let it out 
through the teat by means of an ordinary concealed bistouri, by push- 
ing it up the teat. But if it is circumscribed and points, open at the 
prominent part. Sometimes a part becomes scirrhus or gangrenous, 
and it may be necessary to remove a part of it. Have the animal 
well kept ; give tonics if the animal is weak. It is necessary to milk 
the cow occasionally, which adds to the irritation, but you may over- 
come this by means of a teat siphon, allowing the milk to drain off. 
If there is a slight induration, without much change, then use iodine 
ointment, and possibly iodide of potassium internally. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 21' 



AZOTURIA, ETC. 



Azoturia, Partial Paralysis, is a dietetic disease, a hyper - 
nitrogenous condition of the blo3d, and of the system generally. 
•There is partial or complete loss of power of the hind limbs, although 
the nerves are not altogether affected ; but it is due to tonic spasms of 
the muscles of the loins and the tissues in connection, and affects the 
kidneys more or less. It was called hysteria, and was supposed to be 
peculiar to mares only. Another term is enzootic hsematuria ; an- 
other is hasmogloburia. It attacks a horse that has been working, 
then stood in the stable and fed well upon nutritive food, which pro- 
duces a large amount of albumen in the blood in particular, and in 
the system in general ; and then the horse is taken out and exercised. 
The result is an increased oxidation of the albumen, and it is changed 
into various compounds, causing an excess of urea and hippuric acid, 
producing spasms and contractions, especially of the large muscles 
and tissues of the loins, producing loss of motor power. And when 
it attacks the psoas muscles it is more severe than when it attacks the 
gluteal muscles. This condition extends farther than the muscles, 
in some cases, and in some cases even the covering of the spinal cord 
may be affected, the sheaths of the nerves and the kidneys also, ar- 
resting the secretion of the kidneys in the early stage The faster 
the work the more serious will be the attack. It is more common in 
the winter months, as the animal is kept in the stable, well fed, for a 
time, then taken out and worked. 

Symptoms. — Suppose a case : Ahorse is taken from the stable and 
trotted out from a half mile to three or four miles; he becomes sluggish, 
perspires more freely than he should ; then well-marked stiffness ap- 
pears in connection with the muscles of the loins. If stopped, the 
breathing is noticed to be increased, the pulse quick and weak, and 
the loins, in many cases, are hard and tense ; the bowels, in some 
cases, are tympanitic. In aggravated cases the symptoms become more 
severe ; he drops on the hind quarters, staggers, and perhaps falls ; 
he may lie down, get up and lie down, etc., until he is not able to get 
up longer; or he may suddenly falter during a drive, as if he had 
picked up a nail. But if the above symptoms are also present, and 
you are informed that the horse was standing in the stable for some 
time, it is likely to be azoturia. The ears and legs cold, pain in the 
parts, and colicky pains. But in some cases the symptoms are not so 
well developed, but if allowed to stand fifteen or twenty minutes it 
will show itself by stiffness. The urine is of a dark red color, and 
contains an excess of urea, and, in some cases, albumen. If the urine 
is allowed to stand, a sediment is thrown down, and nitric acid will 
precipitate nitrate of urea. Azoturia is often mistaken for inflam- 
mation of the kidneys. Post mortems reveal the muscles affected — 
soft and flabby, of a darkish red color — the kidneys slightly con- 
gested ; there is dark urine in the bladder, and hypostatic congestion, 
which is, perhaps, due to the position the animal has occupied. If 
the animal is properly treated in time the symptoms will disappear 
in from four to ten hours, and in two or three days the animal will be 
well. Your prognosis will be based upon the severity of the symp- 
toms. If the animal is unable to rise, there is great pain, the pulse 
quick and full, it is unfavorable. I believe it is sometimes combined 
with irritation of the bowels; but although the patient is down, and 
the pulse is not full and bounding, but just quickened some, and no 
great pain, the prognosis is favorable. 



218 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 






Treatment.* — In an ordinary case I recommend a slight stimulant ; 
give sweet spirits of nitre; cover the body well and induce copious 
perspiration, and give a good dose of purgative — from six to twelve 
drachms of aloes — and give injections; apply counter-irritation to 
the loins. Some object to this, but I think hot water is beneficial. 
Immerse a blanket in hot water, and place it over the loins and cover 
it with dry blankets. Or, if you can not apply this, take a liniment 
and rub in as a shampoo over the loins; or mustard may be used, but 
do not use anything that will blemish ; and, if necessary, draw off the 
urine, which is often retained in the bladder. After treatment, care- 
fully use sedatives — aconite and carbonate of soda. There is great 
thirst and the animal should have plenty of water, in small amounts 
at a time, A\ith, perhaps, just the chill taken off, and keep the animal 
as comfortable as possible, and turn him from side to side, as neces- 
sary, and, when there are signs of amendment, try to get him upon 
his feet, even if he only stands fifteen or twenty minutes. It is best 
to take the shoes oft' if the animal is kicking around much ; and, in 
some cases, you may use slings. It is a disease that is generally sat- 
isfactory to treat. If a horse was stopped and not driven any fur- 
ther, when the symptoms are present, it would not generally become 
serious ; but I do not know whether the horse, after recovering, is 
more liable to another attack or not; but when recovering, and the 
appetite is good, if he is allowed to eat too much, it is more apt to 
return. Nitrate of potash is another remedy, but I prefer one to one 
and a half ounces of carbonate of soda each day lor several days. 
Blood-letting is recommended, and, if taken in the early stages, it is, 
possibly, beneficial. Sedatives are not demanded if the pulse is weak, 
and ammoniacal stimulants are not generally advisable. Do not push 
opium too far, but if there is much pain give belladonna or hypoder- 
mic injections of morphia, and, unless the animal is suffering great 
pain, do not give opiates. I saw a case combined with spasms of the 
diaphragm. This proves serious. Give anti-spasmodics ; the other 
treatment is the same. "When he lies down the spasms are increased, 
and respiration is more difficult, and death may result from as- 
phyxia. 

Metritis, Inflammation of the Uterus. — In the mare this 
is inflammation of the substance of the womb — it is endo-metritus 
when confined to the lining membrane. It is usually a sequel of par- 
turition when | rolonged, and where force has been used. Eut there 
are other causes — as exposure after foaling, lying on damp ground, 
etc., and these are common causes of it when it is not due to partu- 
rition. 

Symptoms. — It usually occurs in three or four days after parturition. 
There is uneasiness and pain ; the back is arched — straining— and, in 
some cases, there is a dark red fluid passes from the vagina. In some 
cases she will lie down, moan, and occasionally cast anxious looks to 
the abdomen ; the pulse quick and wiry, the mouth hot, the ears cold 
or alternately cold and hot ; cold sweats, perhaps, appear behind the 
shoulders and in the flanks, and the vulva may be swollen ; the urine 
is passed often and in small quantities, and the symptoms may be 
more aggravated and the animal may die in two or three days. This 
disease may extend and involve the peritoneum, but not so apt to do 
this as in cows. 

TreatmetiL — Allay the action of the heart by Fleming's tincture of 



DISEASES OP DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 219 

aconite, ten to fifteen drops; combat the pain by opium or hypoder- 
mic injections of morphia, and keep her comfortable; if cold, rub 
well and clothe nicely ; counter-irritation to the loins is recommended 
— as mustard, hot cloths, or a newly-flayed sheep skin; but do not 
keep the sheep skin on too long, perhaps twenty-four hours will do, 
and keep the parts warm after taking it off — and give injections. It 
is also recommended to inject the uterus, and you may put laudanum 
in the water. Give a purgative— ten to twelve ounces of oil, which 
is preferable to aloes. Treat it about the same as inflammation of 
the bowels. Keep her extremely warm If there is a discharge from 
the vagina, inject first with tepid water, then with a solution of sul- 
phate of zinc, or carbolic acid, one part to forty or fifty of water. 

L9uohorrhoea, or "Whites. — This is met with in old and de- 
bilitated mares, especially after they cease to breed. There is a white, 
glairy discharge from the uterus, which looks like curdled milk. It 
sometimes accumulates in the uterus and then comes away in large 
quantities and there is a foetid smell ; the animal gradually becomes 
debilitated. Disease of the ovaries may produce it, but it is most 
likely to occur from debility. It is common in well-bred cattle, and 
may be associated with tubercular disease in cattle. 

Treatment. — Use both local and constitutional treatment. First in- 
ject the uterus with warm water and then with cold waters—and one 
of the best preparations is carbolic acid, about one to forty, which 
may, in s:>me cases, be increased. I have used it as strong as one to 
sixteen, but do not keep up the use of this strong lotion, but after one 
injection use the weak solution ; give general tonics — iodide of potassi- 
um, iodide of iron, etc. Percival recommends acetate of lead, 1 drachm; 
opium, one scruple ; turpentine, two ounces. But the best, perhaps, 
is iodide of iron, iodide of potassium, etc. In cattle, it is similar, 
but if it is associated with tubercular disease, the animal will be un- 
fit for breeding purposes. 

Barrenness may be due to contraction of the os-uteri. Apply 
belladonna, and dilate it by means of the fingers and catheters. 



DISEASES OF THE OVARIES. 

Enlargements— Ovarian Tumors are generally of an en- 
cysted character. They are more likely to occur in mares that have 
had several colts, but they may come in any, from faulty conforma- 
tion. The 

Symptoms are not very plain. It may exist to a great extent with- 
out extending the abdomen. The mare is supposed to have slight at- 
tacks of colic, but the symptoms differ some from colic. The pain 
continues perhaps a half hour or an hour, the pulse is not materially 
affected, and the symptoms gradually disappear ; the mare is usually 
irritable, falls off in condition, and may have a tucked up appear- 
ance; the tumor may pass around some of the intestines and cause 
strangulation — causing the ordinary symptoms of strangulation. If 
there is slight irritation in connection with the generative organs, 
and these symptoms are present, make an examination per rectum, and 



220 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND. TREATMENT OP 

if it is of any great size you can detect it. There may be a slight 
discharge from the vagina. There can not be much done by way of 
treatment in the mare. I would recommend iodine, iodide of potas- 
sium, etc., and you may deem it worthy trying an operation, but it is 
not generally successful. 

Vaginitis is generally the result of difficult parturition. Give a 
laxative and iodide of potassium, and you may use some slight as- 
tringent. Allay the irritation. 

Abscess Oil the Vulva, caused by some irritation. Open up 
and let the matter oui. If she is in good condition, give a laxative ; 
if in poor condition, give nutritious food. 

Partial Closure of the Lips of the Vulva may occur in 
the cow after difficult parturition.. The lips may grow up until you 
could scarcely introduce the ordinary director. It is boi treated by 
opening up, anil, if seen in the early stage, you can do this with the 
fingers ; then use a pledget of tow to keep the lips from uniting. 
Allay the irritation ; apply lotions, etc. 

Ovariotomy. — This, like everything else, requires pra2tice. It 
is frequently performed in pigs, by cutting into the flank on either 
side, remove the ovaries, secure the vehsels and treat as a -wound. 
It is best to get a dead animal and examine as to the position of the 
ovaries, etc., before operating on a living animal. Cattle are some- 
times operated on. They take on flesh more rapidly after the opera- 
tion. It has been, and is still, recommended to splay milk cows four 
or five months after calving, and it is said that they will give milk 
for four or five years and take less food. It was advocated in Scot- 
land some twenty-five years ago, but I think it proved a failure. But 
lately it has been practiced and recommended, especially in the South- 
ern part of the United States. One way of operating is to cut into 
either side, the same as in the pig. Another is to cut into the abdo- 
men. The way it is now performed is to pass the hand into the va- 
gina, dilating it carefully (but it can not be performed until the ani- 
mal is from six to twelve months old), make your incision through 
the walls of the vagina about one and a half or two inches from the 
os-uteri, get the fingers through and get hold of the ligament of the 
ovaries and pull them down and remove them. 1 he ecraseur is, per- 
haps, the best mode of removing them. First examine a dead animal, 
and operate for experiment. Ihe ovaries were removed from a mare 
by one of our students and she lived for several days, and was get- 
ting along nicely, when she was taken to the dissecting room. 

Perpetual Bulling' is due to an abnormal condition of the ova- 
ries, and, in well bred cattle, to tubercular disturbance. The best 
treatment* perhaps, is ovariotomy. It sometimes occurs in the mare. 
A good sedative, in some cases, may allay the irritation. 

The Clitoris may be enlarged or lacerated, due to irritation of 
some kind or other. Use local and constitutional remedies; touch 
with nitrate of silver, carbolic acid, etc. If there is an enlargement 
remove it. 

Melanotic Tumors may be present, especially in a white mare. 
They are a kind of black tumor, and may be in other parts also. •■• 



222 



CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OE 



w 
in 
O 
Q 



W.. fi 

ffl 8 
< Q 
H 5 



* 



3 



J S 5 £ : 5 o° * ^ 

M •Sj- M l-l r-f\ M ITJ (NT) 






T3 ; bO 
T3 : o 

XS ^ O -O o 



O O O 

-4_> -4-> *J 



be 

H\ M 1-1 



1-1 c 

H O 

O 5 S e 

o o 



O N 

o ^ - ^ ~ ^ ^ O 

■• $ O O o O o ° 

t-l M (^ M rO (SI M 



O 

5 3 g 



£ .S 

t3 - H 



TD 



N 



, t3 ^ -o v: 
. . o o o c o 

%-c -4_> ,w -4-> -M J3 



or, * &» 

*° £ o ^Jo 

(S, * M f+>> 

c> o o o 

-M O ^ ■*-> "^ 

\<tf "*"' O Jo Jo 



;-. o bo 



bo *° 

o « 

M G 



<+; o 2 



X 



u bo bo 

T3 -a T3 J "O „ 
<^ rJ-vO -o "*-.»-. 
O O O , . O O *■» 



Tt- rh c» lo 



* 



£ as 



O 



cfl O ►-) c/2 cfl h 



g g 



< < < < 



< < 



bo 



So 



o £ 



S3 






- g 

•X! .o a o 

" 'S "E. *2 

DO w 

<U C oj te £ Z3 

S« ^ a> ^ j_> ju 

<J <J < <J -<J « 



as 






DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



223 



be be c 
o c* G 



he o 



O bo 



bO 
00 

o 



ojd 

2. oe £ -5 



be be 



6 ■« 



b£ 



vS % © ^ v5 <-- 

o o H N o * 

O O "^ ^ o ^ *" \ 



t- be c *-, 
bJD „ C bo 


£ 


CO ^ VO 


<n 


O 



° ^ : E ^ ^ c -a u -c 
<~ -o .c 13 13 2_ %-' "a %j 



br 



c be 



00 CO « ^ M 



VC ^"CC CO 



I _ C» •"• « « 



OOoOOOOO 



be : : : § . c 

^.bJ0C'o v :T3x:T3'o 

COCOM-^-NyrorO 



c -o 



be bO £ Kg 



bJO 



-MOOOOOi-OO^OO . -m -p i o o 



be 



be £ 
■3 8 3. 



be 



i3 N 

*-. ^ ° 

»-M j_, ^_, 

M M _, 



O ^ 
C* « o 

5 °<~- 



- be « 
u u 13 _ ul 
^ *0 -O m vS fO 

^ N ^ o o o 

c O O "*-' -*-• + J 

^ r r ^ ^^ 



■a 



T3 w O _- . 

ObtOO^OftOOOO 



T3 o %j 

M 

C 



£ &, B 



-a 

N , IN 

, • £ ^ *" o -^ ^ ^ 



==5 



O V. 



(D 13 O) 



< O CU E Cu 



: c 

: i 
: x 




»- 


: -c 

T3 rt 


.a 



o 



o J-. 

£ c 



•a ~c 

Ph CO 



o 
.a 



O 3 
O O 



o o 



2 2 
o 



o o 



> .a 

3 JC 



13 
£0 O 



UOUUOOUUUUOUCJUUOO 



be 



be 

5 



224 



CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 



!/3 g 

2 z 



•o -2 



«3 - 



rc 



T3 ^ 



IP 5 

WW 



^ C 



T3 

C 
3 

O 

a. 



bJD 


bC 


O 


c 


o 


O 


o 


o 



tic 
o 

O 



bo ; be 

o a> o £ £ 

o ° o ^ ■" 

(T> M M M M 



O CO 

w o 

o ^ 

* J o 



M 


("O 


00 m 


ro 








£ o 









■^ ■*-> 




1 


n 


x 


h m 


•"! 


u 


N 




C 


i-' 


T3 







T3 


T3 


VO 


ro 




CO 


CO 


O 


o 




o 






rt 


be 
o 

JO 


.2 


g 


£ 


a 


3 


rt 


0) 



M -h CO ^ 

P o o o 



C bJO -m o 



.5 ° <+i 



o 



ctf ^ o ^ ; 

h O ^ o 

OX} -^ Q +-> 

M N M M 



bB 



N 



N 



N 



. O 
eo m M M 



« ° H 

., ^ vj -a 
3 o o ^ M 



u 

!-* 

3 

o o 2 

H co W 



ooooo 



3 
E 

O 
>-> 



B .2 



^ & ? 



C o 
O O 



O -M *-> 



bC 



bx £ 



& £ 
o o 

B $ 

o o 



bo bJO 
o o 

O Q 



$ -5 

O O 
■+j ■*-■ 



N 
O 

o o o 



,1 



C* to ■«> 3 

o < < 



m <J 






DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



225 



•§ vg^ O 

P o " " 








ho 


W 


'c 


Hj 


•o 


cn 


o 




o 




V 


a 




j 




H 


sZ 


H 


T3 


< 


-t- 


u 


o 



E o 



be b£ 
o 



N 

u o 

n ■ ' -*- 
« v£5 c< 
o o o O 

^O 00' 



N 
„ bb ° 

M >-i CO 

o o o 



CD 

O T3 



n 



o - O ~ 

* J o +J o 
o ^ '>o„ 



O O -o O 

M ^ W W 



° 'o M 
f d o 

2 •« ^ 



3i C3 



<U O 

■it 



" ^ "W bo 

"d ho o o o \ci 

n m n -h\ 

* ^ o o 

O O ' 

- M ^ o o o 

N « hi M M 



o q 



8 hO 
Sao 



be 

,o o 

•SB 



- u ""so 

o o 

O O +3 *-» 

" M *"' O \C1 



hO 

-5 O ^ 

<^ ~ ^ 

o B 2 



£ o 



o 



CO 



.*) 



rt 



-M -O -M 



be © 

vC M -O -g O 

o o ° rf M 

J3 T3 +5 

"<f C* fO 



H O 



S- 4-1 



3^ 

£3 



g^§^ 



5 ° 
O O 



T3 
O fO 

o o 



•5 S 






£ £ 



o ho 



-M -«-» +J -M OO +"> O 



So 



T3 ho 



CO *- 

o o 






£ 
o 

> fcj 

x .2 



bb ^ 
to - tf bo 



ho 



bo bo 



B 

fj -5 -c: -o 

rt O 00 VO 

^ o o o 

TJ ^_> -*-> "^ 
CO 



-^ -O "O *0 



N 

° ^ 

o o i o o o 



C 

as 



c o • g 



226 



CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OP 



o o w? p 

C a - * 

** o o 

o +* +* 

►H *0 C* 



o o o o 

O vO NO c* 

ffi o q o 



Oh 

w J- 

til T3 O O 
S vO e* 

o 
^ o 

t-t c* 



£ ~ .3 

2 6 5 



be 
o 
M -5 

bo 



&& 









i 


bo 


N 
O 




h 

H 


N 

o 


Jh 

■5 


o 


o 


%-.' 




< 


<s 


ro 


_q 


o 

-l-i 


^J- 




o 


o 


O 


O 






+-> 


+•■ 


o 


o 


■4-> 






M # 


N 


c* 


C* 






N 




s 


jh # 

be 


N 

o 






o 




o 

NO 


o 


u^ 


S-c 

-a 


o 


O 


O 


o 


o 


O 


o 




\*» 


*^ 


o 


o 







O <V 

'55 *p 
»-i P-» 



be bo 

° ° o 

J° o *"" 

"OS M fO 



be 



be 



o o 
\« o 



be o 

M 

+* c 

rH|00 M 



be 



O 

o -^ 

•^ o 

He* C* 



bo 



« -S r 

M eg ^> 

vO vO M 



•S B 
Poo 



■M ^M OC 



be 



g tj be 

O o c*J O 

o o I? o 



o 
o 

o ■*-" 



S g t> 



bo : bo 

Jh n 

bo ° ' 
vo 

^ o ^ o " J o yx o o „ 

O ^ O ^ O •*-> O^-mO 

■*-'o 4 - , c" M o +J oo 



° vo o o o o o 



ro 



M 



w> -o u -a xcl 

VO C^ Th M -t A 

O O O O O o 



T3 J- 

Jh Jh bC }h 

bo -o ^ ^ -a 

O O O O O 



X3 

N ^h Sh 
O T3 



U N N 

•a o o 



o 

vO vO 



o o o o o 










!_I 


N 


N 


J-i 


N 


13 


O 


O 


T3 


O 


«+; 


V." 


\ti 


vO 


<*- 


N 


CI 


n 


O 


o 


O 


o 


o 



dj <U TO 



d 3 3 -c ^ 
U c^ cfi O U 



X 



<i5s 



•r :s > > -o 

£ c! cj 3 O 
!/} CO W 0) W 



Ph 

CO 



A A d< J) 
CO CO CO CO 



■a s 

c ^ 
CS o 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



227 



-a hi) 
o o 



bx> 

N 

° 2 

SO 



ojo h 
o *° 



o o 



-a -a 
P o 



be 



i 5 



> > 



° o 

IN _. 



£ "3 

O en 



INDEX 



Page. 

Abnormal Growths from Tracheotomy 16 

Abscesses 6 

" of the Turbinated Bones 6 

" in the Rectum 178 

of the Vulva 220 

Albuminuria 194 

Amaurosis 59 

Anasarca 52 

Anchylosis . 87 

Aphthae 159 

Ascites 179 

Atrophy of the Brain 39 

Azoturia , 217 

Barbs 159 

Barrenness 219 

Biliary Calculi 187 

Bile Stones 187 

Bladder, Sabulous Matter in 196 

" Cysts in , 195 

" Inversion of 197 

Paralysis of 198 

Blood, Composition of 76 

Blown...... „ 180 

Bleeding of the Nose 7 

Bone, Diseases of 85 

Bony Tumors 39 

Brain, Softening of 39 

" Atropy of 39 

" Bony Tumors in 39 

" Hypertrophy of 39 

" Melanotic Deposits in 39 

Breakdown 128 

Broken Wind 14 

Bronchitis in Horses 13 

in Cattle 18 

" Filaria in Cattle 18 

Bronchocele 6 

Bruises of the Feet 148 

" of the Knee 126 

Bursal Enlargement in the Hock ; 139 

Calks 147 



230 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Page. 

Calculi 195 

" Biliary 187 

" Salivary 163 

" Urethral ., 197 

Canker 145 

Capped Elbow 123 

" Hock 137 

Caruncula Lachrymalis, Enlarged 63 

Caries 86-91 

Castration 198 

Results of 200 

Adhesions 200 

" " Amaurosis • „ 202 

" " Champignon 201 

" " Glanders and Farcy 202 

" " Hernia 201 

" Peritonitis 202 

Scirrhous Cord 201 

" " Suppuration 200 

■• " Tetanus 202 

" of Originals 203 

Cataract : 57 

Catarrh in Horses 3 

" in Cattle 17 

Cerebritis 36 

Cerebral Tumors 39 

Cerebro Spinal Meningitis 43 

Choking 161 

Chorea 45 

Colic, Flatulent 167 

" Spasmodic 166 

Collar Galls 122 

Concussion of the Brain 38 

" " Spine 39 

Congestion of theLungs 8 

Conjunctivitis 54 

Costiveness 172 

Constipation 171 

in Cattle 184 

Contagious Diseases 63 

Contraction of the Back Tendons „ 128 

" " Sheath of the Tendons 128 

Convulsive Ergotism 46 

Cough, Chronic 6 

Coronitis , , 143 

Corns 143 

Croup 6 

Crusta Labialis 30 

Curb 138 

Cystitis 193 

Cysts in the Bladder 195 

Deafness 72 

Diabetes Insipidis 192 

Diaphragm,, Lesions of..... 51 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 231 

Page ; 

Diaphragm, Rupture of 16 

" Spasms of , : 15 

Diarrhea 172-173 

in Cattle 183 

Disease 73 

Dislocation of the Fetlock , 132 

" Patella 133 

Diseases of the Air Passages in Cattle 17 

Diuresis 192 

Dose Table 222-227 

Dropsy 179 

Duramater, Thickening of 39 

Dysentery 174 

Dyspepsia 165 

Ear, Diseases of 72 

" Canker of 72 

Ectropium 61-62 

Eczema, Simple , 28 

Rubrum 30 

Ejection ; 181 

Elephantiasis 51 

Encephalitis 36 

Enchondroma 89 

Enlargements on the Shoulder 120 

Entropium 61-62 

Enteritis in Horses 168 

in Cattle 183 

Enuresis .• 197 

Epilepsy 38 

Epistaris 7 

Eye 53 

Eversionof the Eyelids 61-62 

False Quarter 149 

FilariaOculi 60 

Fistula 117 

" of Stenos' Duct 162 

Flux 174 

Fractures...: 89 

Fracture of the Acetabulum 95 

" Astragalus 99 

" Basilar Process of the Occiput 101 

Condyle of the Femur 98 

" External Orbital Process 100 

Tuberosity of the Femur 98 

" Femur 98 

" " Fibula 99 

" Frontal Bones 99 

" " Humerus 96 

" Hock 99 

" " Knee Joint 96 

" " Lower Jaw 99-101 

" Metacarpal Bones .- 97 

" Navicular " 97 



232 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Fracture of the Nasal Bones 

" " Occipital Bones 

" Oscalcis , 

" Olecranon , 

'• Oscorona ; 

" Ossuffraginis ;, 

" Ospedis 

" Parietal Bones 

" Patella 

" Pelvic Bones 

" -Posterior Iliac 

" Pubes and Ischium 

" " Sacrum 

" Shaft of the Ilium 

" Symphysis Puhes , 

" " Tibia 

" Trochanter Major 

" Tuberosity of the Ischium 

" Zygomatic Process 

Frsenum Linguae, Injuries to 

Fragilitas Ossium 

Fungus, Bleeding or Cancerous 

Fungoid Growths in the Bladder 

Garget 

Gastro Enteritis , 

Gid 

Glancoma 

Glanders, Chronic 

" Acute 

Glands, Parotid , 

Glossitis 

Grain Sick 

Grease 

Gut Tie 

Hematuria 

Hair Balls 

Head and Neck, Diseases of .... , 

Hemiplegia 

Hemorrhage of the Lungs.... 

Hepatitis 

Hernia 

" Diaphragmatic 

" Scrotal 

" Umbilical. 

" Ventral 

Hoven 

Hydrocephalus . 

Hydrocele 

Hydrophobia 

Impaction of the Rumen 

" " Manyplies , 

Imperforate Anus 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 233 





Page. 
118 




' fron 
totl 




91 






127 






91 






220 






92 






122 




Gluteal Muscles 


132 






117 




l being Halter Cast 


114 












124 










Pectoral Muscles „ 


118-122 




Psoae Muscles 


135 




Semilunar Cartilages „ „ 


134 

121 








Indigestion, 




163 








, Signs of ' 


80 




Definition of.. 






of the Bladder „.„ 

Involving the Pleura 


......v.......... 193 




of the Hip Joint 


132 




" Kidneys 






" Hock 


139 




" Liver 


185 

9 




" Membrana Nictitans 


61 




" Palate 


160 




" Pharynx .. 

'• Trachea „ 

" True Digestive Stomach 


16 




" Udder 


216 




" Urethra 




Infli 
Inte 
Inte 
Intu 
Inve 
Isch 

Jau 
Kid 




" Uterus „ 

" Testicles 


218 

203 

19 


rfering... 






stinal Co 
ssuscept] 
rsion of 


ncretions ....... 

on 

the Eyelids 


171 

170 

61-62 






adice 




186 










190 


Knee Snrune 






Knu 
Xiac 


ckling... 




130 


hrvmal Duets. Diseases of 


62 




" Malformation of 


62 



234 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Page. 

Lampas 155 

Laminitis, Acute 139 

Chronic 142 

Laryngitis in Horses 4 

Cattle 17 

Leucorrhoea 219 

Lice, Poultry 34 

Lips, Laceration of 158 

Liver, Diseases of 184 

" Atrophy of 187 

" Congestion of 184 

" Functional Disorders of 187 

" Inflammation of , 185 

" Rupture of 186 

" Scirrhous Induration of 187 

Lymphatic System 50 

Lymphangitis 50 

Mallenders 30 

Mange 31 

" in Cattle 32 

" in Dogs 33 

" in Horses 32 

Mammitis 216 

Megrims a 38 

Melanotic Tumors 220 

Melanotic Condition of the Eye 63 

Metritis 218 

Milk Fever 212 

Mollities Ossium 89 

Mouth, Diseases of 156 

" Foreign Bodies in 158 

Mud Fever 27 

Myopia 63 

Nasal Gleet 5 

" Polypi 6 

Navicular Disease 149 

Navicularthritis 149 

Necrosis 87 

Nephritis 190-191 

Nervous System 35 

Nettle Rash 30 

Oesophagus, Stricture of ; 161 

Dilitation of '. 161 

Open Joint 125-139 

Ophthalmia, Periodic :. 55 

" Simple 54 

Oateo Sarcoma 88 

" " in Cattle 102 

Osteoporosis 102 

Ostitis 85 

Osteophytes 108 

Over Reach , 147 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 235 

Page. 

Ovarian Tumors 219 

Ovariotomy 220 

Partial Closure of the Vulva 220 

Paraphymosis 204 

Paralysis 40 

Partial 217 

" of the Lips 41 

Parturition 207 

Presentations in 209-212 

" Diseases after : 212 

Parturient Fever 212 

" Apoplexy 214 

" Paralysis 215 

Peritonitis 213 

Peni«, Injuries to 204 

" ExcoiiatiODS of 206 

" Paraphymosis of 204 

" Phymosis of 206 

Peritonitis 178 

Perpetual Bulling 220 

Pharyngitis in Cattle 17 

Pharyngeal Polypi 160 

Phlebitis 115' 

Phymosis. 206 

Pleurisy 11 

Results of 12 

Pleuro Pneumonia in Horses 13 

" " Contagiosa in Cattle 65 

Pleurodynia . 15 

Pneumonia 9 

Poll Evil 113 

Polyuria . 192 

PomicedFoot 142 

Pricks 145 

Pruritis 30 

Protrusion of the Rectum 178 

Ptyalism 163 

Puerperal Fever 213 

Punctures 144 

Purpura Hemorrhagica 21 

Quitter 147 

Rabies ; 46 

Rickets 88 

Ringbone 106 

Ringworm 33 

Roaring 7 

Rot in Sheep .. 187 

Rupture 174 

" of the Colon 177 

" Rectum 177 

Saddle Galls 117 

Salivary Glands 162 



236 CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF 

Page. 

Sallenders 29" 

Sand Cracks 146 

■Scab in Sheep 33 

Scours. White 183 

Scratches 26 

Scrotum, Diseases of 204 

Sesamoiditis , . 129 

Sheath, Swelling of 53 

Shoulderslip 119 

Sidebones 107 

Seedy Toe „ ". 148 

Slavering.; 163 

Sore Shins 105 

Spasms of the Larynx 7 

Spavin, Bone ; 108 

Bog • 135 

Speedycut 124 

Spleen 188 

Spinitis... 40 

Splenic Apoplexy 189 

Splenitis 188 

Splint 104 

Sprain of the Metacarpal Ligament 127 

" Back Tendons 127 

" " Flexor Tendons 127 

" " Gastrocgnemius Muscles 139 

" Hock 139 

" " Inferior Sesamoid Ligament 129 

" Metacarpal Ligament 127 

" *' Muscles below the Stifle 135 

" " Vastus Muscles „ 134 

-Spring Hock 137 

Stiffness of the Neck and Back 116 

Stomach, Diseases of 163 

" Huptureof..... 165 

Stomatitis Contagiosa , 31 

Strangles , 23 

Stricture of the Intestines 171 

Stringhalt 42 

Sturdy 42 

Strongylus Equinea 60 

Sunstroke 37 

Sweeny 119 

Tabes Mesenteric 52 

Teeth 151 

" Irritation of 155 

" Cariesof .'. 156 

Testicles, Inflammation of 203 

Dropsy of 203 

Tetanus 48 

Thickening of the Membrane of the Nose 6 

Thoroughpin , .' 136 

Thrombus 116 

Thrush 144 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 237 

Page. 

Thyroid Glands 6 

" " Hypertrophy of 6 

Tongue, Injuries to 158 

Tread , 147 

Tuberculosis in Cattle 18 

Tumors in the Nose 6 

Tympanites 180 

Ulceration of the Arytenoid Cartilege 6 

" Tibia 139 

Urethral Calculi 197 

Urethra, Inflammation of 206 

Stricture of 206 

Ulceration of : 206 

Vaginitis 220 

Variola 63 

" Equinea 64 

" Vaccinea 65 

Vertigo 38 

Villitis 143 

Volvulus 170 

Vomiting 181 

Warbles in Cattle 34 

Warts 31-205 

Wirdgalls 131 

Wolfteeth 157 

Wounds, Definition of Ill 



